酶解玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉和豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道健康的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.02.043

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在探究不同水平酶解玉米蛋白粉(enzymatic corn gluten meal, MCGM)对断奶仔猪生长性能、肠道屏障、消化酶活性和肠道微生物组成的影响。试验选取240头体重为(5.71±0.79) kg的健康断奶仔猪(21日龄，杜×长×大)，基于体重接近原则，随机分配至5个试验组：5%普通玉米蛋白粉(corn gluten meal, CGM)组，5%鱼粉(fish meal, FM)组以及5%、10%和15%酶解玉米蛋白粉组(MCGM1、MCGM2和MCGM3)，进行为期14 d的饲养试验。结果显示：1)MCGM1和FM组断奶仔猪的料重比(F/G)显著小于CGM、MCGM2和MCGM3组(P<0.05)，MCGM2组粪便评分显著高于其他试验组(P<0.05)。2)与CGM、MCGM2和MCGM3组相比，MCGM1和FM组的十二指肠和空肠的胰蛋白酶和糜蛋白酶的活性显著提高(P<0.05)。3)MCGM1和MCGM3组的十二指肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(绒隐比)极显著高于CGM组和FM组(P<0.05)。同时，与MCGM2和MCGM3组相比，MCGM1组的肠道屏障基因(Occludin和ZO-1)表达水平显著升高(P<0.05)。4)MCGM1组仔猪回肠特征菌为f__Peptostreptococcaceae、o__Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales和g__Terrisporobacter，盲肠中为o__Veillonellales-Selenomonadales；FM组仔猪回肠特征菌为g__Lactobacillus和g__Prevotella。综上所述，添加5%的MCGM可以显著提高断奶仔猪十二指肠和空肠的消化酶活性，并能增强肠道屏障功能，进而改善生长性能。

关键词: 酶解玉米蛋白粉, 断奶仔猪, 生长性能, 肠道健康

Abstract:

The study aimed to investigate the effects of different levels of enzymatic corn gluten meal (MCGM) on the growth performance, intestinal barrier, digestive enzyme activities, and intestinal microbial composition of weaned piglets. A total of 240 healthy weaned piglets (21 days-age, Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) with an average body weight of 5.71 ± 0.79 kg were selected. Based on the principle of body weight, the piglets were randomly assigned to five experimental groups: 5% conventional corn gluten meal (CGM) group, 5% fish meal (FM) group, and 5%, 10%, and 15% enzymatic corn gluten meal groups (MCGM1, MCGM2, and MCGM3), respectively. The feeding trial lasted for 14 days. The results showed that: 1) The feed-to-gain ratio (F/G) of weaned piglets in the MCGM1 and FM groups were significantly lower than that in the CGM, MCGM2 and MCGM3 groups (P<0.05). The fecal score in the MCGM2 group was significantly higher than that in the other experimental groups (P<0.05). 2) Compared to the CGM, MCGM2 and MCGM3 groups, the activities of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the duodenum and jejunum of the MCGM1 and FM groups were significantly increased (P<0.05). 3) The villus-to-crypt ratio in the duodenum of the MCGM1 and MCGM3 groups were significantly higher than that in the CGM and FM groups (P<0.05). Additionally, compared to the MCGM2 and MCGM3 groups, the mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier genes (Occludin and ZO-1) in the MCGM1 group were significantly elevated (P<0.05). 4) The characteristic bacteria in the ileum of piglets in the MCGM1 group were f__Peptostreptococcaceae, o__Peptostreptococcales-Tissierellales, and g__Terrisporobacter, and in the cecum were o__Veillonellales-Selenomonadales; the characteristic bacteria in the ileum of piglets in the FM group were g__Lactobacillus and g__Prevotella. In conclusion, the addition of 5% MCGM can significantly enhance the digestive enzyme activities in the duodenum and jejunum of weaned piglets, strengthen the intestinal barrier function, and thereby improve growth performance.

Key words: enzymatic corn gluten meal, weaned piglets, growth performance, intestinal health

中图分类号:

S828.5

白国松, 滕春然, 王俊洪, 钟儒清, 马腾, 陈亮, 张宏福. 酶解玉米蛋白粉替代鱼粉和豆粕对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道健康的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(2): 953-968.

BAI Guosong, TENG Chunran, WANG Junhong, ZHONG Ruqing, MA Teng, CHEN Liang, ZHANG Hongfu. Effects of Enzymatic Corn Gluten Meal on Growth Performance and Intestinal Microorganisms of Weaned Piglets[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(2): 953-968.

图/表 13

表 1

表 2

表 3

表 4

表 5

表 6

图 1

图 2

表 7

图 3

图 4

图 5

图 6

参考文献 50

1	LIN H X , DENG Y K , ZHU D W J , et al. Effects of partially replacing fishmeal with corn gluten meal on growth, feed utilization, digestive enzyme activity, and apparent nutrient digestibility for juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei[J]. Front Vet Sci, 2023, 10, 1162599. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1162599
2	WANG X C , GENG F F , WU J J , et al. Effects of β-conglycinin on growth performance, immunoglobulins and intestinal mucosal morphology in piglets[J]. Arch Anim Nutr, 2014, 68 (3): 186- 195. doi: 10.1080/1745039X.2014.919733
3	BU X Y , LIAN X Q , ZHANG Y , et al. Effects of replacing fish meal with corn gluten meal on growth, feed utilization, nitrogen and phosphorus excretion and IGF-I gene expression of juvenile Pseudobagrus ussuriensis[J]. Aquac Res, 2018, 49 (2): 977- 987. doi: 10.1111/are.13545
4	WU Z H , YU X J , GUO J S , et al. Effects of replacing fish meal with corn gluten meal on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, mTOR pathway and immune response of abalone Haliotis discus hannai[J]. Aquacult Rep, 2022, 23, 101007.
5	JACKSON N , SQUANCE E . Evaluation of maize gluten meal—peruvian fish meal mixtures as protein supplements for egg production[J]. J Sci Food Agric, 1968, 19 (7): 389- 392. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2740190709
6	REGOST C , ARZEL J , KAUSHIK S J . Partial or total replacement of fish meal by corn gluten meal in diet for turbot (Psetta maxima)[J]. Aquaculture, 1999, 180 (1-2): 99- 117. doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00026-5
7	CHANAJON P , NOISA P , YONGSAWATDIGUL J . Prolyl oligopeptidase inhibition and cellular antioxidant activities of a corn gluten meal hydrolysate[J]. Cereal Chem, 2022, 99 (6): 1183- 1195. doi: 10.1002/cche.10586
8	HUANG P M , ZHAO W K , CAI L , et al. Enhancement of functional properties, digestive properties, and in vitro digestion product physiological activity of extruded corn gluten meal by enzymatic modification[J]. J Sci Food Agric, 2024, 104 (6): 3477- 3486. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.13233
9	FAN L , LIU X L , DENG Y P , et al. Preparation of glutamine-enriched fermented feed from corn gluten meal and its functionality evaluation[J]. Foods, 2023, 12 (23): 4336. doi: 10.3390/foods12234336
10	SINGH U , KAUR D , MISHRA V , et al. Combinatorial approach to prepare antioxidative protein hydrolysate from corn gluten meal with dairy whey: preparation, kinetics, nutritional study and cost analysis[J]. LWT, 2022, 153, 112437. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112437
11	HELM E T , CURRY S , TRACHSEL J M , et al. Evaluating nursery pig responses to in-feed sub-therapeutic antibiotics[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14 (4): e0216070. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216070
12	KOGUT M H , ARSENAULT R J . Editorial: gut health: the new paradigm in food animal production[J]. Front Vet Sci, 2016, 3, 71.
13	ZHAO B C , WANG T H , CHEN J , et al. Essential oils improve nursery pigs' performance and appetite via modulation of intestinal health and microbiota[J]. Anim Nutr, 2024, 16, 174- 188. doi: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.10.007
14	BRON P A , KLEEREBEZEM M , BRUMMER R J , et al. Can probiotics modulate human disease by impacting intestinal barrier function?[J]. Br J Nutr, 2017, 117 (1): 93- 107. doi: 10.1017/S0007114516004037
15	王申锋, 钱明珠, 李爱心, 等. 植物提取物对感染产肠毒性大肠杆菌仔猪生长性能、粪便特性及肠道健康的影响[J]. 中国饲料, 2021, (20): 33- 36.
	WANG S F , QIAN M Z , LI A X , et al. Effects of plant extracts on growth performance, fecal characteristics and intestinal health of piglets infected with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli[J]. China Feed, 2021, (20): 33- 36.
16	LUO C Z , XIA B , ZHONG R Q , et al. Early-life nutrition interventions improved growth performance and intestinal health via the gut microbiota in piglets[J]. Front Nutr, 2021, 8, 783688.
17	WU Y H , PAN X C , ZHANG S X , et al. Protective effect of corn peptides against alcoholic liver injury in men with chronic alcohol consumption: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study[J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2014, 13 (1): 192. doi: 10.1186/1476-511X-13-192
18	LIN F , CHEN L , LIANG R , et al. Pilot-scale production of low molecular weight peptides from corn wet milling byproducts and the antihypertensive effects in vivo and in vitro[J]. Food Chem, 2011, 124 (3): 801- 807. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.06.099
19	POTKI N , FALAHATKAR B , ALIZADEH A . Growth, hematological and biochemical indices of common carp Cyprinus carpio fed diets containing corn gluten meal[J]. Aquacult Int, 2018, 26 (6): 1573- 1586. doi: 10.1007/s10499-018-0304-9
20	GHAZAGHI M , HASSANABADI A , MEHRI M . Apparent and standardized ileal amino acid digestibilities of corn, wheat, soybean meal, and corn gluten meal in quail chicks[J]. Poult Sci, 2023, 102 (2): 102314. doi: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102314
21	PETERSEN G I , LIU Y , STEIN H H . Coefficient of standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in corn, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, high-protein distillers dried grains, and field peas fed to weanling pigs[J]. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 2014, 188, 145- 149. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.11.002
22	LI X X , HAN L J , CHEN L J . In vitro antioxidant activity of protein hydrolysates prepared from corn gluten meal[J]. J Sci Food Agric, 2008, 88 (9): 1660- 1666. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.3264
23	WANG X J , ZHENG X Q , KOPPARAPU N K , et al. Purification and evaluation of a novel antioxidant peptide from corn protein hydrolysate[J]. Process Biochem, 2014, 49 (9): 1562- 1569. doi: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.05.014
24	JIANG X , LIU X , LIU S , et al. Growth, rumen fermentation and plasma metabolites of Holstein male calves fed fermented corn gluten meal during the postweaning stage[J]. Anim Feed Sci Technol, 2019, 249, 1- 9. doi: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.01.012
25	李云亮, 王晓静, 阮思煜, 等. 玉米多肽制备方法及其功能活性研究进展[J]. 食品工业科技, 2022, 43 (2): 434- 441.
	LI Y L , WANG X J , RUAN S Y , et al. Research progress on preparation and functional activity of corn polypeptides[J]. Science and Technology of Food Industry, 2022, 43 (2): 434- 441.
26	KYRIAZAKIS I , ALAMEER A , BU AČG KOVÁ K , et al. Toward the automated detection of behavioral changes associated with the post-weaning transition in pigs[J]. Front Vet Sci, 2023, 9, 1087570.
27	XU X F , HUANG P , CUI X M , et al. Effects of dietary coated lysozyme on the growth performance, antioxidant activity, immunity and gut health of weaned piglets[J]. Antibiotics (Basel), 2022, 11 (11): 1470.
28	OTERI M , CHIOFALO B , MARICCHIOLO G , et al. Black soldier fly larvae meal in the diet of gilthead sea bream: effect on chemical and microbiological quality of filets[J]. Front Nutr, 2022, 9, 896552.
29	LONG S F , LIU S J , WANG J , et al. Natural capsicum extract replacing chlortetracycline enhances performance via improving digestive enzyme activities, antioxidant capacity, anti-inflammatory function, and gut health in weaned pigs[J]. Anim Nutr, 2021, 7 (2): 305- 314.
30	ALUKO R E , MONU E . Functional and bioactive properties of quinoa seed protein hydrolysates[J]. J Food Sci, 2003, 68 (4): 1254- 1258.
31	HE L Q , ZHOU X H , HUANG N , et al. Administration of alpha-ketoglutarate improves epithelial restitution under stress injury in early-weaning piglets[J]. Oncotarget, 2017, 8 (54): 91965- 91978.
32	WIJTTEN P J A , VAN DER MEULEN J , VERSTEGEN M W A . A Intestinal barrier function and absorption in pigs after weaning: a review[J]. Br J Nutr, 2011, 105 (7): 967- 981.
33	WANG T X , YAO W L , LI J , et al. Dietary garcinol supplementation improves diarrhea and intestinal barrier function associated with its modulation of gut microbiota in weaned piglets[J]. J Anim Sci Biotechnol, 2020, 11, 12.
34	WU Y L , LI X , LIU H N , et al. A water-soluble β-glucan improves growth performance by altering gut microbiome and health in weaned pigs[J]. Anim Nutr, 2021, 7 (4): 1345- 1351.
35	ZHANG L H , LIU S J , LI M , et al. Effects of maternal 25-hydroxycholecalciferol during the last week of gestation and lactation on serum parameters, intestinal morphology and microbiota in suckling piglets[J]. Arch Anim Nutr, 2020, 74 (6): 445- 461.
36	DOWD S E , SUN Y , WOLCOTT R D , et al. Bacterial tag-encoded FLX amplicon pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) for microbiome studies: bacterial diversity in the ileum of newly weaned Salmonella-infected pigs[J]. Foodborne Pathog Dis, 2008, 5 (4): 459- 472.
37	CASAS G A , BLAVI L , CROSS T W L , et al. Inclusion of the direct-fed microbial Clostridium butyricum in diets for weanling pigs increases growth performance and tends to increase villus height and crypt depth, but does not change intestinal microbial abundance[J]. J Anim Sci, 2020, 98 (1): skz372.
38	YU T , WANG Y , CHEN S C , et al. Low-molecular-weight chitosan supplementation increases the population of Prevotella in the Cecal contents of weanling pigs[J]. Front Microbiol, 2017, 8, 2182.
39	JAKOBSSON H E , ABRAHAMSSON T R , JENMALM M C , et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section[J]. Gut, 2014, 63 (4): 559- 566.
40	HE W , GAO Y A , GUO Z Q , et al. Effects of fermented wheat bran and yeast culture on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal microflora in growing-finishing pigs[J]. J Anim Sci, 2021, 99 (11): skab308.
41	DEVRIESE L A , HOMMEZ J , POT B , et al. Identification and composition of the streptococcal and enterococcal flora of tonsils, intestines and faeces of pigs[J]. J Appl Bacteriol, 1994, 77 (1): 31- 36.
42	LESER T D , AMENUVOR J Z , JENSEN T K , et al. Culture-independent analysis of gut bacteria: the pig gastrointestinal tract microbiota revisited[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol, 2002, 68 (2): 673- 690.
43	COUDERT P . The main diseases of pigs[J]. Actual Pharm, 2018, 57 (580): 50- 55.
44	CHEON D S , CHAE C . Outbreak of diarrhea associated with Enterococcus durans in piglets[J]. J Vet Diagn Invest, 1996, 8 (1): 123- 124.
45	YANG I , CLAUSSEN H , ARTHUR R A , et al. Subgingival microbiome in pregnancy and a potential relationship to early term birth[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12, 873683.
46	GAO H , LIN J Q , XIONG F , et al. Urinary microbial and metabolomic profiles in kidney stone disease[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2022, 12, 953392.
47	HE Y , JIANG H J , DU K Q , et al. Exploring the mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction on the treatment of blood deficiency and blood stasis syndrome by gut microbiota combined with metabolomics[J]. Chin Med, 2023, 18 (1): 44.
48	ABDELSALAM N A , HEGAZY S M , AZIZ R K . The curious case of Prevotella copri[J]. Gut Microbes, 2023, 15 (2): 2249152.
49	FALKOW S , SCHNEIDER H , BARON L S , et al. Virulence of Escherichia-shigella genetic hybrids for the guinea pig[J]. J Bacteriol, 1963, 86 (6): 1251- 1258.
50	ZHANG L , WU W D , LEE Y K , et al. Spatial heterogeneity and co-occurrence of mucosal and luminal microbiome across swine intestinal tract[J]. Front Microbiol, 2018, 9, 48.

项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉 CGM	酶解玉米蛋白粉 MCGM
干物质DM	91.63	88.73
粗蛋白质CP	68.38	69.21
总能/(MJ·kg^－1)GE	22.86	23.6
氨基酸组成AA composition
必需氨基酸EAA
精氨酸Arg	2.19	1.79
组氨酸His	1.57	1.31
异亮氨酸Ile	3.12	2.45
亮氨酸Leu	6	9.88
赖氨酸Lys	1.12	0.91
蛋氨酸Met	1.65	1.43
苯丙氨酸Phe	4.39	3.67
苏氨酸Thr	2.36	2.01
色氨酸Trp	0.22	0.18
缬氨酸Val	3.13	2.72
平均值Mean	2.58	2.64
非必需氨基酸NEAA
丙氨酸Ala	6.45	5.4
天冬氨酸Asp	4.03	3.43
半胱氨酸Cys	1.18	0.98
谷氨酸Glu	15.7	13.95
甘氨酸Gly	2.1	1.74
脯氨酸Pro	5.34	5.94
丝氨酸Ser	3.61	3.01
酪氨酸Tyr	2.98	2.43
平均值Mean	5.17	4.61
总氨基酸TAA	67.14	63.23

项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	酶解玉米蛋白粉组MCGM group
项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	5%	10%	15%
原料(风干基础) Ingredients (air-dry basis)
玉米Corn	28.56	28.84	28.77	29.95	33.17
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal	5.00	4.80	5.00	4.70
次粉Wheat middlings	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
鱼粉Fish meal		5.00
玉米蛋白粉CGM	5.00
酶解玉米蛋白粉MCGM			5.00	10.00	15.00
膨化大豆Extruded soybean	7.50	8.00	8.00	4.00	0.00
标准面粉Standard flour	10.00	10.00	13.00	13.00	13.00
大豆浓缩蛋白Soy protein concentrate	3.90	3.50	3.00	0.00	0.00
乳清粉Whey powder	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00	10.00
葡萄糖Glucose	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00	4.00
膨化玉米Puffed corn	15.00	15.00	12.00	13.00	13.00
豆油Soybean oil	2.70	2.70	2.70	2.50	2.60
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl	0.93	0.76	0.97	1.19	1.43
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.24	0.26	0.28	0.28	0.29
L-苏氨酸L-Thr	0.28	0.24	0.31	0.35	0.40
L-色氨酸L-Trp	0.07	0.06	0.09	0.12	0.17
L-缬氨酸L-Val	0.28	0.30	0.34	0.37	0.40
预混料^*Premix	4.54	4.54	4.54	4.54	4.54
总计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平(风干基础)^** Nutrient levels (air-dry basis)
粗蛋白质CP	17.28	17.34	17.26	17.38	17.41
粗脂肪EE	6.33	6.57	6.11	5.24	4.59
粗纤维CF	1.50	1.45	1.44	1.26	1.09
钙Ca	0.53	0.76	0.52	0.51	0.50
总磷Total P	0.52	0.64	0.48	0.46	0.44
净能/(MJ·kg^－1)NE	10.75	10.75	10.79	10.75	10.79

基因 Gene	引物序列(5′→3′) Primer sequences (5′→3′)
β-actin-F	GCGTAGCATTTGCTGCATGA
β-actin-R	GCGTGTGTGTAACTAGGGGT
GAPDH-F	CGTGTCGGTTGTGGATCTGA
GAPDH-R	TGACGAAGTGGTCGTTGAGG
ZO-1-F	CTCCAGGCCCTTACCTTTCG
ZO-1-R	GGGGTAGGGGTCCTTCCTAT
Occludin-F	CAGGTGCACCCTCCAGATTG
Occludin-R	TATGTCGTTGCTGGGTGCAT
Claudin1-F	TTTCCTCAATACAGGAGGGAAGC
Claudin1-R	CCCTCTCCCCACATTCGAG

项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	酶解玉米蛋白粉组 MCGM group			标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	5%	10%	15%	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
初重/kg Initial BW	5.67	5.69	5.74	5.75	5.70	0.83	1.000
末重/kg Final BW	6.72	7.23	7.35	6.89	6.73	1.49	0.500
平均日采食量/g ADFI	189.29	194.29	200.00	172.86	170.71	24.21	0.371
平均日增重/g ADG	104.00	121.48	124.85	93.73	96.03	66.19	0.139
料重比F/G	2.90^b	1.74^a	1.76^a	2.56^b	2.50^b	0.42	0.004
粪便评分Fecal score	2.83^a	2.91^a	2.90^a	3.62^b	3.00^a	0.19	<0.001

项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	酶解玉米蛋白粉组 MCGM group			标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	玉米蛋白粉组 CGM group	鱼粉组 FM group	5%	10%	15%	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
心脏指数Heart index	5.02	7.10	4.99	5.45	4.30	1.71	0.252
肝脏指数Liver index	27.70	21.71	28.72	26.25	27.05	7.17	0.686
脾脏指数Spleen index	1.94	2.20	2.76	1.73	2.40	0.55	0.131
肺脏指数Lung index	13.25	11.05	16.84	13.77	12.91	3.08	0.172
肾脏指数Kidney index	6.04	6.32	5.41	6.13	6.20	0.80	0.551