霉菌毒素对反刍动物瘤胃微生物发酵的影响及其可能机制

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.12.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

瘤胃是反刍动物特有的消化器官，其中栖息的大量各类微生物共同组成了一个复杂且高效的微生态系统。瘤胃微生物发酵的正常进行是保障反刍动物机体健康和生产性能的重要前提。反刍动物饲草料中的霉菌毒素污染较为普遍，其被反刍动物采食后会导致瘤胃微生态紊乱、影响瘤胃发酵，进而危害反刍动物的消化机能与生理健康。本文综述了各类霉菌毒素对反刍动物瘤胃微生物发酵所产生的影响，并探讨了霉菌毒素影响瘤胃微生物发酵的可能机制，以期为防控霉菌毒素危害反刍动物提供新思路。

关键词: 霉菌毒素, 瘤胃发酵, 瘤胃微生物, 群体感应

Abstract:

Rumen is a unique digestive organ of ruminants, housing a diverse variety of microorganisms that together form a complex and highly efficient micro-ecosystem. The normal functioning of the ruminal microbial fermentation is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring the health and production performance of ruminants. The contamination of mycotoxins in the feeds and forages for ruminants is relatively common, and these toxins primarily affect the rumen and its microbiota once ingested by ruminants, consequently impairing the digestive function and health of the animal. This review summarizes the research on the impact of various mycotoxins on the rumen fermentation and ruminal microbiome of ruminants, and discusses the potential related mechanisms based on relevant studies and evidences. The aim is to provide new insights for the prevention and control of mycotoxin-induced harms to ruminants.

Key words: mycotoxin, rumen fermentation, rumen microorganism, quorum sensing

中图分类号:

S823
S859.87

马天一, 郭同军, 万发春, 王祚. 霉菌毒素对反刍动物瘤胃微生物发酵的影响及其可能机制[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(12): 6034-6045.

MA Tianyi, GUO Tongjun, WAN Fachun, WANG Zuo. Impacts and Potential Mechanisms of Mycotoxins on Ruminal Microbial Fermentation in Ruminants[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(12): 6034-6045.

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饲料种类 Types of feed	常见霉菌毒素污染情况 Common mycotoxin contamination scenarios	参考文献 Reference
玉米及其副产物(玉米酒糟、玉米胚芽饼粕、玉米蛋白粉等) Corn and its by-products (such as corn distiller′s grains, corn germ cake, corn gluten meal, etc.)	黄曲霉毒素B₁ (Aflatoxins B₁，AFB₁)、玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone，ZEN)、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(Deoxynivalenol，DON)、伏马菌素(Fumonisin，FUM)、白僵菌毒素(Beauvericin，BEA)	[12-14]
小麦Wheat	DON和ZEN	[15]
饼粕类饲料(豆粕、花生粕、菜籽粕、棉籽粕等) Cakes and meals feed (such as soybean meal, peanut meal, canola meal, cottonseed meal, etc.)	AFB₁、DON、FUM和ZEN	[15]
牧草(苜蓿干草、羊草、象草等) Forages (such as alfalfa hay, sheepgrass, elephant grass, etc.)	DON、ZEN、AFB₁、黄曲霉毒素B₂(Aflatoxin B₂，AFB₂)、FUM、A类单端孢霉烯族毒素(Trichothecene，T-2)、赭曲霉毒素A (Ochratoxin A，OTA)、麦角生物碱(Ergot Alkaloid，EA)	[16-18]
水果及其副产物(苹果渣、柑橘渣和葡萄渣等) Fruits and their by-products (such as apple pomace, citrus pomace, and grape pomace, etc.)	黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin，AF)、DON、T-2、OTA、ZEN	[16, 19, 20]

霉菌毒素 Mycotoxin	动物 Animal	试验方法 Experimental Method	剂量(作用时间) Dosage(action time)	参数变化 Parameter Change	参考文献 Reference
AFB₁	迈赫拉班羊	体外发酵	10 μg·mL^-1(96 h)	TVFA↓、pH↑、NH₃-N↑、乙酸/丙酸↑	[30]
	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	40 μg·kg^-1(7 d)	乙酸↓、丙酸↓、丁酸↓、戊酸↓、异戊酸↓、异丁酸↓、NH₃-N↑	[31]
	奶牛	体外发酵	0.75 μg·L^-1(24 h)	TVFA↓、NH₃-N↑	[32]
DON	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	10 mg·kg^-1(56 d)	丙酸↓、异丁酸↓、戊酸↓、TVFA↓、MCP↓、NH₃-N↑	[33]
	荷斯坦奶牛	体外发酵	40 mg·kg^-1(6 h)	产气量↓、NH₃-N↓、乙酸↓、丙酸↓	[34]
EA	荷斯坦奶牛	体外发酵	20 mg·kg^-1(14 d)	乙酸/丙酸↓	[35]
PAT	奶牛	体外发酵	20 mg·L^-1(7 d)	pH↑、NH₃-N↑、TVFA↓	[36]
ZEN	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	5 mg·d^-1(2 d)	pH↓、TVFA↓、异丁酸↑	[37]
AFB₁+、AFB₂+、DON+、ZEN	乐至黑山羊	体外发酵	74.49 μg·kg^-1、2.08 μg·kg^-1、59.71 μg·kg^-1、36.51 μg·kg^-1(28 d)	产气量↓、NH₃-N↓	[38]
DON+EA	安格斯杂交牛	体内试验	5.0 mg·kg^-1、2.1 mg·kg^-1(112 d)	TVFA↓、pH↑	[39]

霉菌毒素 Mycotoxin	动物 Animal	试验方法 Experimental Method	剂量(作用时间) Dosage(action time)	微生物变化 Microbial Change	参考文献 Reference
AFB₁	公牦牛	体内试验	60 μg·kg^-1(7 d)	拟杆菌门↓、厚壁菌门↓、普雷沃氏菌属↓	[40]
	多赛特公羊	体内试验	1.0 mg·kg^-1(单次摄入)	厚壁菌门↓、拟杆菌门↑、螺旋体门↑、变形菌门↓、普雷沃氏菌属↓、琥珀酸菌属↓、瘤胃球菌属↓、假丁酸弧菌属↓	[41]
	荷斯坦奶牛	体外发酵	50 μg·kg^-1(10 d)	普雷沃氏菌属↓、拟杆菌门↓、厚壁菌门↓、变形菌门↑、侧口纲原虫↓、壶菌属真菌↓、枝梗鞭菌属↑	[42]
DON	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	10 mg·kg^-1(56 d)	瘤胃球菌、AC2044组↓、脱硫弧菌属↓、硒单胞菌属↓	[33]
FUM	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	20 mg·d^-1(2 d)	毛螺菌科↓、普雷沃氏菌科↓	[37]
ZEN	荷斯坦奶牛	体内试验	5 mg·d^-1(2 d)	毛螺菌科↓、普雷沃氏菌科↓	[37]
	湘东黑山羊	体内试验	500 μg·kg^-1(28 d)	丁酸弧菌属↓、毛螺旋菌属↓、厚壁菌门↓、毛螺菌属↓、普雷沃氏菌属↓	[43]

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