泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃微生物与牛奶脂肪酸组成的变化

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2022.09.018

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 旨在研究泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃微生物与牛奶脂肪酸组成的变化。本试验选取江苏省某奶牛场胎次、泌乳天数及产奶量相近的50头荷斯坦奶牛，收集泌乳7和30 d的奶样和瘤胃液样品，测定采食量、产奶量、乳成分及乳脂肪酸含量，同时采用16S rRNA测序技术分析瘤胃微生物的组成。结果表明，泌乳7 d的干物质采食量（15.79 kg·d^-1）和产奶量（26.81 kg）均极显著低于泌乳30 d的干物质采食量（18.87 kg·d^-1）和产奶量（37.47 kg）（P<0.01），而泌乳7 d的乳脂率、乳蛋白率和体细胞评分均极显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.01）；泌乳7 d乳中的C6：0、C8：0、C10：0、C12：0、C14：0、C14：1trans9、C14：1cis9、C15：1trans10、中链脂肪酸（MCFA）和饱和脂肪酸（SFA）的含量显著低于泌乳30 d （P<0.05），相反地，C17：0、C17：1cis10、C18：1trans6、C18：1trans11、C18：1cis9、C18：1cis11、C19：1trans10、C22：5cis4，7，10，13，16、长链脂肪酸（LCFA）、单不饱和脂肪酸（MUFA）和反式脂肪酸（TRANS）的比例显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）。16S rRNA测序结果表明，泌乳7和30 d奶牛瘤胃细菌的丰富度与多样性未发生显著变化（P>0.05）。在属水平上，泌乳7 d奶牛瘤胃内的瘤胃梭菌属（Ruminiclostridium_1）、瘤胃球菌属（Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014和Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005）、梭菌属（Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1）、小杆菌属（Dialister）丰度显著低于泌乳30 d （P<0.05），而球藻菌属（Sphaerochaeta）、弯曲菌属（Campylobacter）和真细菌（Eubacterium_saphenum_group）属的丰度显著高于泌乳30 d （P<0.05）。此外，牛奶脂肪酸与瘤胃微生物组数据关联分析显示，瘤胃微生物对乳中MCFA含量影响较小，纤维素降解细菌（Ruminiclostridium_1、Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005）与乳中C17：0、C18：1trans6、C18：1trans11和C19：1trans10的含量显著负相关（P<0.05）。综上所述，奶牛泌乳早期在生理和采食量上发生了变化，导致瘤胃微生物组成发生改变，进而引起微生物代谢产物和代谢路径发生变化，最终引起产奶量和乳成分的变化，本研究为解析瘤胃微生物调控乳脂代谢机制提供了科学依据，也为产后奶牛营养调控和提高原料乳品质提供了理论基础。

关键词: 奶牛, 泌乳早期, 瘤胃微生物, 乳脂代谢, 关联分析

Abstract: This experiment was conducted to study the changes of rumen microbe and milk fatty acid composition during early lactation. In this study, 50 Holstein cows with similar parity, lactation days and milk yield were selected from a dairy farm in Jiangsu province. Milk samples and rumen fluid samples from 7 days of lactation (d7) and 30 days of lactation (d30) were collected. Feed intake, milk yield, milk composition and milk fatty acid content were detected. Meanwhile, the composition of rumen microbes was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing technology. The results showed that dry matter intake (15.79 kg·d^-1) and milk yield (26.81 kg) of d7 were significantly lower than those of d30 (dry matter intake:18.87 kg·d^-1; milk yield:37.47 kg)(P<0.01). Milk fat percentage, milk protein percentage and somatic cell score of d7 were extremely significantly higher than those of d30 (P<0.01). The contents of C6:0, C8:0, C10:0, C12:0, C14:0, C14:1trans9, C14:1cis9, C15:1trans10, medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) of d7 were significantly lower than those of d30 (P<0.05), on the contrary, the proportion of C17:0, C17:1cis10, C18:1trans6, C18:1trans11, C18:1cis9, C18:1cis11, C19:1trans10, C22:5cis4,7,10,13,16, long chain fatty acids (LCFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and trans fatty acids (TRANS) were significantly higher than those of d30 (P<0.05). 16S rRNA sequencing results showed that rumen bacterial richness and diversity of dairy cows during early lactation were not significantly changed (P>0.05). At the genus level, the abundance of Ruminiclostridium_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1 and Dialister in rumen of d7 were significantly lower than those of d30 (P<0.05), while the abundance of Sphaerochaeta, Campylobacter and Eubacterium_saphenum_group were significantly higher than those of d30 (P<0.05). In addition, the association analysis between milk fatty acids and rumen microbiome data showed that rumen microbes had little influence on milk MCFA content, while cellulose-degrading bacteria (Ruminiclostridium_1, Ruminococcaceae_UCG_005) were significantly negatively correlated with the contents of C17:0, C18:1trans6, C18:1trans11 and C19:1trans10 in milk. In conclusion, changes in physiology and feed intake of dairy cows in early lactation lead to changes in rumen microbial composition, which lead to changes in microbial metabolites and metabolic pathways, and ultimately lead to changes in milk production and milk composition. The current study provides a scientific basis for analyzing the mechanism of rumen microorganisms regulating milk fat metabolism, and also provides a theoretical basis for regulating postpartum dairy cow nutrition and improving the quality of raw milk.

Key words: dairy cow, early lactation, rumen microorganisms, milk fat metabolism, correlation analysis

中图分类号:

S823

胡立萍, 沈子亮, 王全, 于紫桐, 张琦绮, 毛永江, 杨章平, 张慧敏. 泌乳早期奶牛瘤胃微生物与牛奶脂肪酸组成的变化[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(9): 3018-3028.

HU Liping, SHEN Ziliang, WANG Quan, YU Zitong, ZHANG Qiqi, MAO Yongjiang, YANG Zhangping, ZHANG Huimin. Changes of Rumen Microbe and Milk Fatty Acid Composition during Early Lactation[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2022, 53(9): 3018-3028.

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