畜禽基因编辑抗病育种研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.07.001

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

近年来, 基因编辑技术因其能够实现遗传信息的精确高效修饰而被广泛应用。利用该技术, 通过插入抗病毒基因或敲除病原感染所必需的宿主基因, 可以高效地赋予动物对特定传染病的抵抗力, 加速了高抗病性畜禽新品种的培育进程。在非洲猪瘟等重大畜禽疫病的威胁下, 不仅需要持续强化常规疫病防控手段和抗病措施, 更需要从遗传育种角度提升畜禽品种的固有抗病能力。因此, 培育具备高效抗病性的畜禽品种已成为当前畜牧科学研究与产业实践的迫切需求和核心任务。本文综述了基因编辑技术在畜禽抗病育种领域的应用现状, 并前瞻性地提出了未来可能的发展方向及研究应聚焦的关键领域。

关键词: 基因编辑, 畜禽, 抗病性, 抗病育种

Abstract:

In recent years, gene editing technology has been widely adopted due to its capability for precise and efficient modification of genetic information. By introducing disease-resistant genes or knocking out host genes essential for pathogen infection, this technology can effectively confer resistance to specific infectious diseases in animals, accelerating the development of new livestock and poultry breeds with enhanced disease resistance. Under the threat of major epidemics such as African swine fever (ASF), there is an urgent need not only to continuously strengthen conventional disease prevention and control measures but also to improve the innate disease resistance of livestock and poultry through genetic breeding. Therefore, cultivating breeds with high-efficiency disease resistance has become a pressing demand and core mission in current animal husbandry research and industrial practices. This paper reviews the current applications of gene editing technology in disease-resistant breeding of livestock and poultry, and prospectively outlines potential future directions and key research areas that warrant focused exploration.

Key words: gene editing, livestock and poultry, disease resistance, disease resistant breeding

中图分类号:

S813.2

张帆, 曾威, 周傲. 畜禽基因编辑抗病育种研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(7): 3047-3056.

ZHANG Fan, ZENG Wei, ZHOU Ao. Advances in Gene Editing for Disease Resistance Breeding in Livestock and Poultry[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(7): 3047-3056.

图/表 1

表 1

基因编辑抗病育种后抗病效果总结"

物种 Species	病原体 Pathogen	靶向基因 Targeting gene	抗病效果 Disease resistance efficacy	文献来源 Literature sources
猪Swine	非洲猪瘟病毒(ASFV)	RELA(替换)	对病毒无明显抗病作用但有抑制作用	[27-29]
猪Swine	猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)	CD163基因(敲除)	CD 163敲除猪攻毒两周未出现临床症状、病毒血症、抗体反应，对PRRSV具有完全抵抗力	[35, 36, 38-40, 42, 54]
猪Swine	猪瘟病毒(CSFV)	MxA(敲入)	与对照组相比转基因猪尾细胞的病毒基因组拷贝数平均减少74倍	[45]
猪Swine	猪瘟病毒(CSFV)	抗病毒shRNA(敲入)	与非转基因猪相比在转基因猪中临床症状推迟4~5 d出现	[46]
猪Swine	猪瘟病毒(CSFV)	RSAD2(敲除)	分离的猪成纤维细胞可抑制CSFV的感染，在24~48 hpi时病毒减少量最大	[47]
猪Swine	传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)	pAPN(敲除)	增强病毒感染抑制率	[55]
猪Swine	猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)	CMAH(敲除)	减轻感染严重程度临床症状发生迟缓	[55]
猪Swine	伪狂犬病病毒(PRV)	nectin1(敲除)	在48 hpi时KO细胞病毒基因组拷贝数比WT细胞减少约102倍。其可阻止PRV在细胞间的传播	[63]
牛Bovine	口蹄疫病毒(FMDV)	shRNA(敲入)	对血清O型和血清Asia 1型FMDV的抑制率均超过94%	[64]
牛Bovine	金黄色葡萄球菌	Gln125, 232-溶葡萄球菌蛋白基因(敲入)	10 μL转基因牛奶中溶葡萄球菌在体外的生物活性相当于5 ng重组溶葡萄球菌素，其乳汁具有杀菌作用。	[67]
牛Bovine	金黄色葡萄球菌	HLYZ(敲入)	向乳腺中注射活菌，非转基因动物中感染数为19/20，转基因动物中无个体被感染	[68]
牛Bovine	牛型结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)	SP110(敲入)	转基因牛巨噬细胞中病原体增殖率与对照组相比减少52.80%	[69]
牛Bovine	牛型结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium bovis)	NRAMP1(敲入)	对结核病的抗病力有所提升	[71, 72]
牛Bovine	溶血分支杆菌(Mycobacterium haemophilum)	CD18(置换)	白细胞毒素对野生型白细胞的细胞毒性高达1∶32，而高强度白细胞毒素不能裂解基因编辑胎儿的白细胞	[74]
羊Ovine	朊病毒(PrP)	PrP基因	有待开发	[76]
禽Avain	禽白血病病毒(ALV)	TVB受体基因(敲除)	敲除细胞系获得对病毒的抗性	[77]
禽Avain	禽白血病病毒(ALV)	chNHE1(敲除)	病毒感染13 d后，所有对照组鸡均为阳性而基因敲除鸡没有出现病毒血症。	[79]
禽Avain	鸡禽流感病毒(AIV)	ANP32A(敲除)	病毒在细胞中的增殖减少	[81]
禽Avain	沙门菌(Salmonella)	PTPRJ(下调)	对沙门氏菌的抵抗力提高	[83]

表 1

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