枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵、血液生化及免疫指标的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.12.022

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉牛瘤胃发酵、生产性能、血液生化及免疫指标和肉品质影响。本试验采用完全随机设计，选用体况相近的育肥期西门塔尔杂交牛48头，随机分为对照组(饲喂基础饲粮，CON)、低剂量组(在基础饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂0.3 g·kg^－1 DM, LAL)、中剂量组(在基础饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂0.45 g·kg^－1 DM, LAM)以及高剂量组(在基础饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂0.6 g·kg^－1 DM, LAH)。每组4个重复，每个重复3头肉牛。预试期10 d，正试期90 d。结果表明：1)在饲粮中添加枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对试验牛的瘤胃液pH、瘤胃液氨态氮(ammonium nitrogen，NH₃-N)、干物质采食量(dry matter intake, DMI)、体尺、屠宰性能和肉品质没有显著影响(P>0.05)。2)LAL组的血清总抗氧化能力(total antioxidant capacity, T-AOC)显著高于CON组(P < 0.05)。3)与CON组相比，LAL组与LAM组瘤胃液的丁酸摩尔浓度比例显著降低(P < 0.05)，而LAL组与LAM组瘤胃液乙酸/丙酸的比值、LAM和LAH组血液中的总蛋白(total protein, TP)与球蛋白(globulin, GLB)含量以及血液中谷丙转氨酶(alanine transaminase, ALT)与谷草转氨酶(aspartate transaminase, AST)的活性显著升高(P < 0.05)。4)与CON组相比，LAH组的料重比(feed/gain, F/G)显著降低(P < 0.05)，LAH组的平均日增重(average daily gain, ADG)、血液中的甘油三酯(triglyceride, TG)、结合珠蛋白(haptoglobin, Hp)以及血清淀粉样蛋白A(serum amyloid A, SAA)的含量都显著高于CON组(P < 0.05)。综上所述，枯草芽孢杆菌制剂能在不同程度上改善肉牛的瘤胃内环境、血液抗氧化功能和免疫功能，并且在添加量为0.6 g·kg^－1 DM时肉牛的增重效率最高。

关键词: 枯草芽孢杆菌, 肉牛, 发酵参数, 生产性能, 肉品质

Abstract:

The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of Bacillus subtilis preparation on rumen fermentation, performance, blood biochemistry, immune indicators, and meat quality in beef cattle. A completely randomized design was employed, involving 48 Simmental beef cattle in similar physical condition during the fattening period. The cattle were randomly divided into four groups: control group (fed with basic diet, CON), low-dose group (Bacillus subtilis preparation added to the basic diet at 0.3 g·kg^-1 DM, LAL), medium-dose group (Bacillus subtilis preparation added to the basic diet at 0.45 g·kg^-1 DM, LAM), and high-dose group (Bacillus subtilis preparation added to the basic diet at 0.6 g·kg^-1 DM, LAH). Each group had 4 replicates, with 3 cattle in each replicate. The pre-trial period lasted for 10 days, and the formal period lasted for 90 days. The results showed as follows: 1) Adding Bacillus subtilis preparation to the diet did not significantly affect rumen fluid pH, rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), dry matter intake (DMI), body measurements, slaughter performance, and meat quality of the experimental cattle (P>0.05). 2)The serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the LAL group was significantly higher than that in the CON group (P < 0.05). 3) Compared to the CON group, the molar concentration of butyrate in rumen fluid was significantly lower in LAL and LAM groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, compared to CON group, the ratio of acetate/propionate in rumen fluid in the LAL and LAM groups, total protein (TP) and globulin (GLB) content in blood of the LAM and LAH groups, as well as the activity of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in blood of the LAM and LAH groups, were significantly higher (P < 0.05). 4)Compared to the CON group, the LAH group showed a significant decrease in feed/gain ratio (F/G) (P < 0.05), and the LAH group exhibited significantly higher average daily gain (ADG), triglyceride (TG) levels in blood, haptoglobin (Hp), and serum amyloid A (SAA) compared to the CON group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis preparation can improve the rumen environment, blood antioxidant function, and immune function in beef cattle to varying degrees. The highest weight gain efficiency in cattle was observed when the addition rate was 0.6 g·kg^-1 DM.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, beef cattle, fermentation parameters, performance, meat quality

中图分类号:

S823.5

吴江, 万发春, 刘磊, 沈维军, 兰欣怡, 王祚. 枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉牛生产性能、瘤胃发酵、血液生化及免疫指标的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(12): 5575-5589.

WU Jiang, WAN Fachun, LIU Lei, SHEN Weijun, LAN Xinyi, WANG Zuo. Effects of Bacillus Subtilis Preparations on Performance, Ruminal Fermentation, Blood Biochemical and Immune Indices of Beef Cattle[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(12): 5575-5589.

图/表 6

表 1

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表 5

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对育肥肉牛血液生化指标的影响"

项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	Treat	L	Q
谷丙转氨酶/(U·L^－1) ALT	2.75^b	1.92^b	4.43^a	4.06^a	1.437	< 0.001	0.003	0.013
谷草转氨酶/(U·L^－1) AST	5.08^c	4.80^c	8.50^a	6.77^b	2.326	< 0.001	0.003	0.007
胆碱酯酶/(U·L^－1) CHE	76.40	65.13	84.00	71.63	17.218	0.174	0.872	0.984
尿素/(mmol·L^－1) BUN	3.15	3.60	3.19	3.32	0.449	0.184	0.879	0.625
葡萄糖/(mmol·L^－1) GLU	8.08	7.96	8.67	8.84	1.352	0.517	0.174	0.384
总蛋白/(g·L^－1) TP	81.27^c	83.68^bc	89.34^ab	94.21^a	7.734	0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
白蛋白/(g·L^－1) ALB	35.48	35.56	34.08	33.15	2.982	0.325	0.076	0.190
球蛋白/(g·L^－1) GLB	45.79^b	48.12^b	55.26^a	61.06^a	8.509	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
总胆固醇/(mmol·L^－1) T-CHO	2.32	2.63	2.53	2.38	0.308	0.182	0.853	0.113
肌酐/(μmol·L^－1) CRE	147.31	141.41	153.71	148.80	20.904	0.733	0.626	0.888
甘油三酯/(mmol·L^－1) TG	0.56^b	0.67^b	0.62^b	0.88^a	0.217	0.015	0.007	0.016
高密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L^－1) HDL	0.41	0.35	0.30	0.37	0.111	0.241	0.303	0.150
低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L^－1) LDL	1.71^ab	1.86^a	1.60^b	1.45^b	0.271	0.015	0.015	0.013
生长激素/(ng·mL^－1) GH	2.85	3.04	2.66	2.32	0.619	0.119	0.046	0.064
三碘甲状腺原氨酸/(ng·mL^－1) T₃	6.85	7.47	8.00	8.67	1.694	0.183	0.025	0.085
甲状腺素/(ng·mL^－1) T₄	65.59	67.54	74.41	81.24	13.774	0.095	0.012	0.040
肾上腺素/(ng·L^－1) EPI	498.02	508.75	563.14	675.09	157.184	0.096	0.018	0.040
胰岛素/(mIU·L^－1) INS	17.53	18.95	19.48	23.34	4.850	0.101	0.018	0.050
胰高血糖素/(ng·L^－1) GC	185.45	181.85	173.00	146.90	35.369	0.127	0.026	0.056
皮质酮/(ng·mL^－1) CORT	102.45	106.16	127.67	136.58	29.513	0.054	0.007	0.026
谷胱甘肽还原酶/(U·L^－1) GR	12.06	11.86	12.26	9.85	2.169	0.097	0.073	0.069
胰岛素样生长因子1/(ng·mL^－1) IGF-1	85.06	89.28	110.45	115.49	29.337	0.096	0.014	0.053
胰岛素样生长因子2/(ng·mL^－1) IGF-Ⅱ	19.72	19.50	19.65	21.34	2.770	0.537	0.266	0.342

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项目 Item	含量/% Content
饲粮组成 Ingredient
白酒糟 Bistillers’ grains	34.39
啤酒糟 Brewer’s spent grains	10.28
小麦秸秆 Wheat stover	3.85
青贮皇竹草 Pennisetum hydridum silage	2.93
玉米 Corn	29.15
豆粕 Soybean meal	10.08
棉籽粕 Cottonseed meal	4.95
小苏打 NaHCO₃	0.95
食盐 NaCl	0.50
预混料¹ Premix	2.65
合计 Total	100
营养成分² Nutrient composition
干物质 DM	92.50
有机物 OM	90.47
粗蛋白 CP	13.62
粗脂肪 EE	4.66
中性洗涤纤维 NDF	33.44
酸性洗涤纤维 ADF	19.03
钙 Ca	0.69
磷 P	0.29

项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	Treat	L	Q
初重/kg Initial weight	561.21	558.18	557.20	552.49	23.429	0.973	0.633	0.894
末重/kg Final weight	648.00	661.33	658.50	668.50	28.125	0.829	0.385	0.691
干物质采食量/(kg·d^－1) DMI	10.61	11.08	10.74	10.54	0.586	0.646	0.939	0.573
平均日增重/(kg·d^－1) ADG	0.97^b	1.15^ab	1.13^ab	1.29^a	0.169	0.049	0.005	0.024
料重比F/G	11.10^a	9.74^ab	9.73^ab	8.19^b	1.759	0.015	0.002	0.010
胸深/cm Chest depth	73.33	72.50	73.67	74.17	3.947	0.921	0.629	0.827
体斜长/cm Body length	151.83	153.67	152.67	152.67	10.853	0.995	0.943	0.979
胸围/cm Chest girth	217.33	208.00	208.17	209.33	9.467	0.293	0.183	0.168
尻宽/cm Hip width	25.83	26.33	27.67	26.33	2.000	0.471	0.460	0.428
尻长/cm Hip length	23.17	23.50	26.67	24.67	2.582	0.080	0.113	0.158
干物质/% DM	70.71	69.47	69.96	69.54	0.914	0.514	0.295	0.478
有机物/% OM	74.72	73.64	74.90	73.44	1.465	0.679	0.577	0.844
粗脂肪/% EE	71.56	71.77	74.12	70.80	2.608	0.820	0.991	0.635
粗蛋白/% CP	66.08	64.34	65.31	64.28	2.206	0.617	0.518	0.793
中性洗涤纤维/% NDF	56.33	56.82	58.38	55.38	2.447	0.668	0.865	0.593
酸性洗涤纤维/% ADF	53.84	49.74	53.61	51.51	2.524	0.339	0.703	0.806
钙/% Ca	47.57	40.33	46.64	42.28	4.307	0.236	0.498	0.720
磷/% P	55.29	50.79	54.60	53.02	2.305	0.296	0.695	0.645

项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	Treat	L	Q
胴体重/kg Carcass weight	378.87	376.53	385.87	400.73	33.290	0.633	0.236	0.417
屠宰率/% Dressing percentage	53.00	53.61	55.00	55.09	2.060	0.305	0.043	0.129
眼肌面积/cm² Eye muscle area	143.70	141.66	141.46	151.35	20.348	0.845	0.561	0.672
背膘厚/mm Backfat thickness	11.34	10.23	10.73	12.66	2.382	0.358	0.324	0.192
西冷部位重量/kg Weight of sirloin	2.935	2.990	2.957	3.019	0.397	0.988	0.776	0.961
剪切力/N Shear force	37.05	43.11	34.60	40.49	5.374	0.680	0.940	0.997
蒸煮损失/% Cooking loss	26.54	27.82	25.49	27.61	7.332	0.965	0.957	0.998
滴水损失/% Drip loss	1.37	1.75	0.86	1.80	1.371	0.673	0.930	0.909
45 min pH	6.49	6.36	6.60	6.57	0.321	0.619	0.436	0.694
45 min亮度 L_{45 min}^*	18.86	21.04	20.08	19.91	3.468	0.790	0.345	0.634
45 min红度 a_{45 min}^*	9.84	11.49	11.47	10.41	2.295	0.563	0.702	0.354
45 min黄度 b_{45 min}^*	2.81	3.00	2.87	3.06	0.757	0.948	0.675	0.918
水分/% Moisture	75.79	75.84	76.33	75.89	1.100	0.856	0.684	0.823
粗脂肪/% EE	1.64	2.09	1.38	2.08	0.074	0.312	0.745	0.901
粗蛋白/% CP	19.71	20.19	19.59	19.49	0.060	0.259	0.323	0.336
粗灰分/% Ash	0.99	0.97	0.99	0.93	0.051	0.303	0.164	0.281

项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	Treat	L	Q
pH	6.30	6.99	6.82	6.61	0.513	0.111	0.483	0.072
氨态氮/(mg·dL^－1) NH₃-N	12.92	13.08	12.83	13.07	0.220	0.169	0.672	0.839
微生物蛋白/(mg·dL^－1) MCP	141.59	164.48	124.12	147.15	18.62	0.222	0.707	0.933
总挥发性脂肪酸/(mmol·L^－1) Total VFA	38.96	23.70	21.20	30.69	13.743	0.114	0.296	0.047
乙酸/% Acetate	58.14	60.60	62.73	61.96	5.796	0.584	0.216	0.380
丙酸/% Propionate	21.83	21.49	20.21	19.84	5.890	0.937	0.523	0.819
丁酸/% Butyrate	14.75^a	10.58^b	9.61^b	12.17^ab	2.931	0.008	0.113	0.002
异丁酸/% Isobutyrate	1.89	2.80	2.74	2.17	0.971	0.110	0.687	0.178
异戊酸/% Isovalerate	2.57	3.60	3.95	2.96	0.289	0.329	0.454	0.048
戊酸/% Valerate	0.82	0.93	0.76	0.90	1.065	0.759	0.915	0.991
乙酸/丙酸 Acetate: Propionate	4.28^b	5.87^a	6.56^a	5.27^ab	1.412	0.031	0.170	0.012

项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	对照组 CON	低剂量组 LAL	中剂量组 LAM	高剂量组 LAH	标准误 SEM	Treat	L	Q
总抗氧化能力/(mmol·L^－1) T-AOC	0.12^b	0.17^a	0.12^b	0.10^b	0.035	< 0.001	0.084	0.007
丙二醛/(nmol·mL^－1) MDA	7.35	7.29	6.63	8.05	1.514	0.552	0.640	0.503
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL^－1) SOD	206.05	204.28	208.72	208.52	26.119	0.986	0.783	0.960
免疫球蛋白A/(mg·mL^－1) IgA	2.72	2.62	3.09	3.15	0.691	0.337	0.109	0.268
免疫球蛋白G/(mg·mL^－1) IgG	7.83	8.23	9.24	9.41	1.438	0.078	0.010	0.039
脂多糖结合蛋白/(μmol·mL^－1) LBP	12.95	13.67	16.75	14.89	3.236	0.099	0.087	0.124
肿瘤坏死因子-α/(ng·L^－1) TNF-α	95.55	99.69	100.87	112.46	15.442	0.161	0.034	0.086
白细胞介素-1β/(ng·L^－1) IL-1β	20.60	20.94	21.51	23.25	2.961	0.307	0.073	0.163
白细胞介素-2/(ng·L^－1) IL-2	44.30	46.23	54.89	56.05	11.535	0.095	0.015	0.055
白细胞介素-6/(ng·L^－1) IL-6	88.24	90.87	94.38	102.98	14.481	0.208	0.038	0.101
白细胞介素-8/(ng·L^－1) IL-8	94.60	98.19	102.48	110.73	15.307	0.189	0.030	0.089
结合珠蛋白/(μg·mL^－1) Hp	265.40^b	291.25^ab	333.97^ab	378.12^a	87.225	0.049	0.005	0.018
干扰素-γ/(ng·L^－1) IFN-γ	71.46	75.15	76.46	82.22	16.106	0.639	0.199	0.438
淀粉样蛋白/(μg·mL^－1) ASAA	32.77^b	32.71^b	40.74^ab	47.04^a	9.601	0.003	0.001	0.001