饲粮NFC/NDF比例对奶牛瘤胃中微生物尿素氮代谢流的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.03.029

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在探究改变饲粮NFC/NDF比例模拟不同能量供应速度，阐明能量供应对瘤胃微生物尿素氮利用效率和尿素氮代谢流向的调控作用，为尿素高效利用提供参考。通过体外发酵技术，将40个发酵瓶随机分为4组(n=10)，为扣除¹⁵N本底值，每组添加常规尿素(n=5)和¹⁵N-尿素(n=5，¹⁵N¹⁵N-尿素丰度：99.08 atom%)，每组NFC/NDF比例分别为0.89、1.10、1.33和1.66。进行24 h体外发酵，并采集发酵液分析发酵参数、微生物¹⁵N丰度以及¹⁵N代谢流。结果表明，随着饲粮中NFC/NDF比例的增加，微生物蛋白质产量和尿素氮利用率呈线性增加(P < 0.05)。代谢组分析表明，饲粮中NFC/NDF比例改变了瘤胃微生物的嘌呤代谢、氨循环、谷氨酸代谢等代谢途径。¹⁵N标记代谢流分析表明，尿素氮流向34种含氮化合物，涉及氨基酸、核苷酸和能量代谢。随着饲粮NFC/NDF比例上升，尿素氮更多流向脱氧胸苷酸、UDP-葡萄糖和氨基酸等代谢物，从而活化了氨基酸和核苷酸代谢途径。在本试验的体外条件下，饲粮快速发酵碳水化合物比例的增加能促进尿素氮向微生物氨基酸和核苷酸转化，进而提高尿素氮利用率和微生物蛋白产量。

关键词: 奶牛, 瘤胃微生物, 尿素氮, 同位素标记

Abstract:

This paper aimed to investigate different energy supply rates simulated by varying the dietary NFC/NDF ratio to elucidate the role of energy supply in regulating urea nitrogen utilization efficiency and urea nitrogen metabolism fluxes of rumen microorganisms, and to provide a reference for the efficient urea utilization. In this study, by in vitro fermentation technique, forty fermentation flasks were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10), and in order to deduct the ¹⁵N abundance background value, conventional urea (n=5) and ¹⁵N-urea (n=5, ¹⁵N¹⁵N-urea abundance: 99.08 atom%) were added to each group, and the NFC/NDF ratios of each group were 0.89, 1.10, 1.33, and 1.66, respectively. A 24 h in vitro fermentation was carried out and the fermentation broth was collected for the analysis of fermentation parameters, microbial ¹⁵N abundance and ¹⁵N metabolic flux. The results showed that microbial protein production and urea nitrogen utilization increased linearly (P < 0.05) with increasing dietary NFC/NDF ratio. Metabolomic analysis showed that dietary NFC/NDF ratios altered metabolic pathways such as the purine metabolism, ammonia cycle, and glutamate metabolism of rumen microorganisms.¹⁵N metabolic flux analysis of labelled metabolic fluxes showed that urea nitrogen fluxed to 34 nitrogen-containing compounds involved in amino acid, nucleotide, and energy metabolism. As the dietary NFC/NDF ratio increased, urea nitrogen flowed more to metabolites such as deoxy thymidylate, UDP-glucose and amino acids, which activated amino acid and nucleotide metabolic pathways. Under the in vitro conditions of this experiment, an increase in the proportion of dietary fast-fermenting carbohydrates promotes the conversion of urea nitrogen to microbial amino acids and nucleotides, improving urea nitrogen utilization and microbial protein production.

Key words: dairy cows, rumen microorganisms, urea-N, isotope labelling

中图分类号:

S823.911.5

张仕琦, 郑楠, 王加启, 赵圣国. 饲粮NFC/NDF比例对奶牛瘤胃中微生物尿素氮代谢流的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(3): 1302-1312.

ZHANG Shiqi, ZHENG Nan, WANG Jiaqi, ZHAO Shengguo. Effect of Dietary NFC/NDF Ratio on the Metabolic Flux of Microbial Urea Nitrogen in the Rumen of Dairy Cows[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(3): 1302-1312.

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项目 Item	瘘管奶牛饲粮 Fistula cow diets	NFC/NDF比例 NFC/NDF ratio
项目 Item	瘘管奶牛饲粮 Fistula cow diets	0.89	1.10	1.33	1.66
饲料组成 Feed ingredients
玉米 Corn	15.67	16.50	22.00	27.00	32.50
豆粕 Soybean meal	7.27	14.00	14.00	14.00	14.00
小麦 Wheat	1.43	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
糖蜜 Molasses	1.37	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
甜菜丝 Shredded beetroot	4.55	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
全棉籽 Whole cottonseed	3.41	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
棉粕 Cotton seed meal	3.83	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
苜蓿干草 Alfalfa hay	7.28	15.50	15.00	15.00	14.50
玉米青贮 Corn silage	51.19	50.00	45.00	40.00	35.00
预混料 Premix¹	4.00	3.00	3.00	3.00	3.00
尿素或¹⁵N¹⁵N-尿素 Urea or ¹⁵N¹⁵N-Urea	0.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
合计 Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平 Nutrient levels²
粗蛋白 CP	17.84	17.11	17.09	17.11	17.10
粗脂肪 EE	2.51	2.60	2.67	2.76	2.83
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	30.11	39.01	35.29	31.58	27.86
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	16.30	24.21	21.91	20.19	18.98
灰分 Ash	7.10	6.61	6.25	6.50	6.10
淀粉 Starch	25.81	25.62	27.58	29.26	31.23
非纤维碳水化合物 NFC	56.25	34.67	38.70	42.05	46.11

项目 Item	NFC/NDF				SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	0.89	1.10	1.33	1.66	SEM	处理 Treatment	时间 Time	交互 Interaction	线性 Linear	二次 Quadratic
pH	5.78	5.74	5.73	5.71	0.14	0.98	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.42
产气量/mL Gas production	11.00^a	10.50^b	10.40^b	10.50^b	0.17	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.85	0.99	0.08
氨氮/(mg·dL^-1) NH₃-N	8.31	7.50	7.70	7.80	0.23	0.09	< 0.01	0.03	0.62	0.49
乙酸/(mmol·L^-1) Acetate	49.31^b	52.62^ab	55.93^a	48.71^b	1.57	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.27	0.39	0.01
丙酸/(mmol·L^-1) Propionate	13.10	14.51	14.52	13.32	0.45	0.06	< 0.01	0.03	0.88	0.28
丁酸/(mmol·L^-1) Butyrate	11.62^b	12.71^ab	13.42^a	11.92^b	0.47	0.05	< 0.01	0.32	0.41	0.01
异丁酸/(mmol·L^-1) Isobutyrate	0.69^b	0.75^ab	0.78^a	0.64^b	0.03	< 0.01	0.71	0.66	0.28	< 0.01
戊酸/(mmol·L^-1) Valerate	1.16	1.62	1.22	0.98	0.19	0.14	0.14	0.53	0.28	0.07
异戊酸/(mmol·L^-1) Isovalerate	1.64^b	1.71^a	1.79^a	1.43^b	0.07	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.33	0.07	< 0.01
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L^-1) Total volatile fatty acids	77.52^b	83.92^a	87.56^a	76.90^b	2.781	0.01	< 0.01	0.26	0.88	< 0.01

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