纳米粒子在动物种质资源冷冻保存的研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.003

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

我国地方品种通过不断地进化与演变已经能够很好地适应当地的农业生态环境，虽然在一些生产性能方面表现较差，但其仍具有环境适应性高、耐粗饲、抗病能力强等诸多优点，对杂交改良培育新品种而言有着不可或缺的重要作用。近些年来，随着人们对经济效益及生产效率的盲目追求，国外优良品种被大量引入，导致许多国内地方品种逐步走下了历史舞台，被国外优良品种所取代，使得国内地方品种资源受到了严重的威胁。随着低温生物学的发展，利用冷冻保存的生物样本库对种质资源进行保种育种得到了广泛推广。但在冷冻保存动物种质资源过程中，由于氧化应激使得种质资源长期保存受到制约。有人研究一些抗氧化化合物的添加可以有效降低氧化应激从而防止细胞冻伤，但是传统的抗氧化化合生物利用度低，临床应用效果差。纳米粒子作为一种新兴材料，由于其独特的物理结构，可以提高生物利用度，使其被广泛应用于辅助生殖技术、生物医学、生物药学、化妆品等领域。因此，本综述重在回顾纳米粒子在冷冻保存中的新兴应用的效果，总结了一些最有前途的研究进展，并全面讨论了纳米粒子在冷冻保存动物种质资源中的局限性和优势，从而为动物种质资源冷冻保存提供新的方案。

关键词: 纳米粒子, 种质资源, 冷冻保存, 作用机制, 应用效果

Abstract:

Chinese local livestock breeds, through continuous evolution and adaptation, have become well-suited to their local agricultural ecological environments. Although they may exhibit lower performance in certain production traits, they possess numerous advantages such as high environmental adaptability, tolerance to coarse feeds, and strong disease resistance. These qualities make them indispensable for crossbreeding and the development of new breeds. In recent years, driven solely by the pursuit of economic efficiency and productivity, superior foreign breeds have been extensively introduced. This has led to the gradual phasing out of many domestic local breeds, replaced by their foreign counterparts, posing severe threats to the conservation of domestic local breed resources. With the advancement of cryobiology, the use of biobanks for cryopreservation has become a widely adopted method for conserving germplasm resources. However, during the cryopreservation of animal germplasm, oxidative stress significantly constrains their long-term preservation. Studies have shown that adding certain antioxidant compounds can effectively mitigate oxidative stress and prevent cryodamage to cells. However, traditional antioxidants suffer from low bioavailability and poor clinical efficacy. Nanoparticles (NPs), as an emerging material, possess unique physical structures that enhance bioavailability. This has led to their widespread application in fields such as assisted reproductive technologies, biomedicine, biopharmaceutics, and cosmetics. Therefore, this review focuses on the emerging applications and efficacy of nanoparticles in cryopreservation. It summarizes some of the most promising research progress and comprehensively discusses both the limitations and advantages of using nanoparticles for the cryopreservation of animal germplasm resources. The aim is to provide novel solutions for the cryopreservation of animal genetic resources.

Key words: nanoparticles, germplasm resources, cryopreservation, mechanism of action, application effect

中图分类号:

S813.3

王彦博, 张笑梦, 景秀娟, 冯肖艺, 张元庆, 赵学明. 纳米粒子在动物种质资源冷冻保存的研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4156-4164.

WANG Yanbo, ZHANG Xiaomeng, JING Xiujuan, FENG Xiaoyi, ZHANG Yuanqing, ZHAO Xueming. Advances in Nanoparticle Applications for Animal Germplasm Cryopreservation[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4156-4164.

图/表 1

表 1

纳米粒子在冷冻过程中的作用机制"

应用领域 Application area	功能/效应 Function/Effect	纳米颗粒作用机制 Action mechanism of nanoparticles	代表性纳米材料及研究证据 Representative nanomaterials and research evidence
辅助生殖技术(精子/卵母细胞冻存) Assisted reproductive technology (sperm/oocyte cryopreservation)	冷冻/解冻过程引发氧化应激损伤，导致精子活力下降、质膜损伤、线粒体功能障碍等。	作为抗氧化剂载体，利用高比表面积和本征抗氧化性清除活性氧(ROS)，维持氧化平衡。	Türk等^[18]研究表明在冷冻保护剂中添加水合C60富勒烯(C60HyFn)解冻后精子活力、质膜功能、形态、维生素A/K水平及氨基酸总量显著提升。 Liu等^[19]的研究结果表明透明质酸(HA)和Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒可以降低活性氧(active oxygen, ROS)水平并恢复线粒体功能，并最终保护卵母细胞免受冷冻损伤。 Abedin等^[20]的研究结果表明在冷冻填充剂中加入氧化锌纳米颗粒(zinc oxide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs) 和硒纳米颗粒(selenium nanoparticles, Se NPs)可以提高雄鹿精子的低温耐受性，对抗氧化活性有积极影响，能够降低冻融循环期间发生的脂质过氧化损伤。
冷冻手术(肿瘤治疗) Cryosurgery (tumor treatment)	组织内血流热效应阻碍低温彻底破坏癌组织，限制治疗效果。	中和血管热源以及热屏障保护，并且通过靶向递送精准调控局部温度分布。	Mirkhalili等^[21]的研究结果表明在冷冻手术过程中将纳米颗粒引入生物组织可以中和血管的热效应。金、银、金刚石、MgO和Fe3O4分别是降低组织平均温度分布的最有效纳米颗粒。聚四氟乙烯(PTFE) 纳米颗粒阻止热量扩散，作为热屏障保护邻近健康组织^[21]。
食品贮藏加工(保鲜防腐)Food storage processing(preservation)	氧化降解与微生物污染导致食品变质，缩短保质期。	增强传统包装/保存方法的性能：1. 抗氧化屏障；2. 抑菌活性 3. 物理阻隔	纳米材料改良包装配方： 1. 有效减少氧化与微生物污染^[22]； 2. 有效延长保质期，改善食品感官品质^[23]； 3. 有效降低食物浪费，提升经济效益^[24]。

表 1

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