不同日龄宁乡猪肌肉脂质与VOCs特性比较及相关性研究

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.11.007

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to investigate the lipid and volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles in the longissimus dorsi muscle of Ningxiang pigs across different growth stages and to analyze the correlation between lipids and VOCs.Thirty-six healthy one-day-old Ningxiang pigs (average live weight: 0.98±0.09 kg) were randomly allocated to 6 groups (n=6 per group, 1∶1 of male: female ratio). Each group was raised for 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, or 360 days prior to slaughter, respectively. Post-slaughter, samples of the left longissimus dorsi were collected for meat quality assessment. Lipid profiles were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), and VOC profiles were analyzed using gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS). The results indicated: Meat pH at 60 and 120 days was significantly lower than at 360 days (P < 0.05). The L* value (lightness) of meat color significantly decreased after 240 days (P < 0.05), while the b* value (yellowness) gradually decreased after 180 days. The a* value (redness) at 60 and 120 days was significantly lower than at other ages (P < 0.05). Shear force (indicating tenderness) was significantly lower at 60 days compared to other ages (P < 0.05), with no significant differences among other age groups (P>0.05). Drip loss significantly decreased at 240 days (P < 0.05) and remained stable thereafter. Intramuscular fat (IMF) content increased with age, showing a significant increase at 240 days (P < 0.05), with no significant differences observed in subsequent age groups. Lipidomics analysis identified 55 lipid subclasses comprising 1 841 lipid molecules. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) revealed clear differentiation of lipid profiles among age groups. During the growth period, the peaks or troughs in the percentage contents of major differential lipid subclasses (triglycerides (TG), ether-linked phosphatidylcholine (EtherPC), ether-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (EtherPE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), diglycerides (DG), acylcarnitine (CAR), and sphingomyelin (SM)) all occurred at 240 d. Fifty potential lipid biomarkers (variable importance in projection (VIP) >1, P < 0.05) were identified, primarily phospholipids (PC, phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)), along with TG, fatty acids (FA), and DG. Enrichment analysis highlighted 7 lipid metabolic pathways, with glycerophospholipid metabolism being the most significant, followed by sphingolipid and ether lipid metabolism. Flavoromics analysis identified 24, 31, 34, 57, 37, and 36 known VOCs in the 60-, 120-, 180-, 240-, 300-, and 360-day groups, respectively. VOC fingerprinting and PCA demonstrated distinct VOC profiles for each age group. Nineteen key volatile flavor compounds were identified, including decanal, nonanal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl acetate, and methional. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between VOCs and phospholipids/glycerides. As Ningxiang pigs aged, their meat color became increasingly bright red, and water-holding capacity improved significantly from 240 days. TG, PC, and PE were identified as key lipids potentially involved in VOC formation. The 240-day stage was determined to be the "window period" for optimal muscle flavor quality. This study provides a scientific basis for regulating pork flavor quality and optimizing the slaughter age of Ningxiang pigs.

Key words: Ningxiang pig, lipid, volatile organic compound, relative odor activity value, correlation

CLC Number:

S828.2

LI Huali, LIU Yingying, CUI Qingming, DENG Yuan, ZHAO Xiaogang, HU Xionggui, REN Huibo, ZHU Ji, YU Jin'e, ZHANG Siyang, CAO Lihua, YU Xiaodan, CHEN Xinyi, CHEN Yu, PENG Yinglin, CHEN Chen. Comparative Characteristics and Correlation Study of Lipid and VOCs in Muscle of Ningxiang Pigs at Different Ages[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(11): 5414-5432.

Figures/Tables 8

Table 1

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Table 2

Fig. 4

Table 3

Relative content of VOCs and their ROAV in muscle of Ningxiang pigs at different ages"

序号 Number	VOCs	RI	气味阈值 /ppb Odor threshold	相对含量/% Relative content						ROAV
序号 Number	VOCs	RI	气味阈值 /ppb Odor threshold	60 d	120 d	180 d	240 d	300 d	360 d	60 d	120 d	180 d	240 d	300 d	360 d
醛类Aldehyde
1	癸醛Decanal	1 262.7	0.1	—	—	—	0.94±0.12	—	—	—	—	—	100.00	—	—
2	壬醛Nonanal	1 107.8	1.0	5.00± 0.72^a	3.73±0.24 ^bc	1.88± 0.69^d	3.44±0.53 ^bc	4.25± 0.91^ab	2.95±0.33 ^c	100.00	100.00	48.45	36.60	100.00	100.00
3	庚醛Heptanal	898.1	3.0	1.53± 0.56^a	0.87±0.12 ^b	0.47± 0.12^c	0.71±0.17 ^bc	0.85± 0.09^bc	0.71±0.30 ^bc	10.20	7.77	4.04	2.52	6.67	8.02
4	辛醛Octanal	1 003.7	0.7	2.15± 0.41^a	1.38±0.08 ^b	0.68± 0.25^d	0.79±0.10 ^cd	1.39± 0.11^b	1.06±0.22 ^c	61.43	52.85	25.04	12.01	46.72	51.33
5	5-甲基糠醛5-methylfurfural	962.6	20.0	—	—	—	2.83±0.32	—	—	—	—	—	1.51	—	—
6	己醛-M Hexanal-M	788.3	5.0	8.93±1.39 ^a	9.96± 3.20^a	2.02±1.04 ^c	4.13± 0.95^bc	9.86±1.48 ^a	5.64± 2.72^b	35.72	53.40	10.41	8.79	46.40	38.24
7	己醛-D Hexanal-D	787.3	5.0	2.63±0.97 ^bc	4.70± 3.03^ab	0.50±0.34 ^c	2.71± 1.13^bc	5.53±2.22 ^a	2.08± 1.63^c	10.52	25.20	2.58	5.77	26.02	14.10
8	3-甲基-2-丁烯醛 3-methyl-2-butenal	767.1	/	0.66±0.08 ^bc	0.54± 0.05^c	0.32±0.07 ^d	0.84± 0.13^ab	0.97±0.20 ^a	0.70± 0.21^bc	/	/	/	/	/	/
9	(E)-2-戊烯醛 (E)-2-pentenal	739.0	1 500.0	—	—	—	1.34±0.23 ^a	1.19± 0.39^ab	0.80±0.28 ^b	—	—	—	0.01	0.02	0.02
10	丁醛Butanal	587.5	9.0	0.53± 0.04	0.68±0.63	0.89± 0.39	0.59±0.18	0.97± 0.73	—	1.18	2.03	2.55	0.70	2.54	—
11	2-甲基丁醛 2-methylbutanal	653.4	1.0	0.82±0.12 ^b	1.10± 0.38^b	2.16±0.82 ^a	0.16± 0.03^c	1.23±0.56 ^b	0.76± 0.27^b	16.40	29.49	55.67	1.70	28.94	25.76
12	3-甲基丁醛 3-methylbutanal	644.2	1.1	—	0.54±0.14 ^b	4.27± 2.29^a	0.17±0.02 ^b	—	—	—	13.16	100.00	1.64	—	—
13	戊醛-M Pentanal-M	689.2	12.0	1.83±0.10 ^a	1.76± 0.27^a	0.73±0.21 ^c	0.81± 0.29^c	1.70±0.15 ^a	1.29± 0.33^b	3.05	3.93	1.57	0.72	3.33	3.64
14	(E)-2-己烯醛 (E)-2-hexenal	833.4	17.0	—	—	—	0.08±0.01	—	—	—	—	—	0.05	—	—
15	苯甲醛Benzaldehyde	955.7	750.9	0.51±0.09 ^a	0.45± 0.09^a	0.21±0.07 ^b	0.20± 0.03^b	0.26±0.02 ^b	0.25± 0.03^b	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.01
酮类Ketone
16	6-甲基-5-庚烯-2-酮 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one	988.6	50.0	—	—	—	0.24 ±0.05	—	—	—	—	0.00	0.05	—	—
17	2-丁酮-M 2-butanone-M	567.6	50 000.0	7.45±1.22 ^a	6.67± 1.75^a	3.22±1.49 ^b	2.88± 1.12^b	4.34±0.34 ^b	3.93± 0.78^b	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
18	4-酮异佛尔酮 4-ketoisophorone	1 156.6	1 250.0	—	—	—	3.27±0.33	—	—	—	—	—	0.03	—	—
19	2-庚酮2-heptanone	889.6	140.0	0.95±0.12 ^c	1.23± 0.28^ab	0.65±0.10 ^c	0.84± 0.26^c	1.22±0.11 ^ab	1.50± 0.44^a	0.14	0.24	0.12	0.06	0.21	0.36
20	2-戊酮-M 2-pentanone-M	675.4	70 000.0	3.63±0.87 ^bc	4.40± 1.07^ab	2.62±0.77 ^cd	1.74± 0.35^d	4.14±1.33 ^b	5.50± 0.54^a	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
21	2-戊酮-D 2-pentanone-D	679.6	70 000.0	—	1.32±0.46 ^b	1.04± 0.64^b	0.83±0.44 ^b	1.54± 0.82^b	2.51±0.37 ^a	—	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
22	2-丙酮2-propanone	492.2	500 000.0	8.33±2.77 ^ab	9.67± 5.94^a	6.37±3.07 ^ab	3.96± 0.71^b	5.97±1.08 ^ab	7.14± 1.57^ab	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
23	3-羟基-2-丁酮-M 3-hydroxy-2-butanone-M	706.5	800.0	6.36±2.58 ^a	6.36± 3.33^a	6.95±3.01 ^a	3.08± 0.76^b	2.47±0.95 ^b	6.50± 1.46^a	0.16	0.21	0.22	0.04	0.07	0.28
24	3-羟基-2-丁酮-D 3-hydroxy-2-butanone-D	707.2	800.0	0.99±0.59 ^b	3.32± 3.73^b	11.73±3.6 ^a	0.94± 1.05^b	—	2.41±1.54 ^b	0.02	0.11	0.38	0.01	—	0.10
25	4-甲基-3-戊烯-2-酮4-methyl-3-penten-2-one	789.9	/	—	0.77±0.13 ^bc	0.55± 0.50^c	0.88±0.20 ^abc	1.52± 0.40^a	1.37±0.93 ^ab	—	/	/	/	/	/
26	1-戊烯-3-酮 1-penten-3-one	692.3	1.0	—	—	—	0.35±0.10	—	—	—	—	—	3.72	—	—
27	4-甲基-2-戊酮4-methyl-2-pentanone	729.1	170.0	—	0.89±0.22 ^b	0.24± 0.12^b	0.92±0.13 ^b	2.16± 0.37^a	2.29±1.16 ^a	—	0.14	0.04	0.06	0.30	0.46
醇类Alcohol
28	乙醇Ethanol	449.3	100 000.0	—	—	20.94± 7.40^a	15.39±10.33 ^ab	2.59± 0.45^c	6.36±6.93 ^bc	—	—	0.01	0.00	0.00	0.00
29	丙醇Propanol	535.0	9 000.0	—	—	0.95± 0.43	0.57±0.09	—	—	—	—	0.00	0.00	—	—
30	异丙醇2-propanol	495.3	9 787.9	0.75± 0.27^bc	1.18±0.33 ^b	0.50± 0.20^c	0.66±0.13 ^c	2.78± 0.44^a	2.61±0.62 ^a	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.01
31	1-丁醇1-butanol	647.1	500.0	2.75± 0.41^b	3.31±0.93 ^b	4.78± 1.80^a	0.74±0.08 ^c	2.25± 0.53^b	3.17±0.85 ^b	0.11	0.18	0.25	0.02	0.11	0.21
32	异丁醇Isobutanol	607.4	7 000.0	0.36± 0.09^c	0.47±0.17 ^bc	0.30± 0.10^c	0.55±0.21 ^bc	0.87± 0.35^a	0.73±0.15 ^ab	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
33	1-戊醇1-pentanol	756.8	4 000.0	0.54± 0.05^abc	0.57±0.06 ^ab	0.38± 0.04^c	0.67±0.26 ^a	0.67± 0.12^a	0.43±0.05 ^bc	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
34	异戊醇Isopentanol	726.2	250.0	—	—	—	0.43± 0.07	0.68±0.12	0.84± 0.52	—	—	—	0.02	0.06	0.11
35	1-己醇1-hexanol	867.1	2 500.0	0.76±0.04	0.63± 0.07	0.51±0.10	0.68± 0.38	0.88±0.32	1.11± 1.06	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.00	0.01	0.02
36	异己醇Isohexanol	827.3	/	—	—	—	0.12 ±0.03	—	—	—	—	—	/	—	—
37	2-丁氧基乙醇2-butoxyethanol	914.3	/	—	—	—	0.80±0.09	0.70± 0.09	0.68±0.21	—	—	—	/	/	/
38	1-辛烯-3-醇1-octen-3-ol	981.8	1.0	—	0.26±0.03 ^ab	0.14± 0.04^b	0.22±0.03 ^ab	0.30± 0.15^ab	0.34±0.27 ^a	—	6.97	3.61	2.34	7.06	11.53
酸类Acid
39	醋酸Acetic acid	579.1	22 000.0	0.97±0.09 ^ab	0.95± 0.17^ab	0.60±0.20 ^b	0.83± 0.43^ab	0.87±0.17 ^ab	1.63± 1.44^a	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
40	2-甲基丙酸-M 2-methylpropanoic acid-M	769.0	8 100.0	1.07±0.13 ^b	1.05± 0.10^b	0.66±0.17 ^b	4.94± 2.35^a	0.77±0.07 ^b	0.75± 0.14^b	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.01	0.00	0.00
41	2-甲基丙酸-D 2-methylpropanoic acid-D	770.3	8 100.0	—	—	—	1.18±1.23	—	—	—	—	—	0.00	—	—
42	己酸-M Hexanoic acid-M	987.3	3 000.0	—	—	—	5.12±1.83	—	—	—	—	—	0.02	—	—
43	己酸-D Hexanoic acid-D	987.3	3 000.0	—	—	—	0.33±0.10	—	—	—	—	—	0.00	—	—
酯类Ester
44	乙酸2-甲基丙酯-M 2-methylpropyl acetate-M	744.6	66.0	—	—	—	0.88±1.00	0.46± 0.09	—	—	—	—	0.14	0.16	—
45	乙酸2-甲基丙酯-D 2-methylpropyl acetate-D	743.2	66.0	—	—	—	0.37±0.55	—	—	—	—	—	0.06	—	—
46	丁酸异戊酯Isopentyl butanoate	1 085.4	/	—	—	—	11.6±1.18	—	—	—	—	—	/	—	—
47	乙酸乙酯-M Ethyl acetate-M	595.8	5.0	—	1.35±1.85	2.01± 0.85	1.27±0.68	2.75± 2.46	0.73±0.27	—	7.24	10.36	2.70	12.94	4.95
48	乙酸乙酯-D Ethyl acetate-D	598.0	5.0	—	0.98±0.49	4.56± 7.02	0.89±0.32	1.69± 1.17	—	—	5.25	23.51	1.89	7.95	—
49	2-甲基丁酸乙酯-M Ethyl 2-methylbutanoate-M	838.2	0.1	—	—	0.17±0.05	0.09± 0.04	—	—	—	—	43.81	9.57	—	—
50	乙酸异戊酯-M Isoamyl acetate-M	870.5	2.0	—	—	—	0.07±0.01	—	—	—	—	—	0.37	—	—
51	乙酸丁酯Butyl acetate	801.8	66.0	—	—	—	0.10±0.04	—	—	—	—	—	0.02	—	—
呋喃类Furan
52	2, 5-二甲基呋喃2, 5-dimethylfuran	701.9	/	—	—	—	0.43±0.17	0.57± 0.26	0.91±1.11	—	—	—	/	/	/
53	四氢呋喃-M Tetrahydrofurane-M	620.3	/	—	—	—	—	7.01±1.19	6.21± 0.93	—	—	—	—	/	/
54	四氢呋喃-D Tetrahydrofurane-D	619.6	/	—	—	—	—	2.67±0.68	1.91± 0.50	—	—	—	—	/	/
含硫化合物Sulfur compound
55	二烯丙基二硫-M Diallyl disulfide-M	1 060.8	30.0	—	—	—	6.10±0.62	—	—	—	—	—	2.16	—	—
56	二烯丙基二硫-D Diallyl disulfide-D	1 061.2	30.0	—	—	—	0.55±0.05	—	—	—	—	—	0.20	—	—
57	甲硫基丙醛Methional	905.0	0.2	—	—	—	0.20±0.05	—	—	—	—	—	10.64	—	—
其他化合物Other compound
58	柠檬烯Limonene	1 028.5	10.0	—	—	—	0.13 ±0.02	—	—	—	—	—	0.14	—	—
59	二甲胺Dimethylamine	586.4	33.0	1.23±0.12 ^ab	1.38± 0.13^a	0.78±0.35 ^c	0.32± 0.11^d	0.98±0.25 ^bc	1.08± 0.15^b	0.75	1.12	0.61	0.10	0.70	1.11

Table 3

Fig. 5

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项目Item	60 d	120 d	180 d	240 d	300 d	360 d
pH₁	6.54±0.20^bc	6.50±0.28^c	6.76±0.12^ab	6.68±0.18^abc	6.64±0.07^abc	6.78±0.11^a
pH₂₄	5.73±0.13^bc	5.72±0.12^bc	5.66±0.08^c	5.83±0.13^ab	5.91±0.16^a	5.93±0.04^a
L^*	46.42±0.98^a	46.59±1.59^a	44.33±2.49^ab	45.06±2.53^a	42.23±1.88^bc	41.27±1.31^c
a^*	7.22±0.92^b	7.11±1.23^b	8.81±1.12^a	8.96±1.33^a	9.51±0.87^a	8.78±1.02^a
b^*	6.65±0.61^a	5.11±0.77^bc	5.58±0.46^b	5.22±0.86^b	5.13±0.51^bc	4.43±0.31^c
嫩度/N Tenderness	25.72±5.20^b	37.76±8.10^a	37.10±5.44^a	44.30±25.36^a	45.06±8.25^a	47.71±4.79^a
滴水损失/% Drip loss	1.68±0.16^b	2.60±0.26^a	3.01±0.47^a	1.19±0.09^bc	1.15±0.33^bc	0.75±0.03^c
失水率/% Water loss rate	11.74±1.83^ab	11.17±1.27^ab	12.23±2.68^a	10.6±0.79^ab	10.17±1.01^ab	10.02±1.35^b
IMF/%	0.75±0.21^c	2.53±0.93^b	2.60±0.76^b	5.43±1.23^a	5.23±0.44^a	5.70±0.53^a

通路编号 Pathway ID	通路名称 Pathway name	二级分类 Secondary classification	差异代谢物数量 Counts of differential metabolites	通路重要性 Impact value	P 值 P-value
ssc00561	甘油酯代谢 Glycerolipid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	1	0	0.597 25
ssc00564	甘油磷脂代谢 Glycerophospholipid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	15	0.339 6	3.27×10^-14
ssc00565	醚脂代谢 Ether lipid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	3	0.190 4	0.059 30
ssc00590	花生四烯酸代谢 Arachidonic acid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	1	0.021 8	0.992 09
ssc00591	亚油酸代谢 Linoleic acid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	1	0.200 0	0.783 66
ssc00592	α-亚麻酸代谢 α-Linolenic acid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	1	0.124 9	0.754 78
ssc00600	鞘脂代谢 Sphingolipid metabolism	脂质代谢 lipid metabolism	4	0.250 1	0.027 77

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Comparative Characteristics and Correlation Study of Lipid and VOCs in Muscle of Ningxiang Pigs at Different Ages

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