奶牛乳腺发育评估技术及应用研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.005

畜牧兽医学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (9): 4176-4190.doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.005

奶牛乳腺发育评估技术及应用研究进展

张紫璇¹(), 于雯靖¹(), 王中华², 董旭晟¹^,*(), 侯秋玲¹^,*()

1. 山东农业大学动物医学院反刍动物营养生理实验室, 泰安 271018
2. 山东农业大学动物科技学院, 泰安 271018

收稿日期:2025-03-14 出版日期:2025-09-23 发布日期:2025-09-30
通讯作者: 董旭晟,侯秋玲 E-mail:2998007582@qq.com;yuwenjing0224@163.com;751265512@qq.com;houql@sdau.edu.cn
作者简介:张紫璇(2000-)，女，山东临沂人，硕士生，主要从事奶牛泌乳生理研究，E-mail: 2998007582@qq.com
于雯靖(2000-)，女，山东烟台人，硕士生，主要从事奶牛泌乳生理研究，E-mail: yuwenjing0224@163.com
第一联系人：
张紫璇和于雯靖为同等贡献作者
基金资助:
财政部和农业农村部：国家现代农业产业技术体系资助(CARS-36);山东省牛产业技术体系(SDAIT-09-20)；中国博士后科学基金面上资助(2024M761856)；山东省博士后创新人才支持计划(SDBX202302020)

Advancements in Evaluation Techniques for Mammary Development and Its Application in Dairy Cattle

ZHANG Zixuan¹(), YU Wenjing¹(), WANG Zhonghua², DONG Xusheng¹^,*(), HOU Qiuling¹^,*()

1. Laboratory of Nutritional Physiology of Ruminants, School of Animal Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
2. College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China

Received:2025-03-14 Online:2025-09-23 Published:2025-09-30
Contact: DONG Xusheng, HOU Qiuling E-mail:2998007582@qq.com;yuwenjing0224@163.com;751265512@qq.com;houql@sdau.edu.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

提高奶牛产奶量是增强我国奶业核心竞争力、推动奶业革新发展的关键。检测奶牛不同阶段的乳腺发育有助于提前筛选具有较高泌乳潜力的后备牛、及时追踪泌乳牛和干奶牛的乳腺状态，为奶牛各阶段的饲养管理提供重要参考。目前，受限于成本及可操作性等因素，对奶牛进行全面的乳腺发育评估较为困难。本文综述了奶牛不同时期的乳腺发育特点，并汇总了国内外评估乳腺发育的方法，从侵入性和非侵入性两个角度对奶牛乳腺样品的采集方法、发育评估指标进行了详细的总结。强调了通过乳腺组织学、分子生物学及影像学来评估奶牛乳腺发育的应用优势和发展前景。本综述内容有助于丰富我国奶牛乳腺评估技术，为提高奶牛单产、完善高产奶牛培育体系提供技术指导。

关键词: 奶牛, 乳腺发育, 乳腺活检, 成像技术

Abstract:

Enhancing the milk yield of dairy cows is crucial for strengthening the core competitiveness of our country's dairy industry and fostering innovation and development within the sector. The detection of mammary development across various stages in dairy cows is instrumental in preemptively identifying reserve cows with high lactation potential, promptly monitoring the mammary condition of both lactating and dry dairy cows, and providing a critical reference for the feeding and management practices tailored to different stages of dairy cows. Currently, conducting a comprehensive assessment of mammary development in dairy cows poses challenges due to cost and maneuverability factors. In this paper, we review the characteristics of mammary development of cows in different stages and summarizes both domestic and international methods for evaluating mammary development. It provides a detailed summary of sample collection and developmental evaluation indicators from invasive and non-invasive perspectives. The application advantages and development prospects of histological, molecular biological, and imaging techniques in assessing mammary development in dairy cows are highlighted. The content of this review aims to enrich mammary evaluation technologies of dairy cows in China, and provide technical guidance for improving the yield of dairy cows and perfecting the breeding system of high-yielding dairy cows.

Key words: dairy cow, mammary development, mammary biopsy, imageology technology

中图分类号:

S823.3

张紫璇, 于雯靖, 王中华, 董旭晟, 侯秋玲. 奶牛乳腺发育评估技术及应用研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4176-4190.

ZHANG Zixuan, YU Wenjing, WANG Zhonghua, DONG Xusheng, HOU Qiuling. Advancements in Evaluation Techniques for Mammary Development and Its Application in Dairy Cattle[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4176-4190.

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成像技术检测评估乳腺发育的相关研究"

年份 Year	方法 Methodology	物种 Species	研究结果 Finding	参考文献 Reference
1986	CT	奶牛	使用CT证明生长激素会促进初情期小母牛PAR的生长速度	[98]
1997	CT	奶牛	使用CT评估奶牛乳腺发育情况，发现生长激素和间歇生长模式对小母牛的乳腺发育没有相加性的影响	[78]
1999	CT	奶牛	使用CT评估4月龄前奶牛补充叶酸后的乳腺发育情况，发现叶酸补充剂仅能提高断奶后5周内犊牛的增重	[38]
2001	CT	山羊	使用CT评估山羊乳腺解剖结构，对山羊乳腺进行可视化分析	[99]
1990	MRI	山羊	使用MRI评估山羊PAR体积以及乳腺内液体成分, 发现山羊第二次泌乳期的产奶量明显高于第一次	[100]
2010	MRI	奶牛	使用MRI结合质谱评估奶牛泌乳早期和晚期的代谢组学，为缓解奶牛泌乳早期的应激反应提供新思路	[82]
2001	B超	奶牛	使用B超评估奶牛挤奶后的乳腺状态，指出应生产中应谨慎增加挤奶次数	[101]
2004	B超	奶牛	使用B超评估乳腺组织结构，发现初产奶牛的乳腺分泌组织百分比与产奶量高度相关	[102]
2011	B超	奶牛	使用B超评估奶牛乳池及导管等乳腺相关发育情况，将乳腺内部结构可视化	[103]
2017	B超	奶牛	使用B超评估初情期前不同生长速度的小母牛的乳腺实质成分	[104]
2019	B超	绵羊	使用B超评估泌乳初期不同产奶量母羊的乳腺超声特征	[105]
2020	B超	奶牛	使用B超检测干奶牛的乳池体积，对此阶段的乳腺情况进行了详细评估	[106]
2021	B超	绵羊	证实B超可预测羔羊的生长速度，用于识别生长较快的非乳用羔羊	[107]
2022	B超	奶牛	证明B超可预测奶牛的每日产奶量及生产阶段	[108]
2023	B超	奶牛	使用B超检测放牧奶牛的乳腺发育情况，发现补充粗蛋白对其乳腺发育无显著影响	[109]
2023	B超	奶牛	证明B超可有效地评估奶牛乳腺导管及MFP的发育情况，可用于预测奶牛未来的产奶量	[110]
2023	B超	奶牛	使用B超可有效的辨别评估奶牛乳腺的不同发育阶段	[111]
2024	B超	奶牛	开发出一种极性转换分析方式，进一步提高了B超技术识别PAR的准确性	[112]
2004	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒对不同生产阶段奶牛的乳腺血流速度进行了评估	[113]
2010	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒超声有效地检测出泌乳期前12周荷斯坦奶牛乳房血流的变化，证明其应用的可靠性	[114]
2012	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒检测干奶牛和泌乳牛的乳腺静脉血流速度，发现泌乳期奶牛乳腺静脉血流速度显著高于干奶牛	[115]
2012	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒对奶牛整个泌乳期的乳腺静脉直径血流速度、血流量进行了检测，表明催乳素在生产中可适当应用以增加奶牛产奶量	[116]
2013	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒评估奶牛产前9天至产后300天乳腺静脉肌膈静脉血流量，证明泌乳对乳腺静脉和肌膈静脉血流量有不同的影响	[117]
2017	多普勒	绵羊	使用多普勒对两种不同生长速度的羔羊血流动力学进行了评估，强调适当而精确的营养管理对羔羊乳腺发育的重要性	[118]
2024	多普勒	奶牛	使用多普勒评估了奶牛泌乳期的乳腺血流；证明妊娠晚期限制营养会降低产奶量和乳腺血流量	[119]
2004	三维超声	奶牛	使用三维超声观察到泌乳奶牛乳腺实质、导管及乳池情况	[120]
2011	三维超声	奶牛	使用三维超声观察到泌乳期2-4月龄奶牛2的乳池和乳腺导管的清晰图像	[97]
2009	B超和多普勒	绵羊	分别使用B超和多普勒，评估妊娠期母羊乳腺实质及胚胎囊泡和胎儿血管血流量，作为绵羊妊娠的诊断方法	[121]
2023	B超和多普勒	奶牛	分别使用B超和多普勒，评估泌乳晚期到下一个泌乳期早期的乳腺的实质和静脉血流量，发现静脉血流和乳房回声参数与产奶量和体细胞数显著相关	[122]
2023	B超和多普勒	奶牛	乳腺静脉血流和乳腺回声纹理参数与每日产奶量和乳汁体细胞计数显著关联，证明乳腺超声检查可作为评估乳腺健康的实用工具	[123]
2018	多普勒和三维超声	山羊	分别使用多普勒和三维成像对乳腺实质中血管及血流方向、速度进行了可视化观察，可用于诊断山羊乳腺的生理和病理变化	[124]

表 1

图 6

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奶牛乳腺发育评估技术及应用研究进展

Advancements in Evaluation Techniques for Mammary Development and Its Application in Dairy Cattle

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