爪趾皮肤炎对富集笼养蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、行为和免疫的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.06.039

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

爪趾皮肤炎是家禽爪趾和足底表面的接触性皮炎，是家禽最常见的爪趾健康问题之一，对其福利和健康都产生了负面影响。本试验旨在探究爪趾皮肤炎对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、行为和免疫的影响。本试验选择60只48周龄的海兰褐蛋鸡，四分制评分(0分，正常爪趾；1分，爪趾角化过度、皮肤发红或变色；2分，表皮变色，爪趾皮肤炎病变轻微到糜烂；3分，趾瘤症)后单只饲养于富集笼至55周龄。记录爪趾皮肤炎蛋鸡和正常蛋鸡的生产性能和蛋品质，并在51和55周龄时分别进行连续2 d的行为录像，行为观察后进行紧张不动性试验和旷场试验。最后剖检试验鸡，从免疫相关因子在爪趾皮肤炎患处皮肤、脾、肝、小肠和血清的表达变化探究爪趾皮肤炎对蛋鸡免疫的影响。结果显示：爪趾皮肤炎对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响(P>0.05)，虽然51周龄爪趾皮肤炎蛋鸡的蛋白高度、哈氏单位显著降低(P < 0.05)，但总体上爪趾皮肤炎对蛋品质的影响较小。蛋鸡行为观察结果表明，爪趾皮肤炎造成蛋鸡的羽毛修饰行为减少(P < 0.05)，但对其他事件性行为(啄物、啄趾、往返踱步、舒适行为)无显著影响(P>0.05)。行为学测试结果表明，爪趾皮肤炎对蛋鸡恐惧和焦虑情绪无显著影响(P>0.05)。爪趾皮肤炎蛋鸡爪趾皮肤组织、肝和脾免疫细胞因子IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-8、IL-10、IL-17、IL-1β、IFN-γ、TNF-α和免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG的mRNA相对表达差异显著(P < 0.05)，均呈上升趋势；血清IL-4、IL-6、IFN-γ和TNF-α的浓度也显著增加(P < 0.05)。爪趾皮肤炎对蛋鸡生产性能影响不显著；爪趾皮肤炎蛋鸡羽毛修饰行为表达降低，且爪趾患处皮肤组织免疫相关因子的相对表达量均增加，说明爪趾皮肤炎可能导致蛋鸡的慢性炎症状态。

关键词: 爪趾皮肤炎, 蛋鸡, 生产性能, 蛋品质, 行为, 免疫反应

Abstract:

Foot pad dermatitis (FPD) is a contact dermatitis affecting the claw and toe surfaces of poultry. FPD is one of the most common paw-toe health problems, with negative effects on the welfare and health of poultry. This study aimed to explore the effects of FPD on production performance, egg quality, behavioral responses, and immune levels of laying hens in the furnished cages. In this study, 60 Hyline Brown laying hens with 48 weeks of ages (WOA) were randomly selected. After four-point scoring, that score 0 for no lesions on the foot pads, score 1 for excessive keratosis, a small lesion of the foot pad epithelium with redness or discoloration, score 2 for foot pad dermatitis with epidermis discoloration, cutaneous lesions slight to erosion; score 3 for bumble foot with swelling of the foot pad visible from dorsal view. Bird was raised in furnished cage until 55 WOA. Performance and egg quality of laying hens were recorded and video-recorded for 2 consecutive days at 51 and 55 WOA. Then, the tonic immobility (TI) tests and open field tests (OFT) were carried out. Finally, the expression of immune-related factors in the skin, spleens, livers, small intestines, and serum of hens were detected. We found that FPD had no significant effect on the production performance (P>0.05), but improved the body weight compared with the score 0 group (P < 0.05), and the protein height and Haugh Units were significantly reduced for hens at 51 WOA (P < 0.05). Behavioral observations showed that FPD reduced the expression of preening behaviors in laying hens (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant effect on other event behaviors (object pecking, toe pecking, pacing, comfort behaviors) (P>0.05). The results of behavioral tests showed that FPD had no significant effect on responses of fear and anxiety in laying hens (P>0.05). The relative mRNA expressions of immune cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-1β, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) and immunoglobulin IgA and IgG in foot, liver, and spleen tissues were significantly increased in hens with FPD (P < 0.05). The concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were also increased in the serum (P < 0.05). FPD had no significant effect on the production performance of laying hens. FPD decreased the expression of preening behavior and increased the expression of immune-related factors in the skin of the paw toe, which might lead to the chronic inflammation of laying hens.

Key words: foot pad dermatitis, laying hens, production performance, egg quality, behaviors, immune responses

中图分类号:

S831.4

王晓旭, 陈艳青, 张家麒, 王野, 王蕊, 于翰林, 杨凯淇, 包军, 张润祥. 爪趾皮肤炎对富集笼养蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质、行为和免疫的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(6): 2680-2691.

Xiaoxu WANG, Yanqing CHEN, Jiaqi ZHANG, Ye WANG, Rui WANG, Hanlin YU, Kaiqi YANG, Jun BAO, Runxiang ZHANG. Effect of Foot Pad Dermatitis on Production Performance, Egg Quality, Behavioral Responses, and Immune Levels of Laying Hens in Furnished Cages[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(6): 2680-2691.

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程度评分 Degree score	评分标准 Code of points
0	无病变，无角化过度，无溃疡No lesion, no hyperkeratosis, no ulcers
1	脚垫较硬，肿胀或发红，网状鳞片分离，病变范围较小(＜4 mm²) The foot pad was stiff, swollen or red, the reticular scales were separated, and the lesion area was small(＜4 mm²)
2	病变范围较大(＞4 mm²)、有轻微至中度的浅表病变、表皮坏死至真皮的糜烂 The lesions was large (＞4 mm²), mild to moderate superficial lesions, epidermal necrosis to dermis erosion
3	“趾瘤症”，即从爪趾背面能观察到脚垫肿胀 “Bumble foot”，swelling of the foot pad visible from dorsal view

行为Behaviors	描述Describe
羽毛修饰Preening	母鸡将它的喙指向它身体的几个部分的羽毛(胸部、腹部、肩膀、内部和外部的翅膀、臀部、背部和泄殖腔)，并进行啄、轻咬、梳理或旋转的自主清洁运动，或者使用脚趾轻轻的摩擦翅膀、头部 Hen directs its beak to its own plumage of several body parts (thorax, abdomen, shoulder, interior and exterior wings, rump, back, and cloaca) and carries out pecking, nibbling, combing or rotating movements, or use toes to gently rub wings or head
啄物 Object pecking	啄击笼子四周和顶层以及笼子内的物体包括喂料器、喂水器等 Pecking the surrounding and top layer of the cage and the objects in the cage include the feeder, water feeder, etc
啄趾Toe pecking	啄击爪趾Pecking toe
往返踱步 Walk back and forth	蛋鸡面向笼子的一面进行往返运动 The laying hens were moved back and forth on the facing side of the cage
舒适行为 Comfort behaviors	所有舒适行为模式的总和，包括抓挠、抖身、抖尾、抬翅、展翅行为以及翅和尾同时伸展 The sum of all comfortable behavior patterns, including scratching, shaking, shaking the tail, lifting wings, spreading wings, and simultaneous extension of the wings and tail

基因Gene	上游引物序列(5′→3′) Upstream primer sequences	下游引物序列(3′→5′) Downstream primer sequences
β-actin	F: CACCACAGCCGAGAGAGAAAT	R: TGACCATCAGGGAGTTCATAGC
IL-2	F: CTGTATTTCGGTAGCAATG	R: ACTCCTGGGTCTCAGTTG
IL-4	F: GAGAGCCAGCACTGCCACAAG	R: GTAGGTCTGCTAGGAACTTCTCCATTG
IL-6	F: AAATCCCTCCTCGCCAATCT	R: CCCTCACGGTCTTCTCCATAAA
IL-8	F: GGCTTGCTAGGGGAAATGA	R: AGCTGACTCTGACTAGGAAACTGT
IL-10	F: GCTGAGGGTGAAGTTTG	R: GGTGAAGAAGCGGTGA
IL-17	F: GCCATTCCAGGTGCGTGAACTC	R: CGGCGGAGGACGAGGATCTC
IL-1β	F: ACTGGGCATCAAGGGCTACA	R: GCTGTCCAGGCGGTAGAAGA
IFN-γ	F: GAACTGGACAGGGAGAAATGAGA	R: ACGCCATCAGGAAGGTTGTT
TNF-α	F: GCCCTTCCTGTAACCAGATG	R: ACACGACAGCCAAGTCAACG
IgA	F: TGCTAGTGGTTGTGGTGCTTGTG	R: CGGAGGCGGAGGAGACGATG
IgG	F: CGATTCCAGCCTCAGCGTCAC	R: TAGGTGCCGTTGAAGTGTTCTTGG

指标Index	0分0 point	1分1 point	2分2 points	P值P value
鸡数量/只The number of chicken	13	25	16	—
产蛋率/% Laying rate	94.28±0.16	94.93±0.23	94.54±0.34	0.232
体重/kg Weight	2.01±0.42^b	2.20±0.44^a	2.19±0.49^a	0.009

指标 Index	51周龄51 weeks of age				55周龄55 weeks of age
指标 Index	0分	1分	2分	P值	0分	1分	2分	P值
蛋重/g Egg weight	57.28±1.31	59.35±2.14	61.28±2.53	0.414	58.51±1.88	57.70±1.51	59.48±0.84	0.683
蛋形指数/% Egg-shaped index	76.88±0.75	77.36±0.39	77.40±0.90	0.894	76.48±0.87	76.09±0.67	80.11±2.07	0.146
蛋壳厚度/mm Shell thickness	0.35±0.00	0.35±0.01	0.35±0.00	0.627	0.35±0.00	0.37±0.00	0.36±0.00	0.218
蛋壳强度/(kg·cm^-3) Eggshell strength	3.73±0.18	4.09±0.30	3.35±0.43	0.347	4.26±0.65	3.75±0.26	4.09±1.57	0.831
蛋壳蛋重比/% Eggshell weight/Egg weight	13.73±0.13	13.61±0.13	13.40±0.10	0.199	13.77±0.30	14.17±0.44	13.02±0.07	0.671
蛋黄蛋重比/% Egg yolk weight/Egg weight	28.52±0.65	29.59±0.30	28.25±0.46	0.188	28.96±0.43	29.80±1.14	28.18±0.29	0.338
蛋白高度/mm Protein height	7.70±0.28^a	6.80±0.16^b	7.07±0.14^ab	0.027	6.31±0.57	5.07±0.26	7.0±0.45	0.104
哈氏单位Haugh Unit	86.71±1.51^a	81.43±0.94^b	82.75±1.06^b	0.021	74.17±1.81	73.26±3.68	78.01±4.12	0.081