SNP芯片技术原理及其在鸡遗传育种中的应用

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

单核苷酸多态性(SNP)芯片作为高效的基因分型工具，具有分型准确率高、检测速度快、分析流程简单和检测成本低等优势，已被广泛应用于分子遗传学研究和基因组育种等领域。特别是对家禽遗传育种，SNP芯片技术的应用极大地提升了育种效率和准确性。本文旨在全面剖析SNP芯片技术，从固相芯片与液相芯片两大类出发，深入探讨各自的技术原理及其独特优点。同时，本文总结了SNP芯片技术在鸡遗传育种领域的最新研究进展，详细阐述了其在商业育种、重要经济性状相关位点挖掘、抗病育种、品种鉴定以及种质资源保护等方面的应用与贡献。研究结果表明，SNP芯片技术不仅在推动鸡遗传改良方面发挥了重要作用，还为品种多样性的保护提供了有力的工具。未来，随着技术的进一步发展，SNP芯片在鸡遗传育种中的应用潜力将更加广阔。

关键词: 鸡, SNP, 固相芯片, 液相芯片, 育种

Abstract:

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips, as highly efficient genotyping tools, offer advantages such as high genotyping accuracy, fast detection speed, simple analysis workflows, and low detection costs. These chips have been widely applied in molecular genetics research and genomic breeding. Particularly in avian genetic breeding, the application of SNP chip technology has significantly enhanced breeding efficiency and accuracy. This article aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of SNP chip technology, focusing on the two major categories: solid-phase chips and liquid-phase chips. The technical principles and unique advantages of each category are thoroughly explored. Additionally, the article summarizes the latest research advancements of SNP chip technology in chicken genetic breeding, detailing its applications and contributions in commercial breeding, identification of important economic trait loci, disease resistance breeding, breed identification, and germplasm resource protection. The findings indicate that SNP chip technology has played a crucial role in promoting genetic improvement in chickens and has provided a powerful tool for the protection of breed diversity. Looking ahead, with further technological advancements, the potential applications of SNP chips in chicken genetic breeding are expected to be even more extensive.

Key words: chicken, SNP, solid-phase chips, liquid-phase chips, breeding

中图分类号:

S831.2

王有栋, 曹志平, 李玉茂, 栾鹏, 李辉, 白雪. SNP芯片技术原理及其在鸡遗传育种中的应用[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4165-4175.

WANG Youdong, CAO Zhiping, LI Yumao, LUAN Peng, LI Hui, BAI Xue. The Principle of SNP Chip Technology and Its Application in Chicken Genetic Breeding[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4165-4175.

图/表 1

表 1

鸡SNP育种芯片汇总表"

芯片名称 Chip name	群体来源 Population source	位点数 Number of loci	芯片类型 Chip type	研发单位 R&D institution	发布时间 Time
鸡3K SNP芯片^[18] 3K SNP chip	EL家系和两个WAU家系等	3K	固相芯片	普渡大学	2004年
鸡60K SNP芯片^[19] 60K SNP chip	2个商业化蛋鸡品系	60K	固相芯片	荷兰瓦赫宁根大学	2011年
鸡60K SNP芯片^[19] 60K SNP chip	2个商业化肉鸡品系	60K	固相芯片	荷兰瓦赫宁根大学	2011年
鸡600K SNP芯片^[20] 600K SNP chip	4个商业化肉鸡品系	600K	固相芯片	英国罗斯林研究所和安伟捷公司	2013年
	5个商业化褐壳蛋鸡品系
	6个商业化白壳蛋鸡品系
	8个实验蛋鸡品系
	1个未选育蛋鸡品系
京芯一号^[21] Jingxin No.1	5个中国地方品种和合成品系	55K	固相芯片	中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所	2017年
京芯一号^[21] Jingxin No.1	3个引进白羽肉鸡品系	55K	固相芯片	中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所	2017年
凤芯壹号^[22] Fengxin No.1	7个蛋鸡品系	50K	固相芯片	中国农业大学	2018年
酉芯一号^[23] Youxin No.1	26个地方品种	23K	液相芯片	江苏省家禽科学研究所	2022年
鲁芯一号^[24] Luxin No.1	7个山东省地方鸡种和1个引进品种	11K	液相芯片	山东省农业科学院家禽研究所	2022年
泛基因组肉鸡50K液相芯片 Pan-genomebroiler 50K liquid chip	20个家鸡品种	50K	液相芯片	西北农林科技大学	2022年
神农1号^[25] Shennong No.1	58个地方鸡种	40K	液相芯片	河南农业大学	2023年
皖优一号 Wanyou No.1	皖南黄鸡、皖江黄鸡	55K	液相芯片	安徽省农业科学院畜牧兽医研究	2023年
粤芯一号 Yuexin No.1	清远麻鸡	50K	液相芯片	佛山科学技术学院	2023年
粤源一号 Yueyuan No.1	国内外28个地方鸡种、商业鸡种和红色原鸡群体	10K	液相芯片	广东省农业科学院	2023年
湘芯一号^[26] Xiangxin No.1	湘佳黑凤鸡、湘佳黄鸡1号、邵伯鸡配套系的6个核心品系和桃源鸡、东安鸡、黄郎鸡、雪峰乌骨鸡	60K	液相芯片	湖南农业大学	2023年
鸡基因组SV靶向捕获芯片 Chicken genome SV targeted capture chip	59个鸡品种	13K	液相芯片	河南农业大学	2024年
广芯1号Guangxin No.1	71个肉鸡品种	60K	液相芯片	华南农业大学	2024年
广芯2号Guangxin No.2	温氏N301父系	60K	液相芯片	华南农业大学	2024年

表 1

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