基因修饰技术及其在牛羊抗病育种中的应用

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.12.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

基因修饰是指通过人为干预对生物体的DNA序列进行精准编辑，以定向改造其基因组结构或功能。近年来，随着分子生物学和基因工程技术的发展，基因修饰技术(如转基因技术和基因编辑技术)结合辅助生殖技术，在牛羊抗病育种领域展现出巨大潜力。该技术不仅可以对抗病性状进行精准改良，提升牲畜的健康水平和生产性能，还弥补了传统选育方法效率低、周期长的不足。然而，与猪、鸡的抗病育种相比，牛羊在该领域仍有较大的进步空间。目前通过基因修饰技术优化牛羊基因组，正成为突破传统防控瓶颈的前沿方向。本文从动物转基因和基因编辑技术两方面阐述基因修饰技术的发展现状，并简要概括了该技术在牛羊抗病育种上的应用现状，为未来牛羊抗病育种研究提供一定参考。

关键词: 抗病育种, 转基因, 基因编辑

Abstract:

Gene modification refers to the precise editing of an organism's DNA sequence through human intervention in order to modify its genomic structure or function in a targeted manner. In recent years, with the development of molecular biology and genetic engineering technology, gene modification technology (e.g., transgenic technology and gene editing technology) combined with assisted reproduction technology has shown great potential in the field of disease-resistant breeding in cattle and small ruminants. This technology can not only precisely improve disease resistance traits and enhance the health and production performance of livestock but also make up for the shortcomings of traditional selection and breeding methods in terms of low efficiency and long cycle time. However, compared with disease resistance breeding in pigs and chickens, cattle and small ruminants still have more room for progress in this field. Currently, optimizing the genome of cattle and Small ruminants through gene modification technology is becoming a cutting-edge direction to break through the bottleneck of traditional prevention and control. The review describe the current development of gene modification technology from the aspects of animal transgenics and gene editing technology and briefly summarize the status of the application of this technology in disease resistance breeding in cattle and small ruminants, which will provide some references for future research on disease resistance breeding in cattle and small ruminants.

Key words: disease resistance breeding, transgenics, gene editing

中图分类号:

曹金萍, 蔡泽曦, 李玲锋, 柳广斌. 基因修饰技术及其在牛羊抗病育种中的应用[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(12): 5952-5962.

CAO Jinping, CAI Zexi, LI Lingfeng, LIU Guangbin. Gene Modification Technology and Its Application in Breeding for Disease Resistance in Cattle and Small Ruminants[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(12): 5952-5962.

图/表 2

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指标 Index	同源重组 Homologous recombination	成簇规律间隔短回文重复序列 CRISPR	碱基编辑 Base editing
编辑精度Editing precision	单碱基至大片段精准编辑	随机插入/缺失	单碱基替换(无需DSB)
效率Efficiency	低(依赖细胞周期)	高(适用于所有细胞周期)	高(适用于非分裂细胞)
复杂性Complexity	需设计同源模板	仅需sgRNA	需脱氨酶与Cas9融合蛋白
应用场景Application scenarios	基因敲入、大片段替换	基因敲除、功能筛选	点突变修复、表观遗传调控

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