饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌攻毒仔猪生长性能、血清免疫及抗氧化功能、肠道形态和微生物的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在探究饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌(BS)对产肠毒素大肠杆菌(ETEC)攻毒仔猪生长性能、抗氧化与免疫功能、肠道形态和微生物的影响。试验选取24头35日龄体重(BW)为8.30±0.15 kg的“杜×长×大”仔猪，随机分为4组，每组6个重复，每个重复1头猪。NC组饲喂基础饲粮并灌喂10 mL·kg^-1 BW的无菌培养液，PC组饲喂基础饲粮并灌喂10 mL·kg^-1 BW的ETCT(1×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1)菌液，LBS组和HBS组饲喂分别添加500和800 mg·kg^-1枯草芽孢杆菌的基础饲粮并灌服10 mL·kg^-1 BW的ETCT(1×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1)菌液。预试期7 d，正试期14 d。结果表明：1)正试期1~7 d和1~14 d，与NC组相比，PC组腹泻率显著增加(DR)(P < 0.05)，与PC组相比，LBS组和HBS组DR有所降低；8~14 d，PC组平均日采食量显著低于NC组(P < 0.05)，LBS组平均日增重显著高于PC组和HBS组(P < 0.05)，LBS组平均日采食量显著高于HBS组(P < 0.05)。2)PC组仔猪血清SOD和CAT的活性显著低于NC组(P < 0.05)，PCO含量显著高于NC组，LBS组SOD活性显著高于PC组和HBS组(P < 0.05)。3)PC组仔猪血清IgA含量显著低于NC组(P < 0.05)，LBS组血清IgG含量显著高于PC组和HBS组(P < 0.05)。4)LBS组仔猪空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度显著高于PC组和HBS组(P < 0.05)。与PC组相比，HBS组显著降低了仔猪结肠的隐窝深度(P < 0.05)。5)Lefse分析表明，与PC组相比，LBS组结肠中链球菌属(Streptococcus)和直肠中乳酸杆菌目(Lactobacilales)、消化链球菌属(Peptostreptococcus)和拟普雷沃氏菌属(Alkoprevotella)的丰度显著增加(P < 0.05)。综上所述，饲粮添加500 mg·kg^-1枯草芽孢杆菌可以影响仔猪肠道形态和菌群结构，提高其抗氧化和免疫能力，进而改善ETEC攻毒仔猪的生长性能和腹泻。

关键词: 枯草芽孢杆菌, 产肠毒素大肠杆菌, 仔猪, 抗氧化与免疫, 肠道菌群

Abstract:

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of dietary Bacillus subtilis (BS) on growth performance, antioxidant and immune function, intestinal morphology and intestinal flora of piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 24 Duroc × Landrace × Landrace piglets with a body weight of 8.30±0.15 kg at the age of 35 days were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group and 1 pig per replicate. Piglets in the NC group were fed a basal diet and 10 mL·kg^-1 BW sterile culture medium, while piglets in the PC group were fed a basal diet and 10 mL·kg^-1 BW ETCT (1×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1) bacterial solution. The piglets in the LBS and HBS groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 500 and 800 mg·kg^-1 Bacillus subtilis, respectively, and both fed 10 mL·kg^-1 BW ETCT (1×10⁹ CFU·mL^-1) bacterial solution. The pre-trial period lasted for 7 days, and the experimental period lasted for 14 days. The results were showed as follows:1) During the trial period from 1 to 7 days and from 1 to 14 days, diarrhea rate was significantly increased in PC group compared with NC group (DR), while DR in LBS group and HBS group were decreased compared with PC group; From 8 to 14 days, the average daily feed intake of PC group was significantly lower than that of NC group (P < 0.05), and the average daily gain of LBS group was significantly higher than those of PC group and HBS group (P < 0.05), the average daily feed intake of LBS group was significantly higher than that of HBS group (P < 0.05). 2) The activities of SOD and CAT in serum of piglets in PC group were significantly lower than those in NC group (P < 0.05), the content of PCO was significantly higher than that in the NC group, and the SOD in LBS group was significantly higher than that in PC group and HBS group (P < 0.05). 3) The serum IgA content of piglets in PC group was significantly lower than that in NC group (P < 0.05), and the serum IgG content in LBS group was significantly higher than that in PC group and HBS group (P < 0.05). 4) The villus height and crypt depth of jejunum in LBS group were significantly higher than those in PC and HBS groups (P < 0.05). Compared with PC group, crypt depth of colon of piglets in HBS group was significantly decreased (P < 0.05).5) Lefse analysis showed that compared with the PC group, the abundance of Streptococcus in colon and Lactobacilales, Peptostreptococcus and Alkoprevotella in rectum were significantly increased in LBS group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of 500 mg·kg^-1 Bacillus subtilis can affect intestinal morphology and microflora structure of piglets, improve their antioxidant and immune capabilities, and then improve the growth performance and diarrhea of ETEC challenged piglets.

Key words: Bacillus subtilis, ETEC, piglets, antioxidant and immune, intestinal microflora

中图分类号:

S828.5

茹敏, 蒋小丰, 罗国升, 武永厚. 饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌攻毒仔猪生长性能、血清免疫及抗氧化功能、肠道形态和微生物的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4461-4471.

RU Min, JIANG Xiaofeng, LUO Guosheng, WU Yonghou. Effects of Dietary Bacillus subtilis Supplementation on Growth Performance, Serum Immunity and Antioxidant Function, Intestinal Morphology and Microorganisms of Piglets Challenged with Escherichia coli[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4461-4471.

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原料 Ingredient	含量 Content	营养水平 Nutrient levels³⁾	含量 Content
玉米Corn	63.45	代谢能/(MJ·kg^-1) ME	13.56
43%豆粕43% Soybean meal	17.69	粗蛋白质CP	18.53
发酵豆粕Fermented soybean meal	5.00	粗脂肪EE	3.26
膨化大豆Extruded soybean	1.60	粗灰分Ash	2.74
进口鱼粉Imported fish meal	2.00	钙Ca	0.54
蔗糖Cane sugar	2.00	总磷TP	0.48
细麸皮Fine bran	5.00	赖氨酸Lys	1.55
石粉Limestone	0.49	蛋氨酸Met	0.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	0.46	蛋氨酸+半胱氨酸Met+Cys	0.82
食盐NaCl	0.40	可消化赖氨酸DLys	1.41
60%氯化胆碱60% Choline chloride	0.08	可消化蛋氨酸DMet	0.46
L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl	0.58	可消化蛋氨酸+可消化半胱氨酸DMet+DCys	0.71
DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met	0.19	可消化苏氨酸DThr	0.74
L-苏氨酸L-Thr	0.18	可消化色氨酸DTrp	0.19
L-色氨酸L-Ser	0.05
L-缬氨酸L-Val	0.07
酸化剂Acidifying agent	0.40
复合酶制剂Complex enzyme preparation	0.04
耐高温植酸酶Thermophilic phytase	0.02
抗氧化剂Antioxidant	0.02
多维Multi-vitamin¹⁾	0.05
多矿Multi-Mineral²⁾	0.25
合计Total	100.00

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	NC	PC	LBS	HBS	标准误 SEM	P₁	P₂
第1~7天Days 1 to 7
初体重/kg Initial body weight	8.25	8.24	8.24	8.26	0.02	0.851	0.904
末体重/kg Final body weight	11.96	11.74^#ab	11.81^a	11.62^b	0.03	0.001	0.018
平均日增重/(kg·d^-1)ADG	0.53	0.50	0.51	0.48	0.12	0.754	0.965
平均日采食量/(kg·d^-1)ADFI	0.93	0.90	1.01	0.85	0.11	0.786	0.122
料重比F/G	1.72	1.78	2.05	1.80	0.12	0.501	0.474
腹泻率/% Diarrhea rate	8.57	59.52^#	42.86	33.33	8.61	0.008	0.366
第8~14天Days 8 to 14
末体重/kg Final body weight	16.37	16.22^#b	17.34^a	15.89^c	0.11	0.007	0.001
平均日增重/(kg·d^-1)ADG	0.63	0.64^b	0.79^a	0.61^b	0.03	0.871	0.011
平均日采食量/(kg·d^-1)ADFI	1.28	1.01^#ab	1.13^a	0.80^b	0.06	0.044	0.046
料重比F/G	1.94	1.61	1.32	1.22	0.10	0.084	0.092
腹泻率/% Diarrhea rate	5.71	14.29	23.81	11.90	8.23	0.642	0.811
第1~14天Days 1 to 14
平均日增重/(kg·d^-1)ADG	0.58	0.53	0.63	0.53	0.02	0.501	0.178
平均日采食量/(kg·d^-1)ADFI	1.06	0.96^ab	1.07^a	0.83^b	0.04	0.256	0.025
料重比F/G	1.85	1.88	1.72	1.54	0.07	0.871	0.223
腹泻率/% Diarrhea rate	7.14	36.90^#	33.33	22.62	15.07	0.035	0.698

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	NC	PC	LBS	HBS	标准误 SEM	P₁	P₂
谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶/(U·mL^-1) GSH-Px	903.63	902.59	810.38	796.15	116.68	0.988	0.361
过氧化氢酶/(μmoL·(min·mL)^-1) CAT	42.10	31.87^#	33.28	30.87	5.79	0.001	0.454
超氧化物歧化酶/(U·mL^-1) SOD	921.85	366.35^#b	670.23^a	259.89^b	306.97	0.014	0.001
丙二醛/(nmol·mL^-1) MDA	7.86	8.12	10.33	9.47	2.27	0.811	0.249
蛋白质羰基/(μmol·mL^-1) PCO	0.08	0.12^#	0.11	0.12	0.01	0.002	0.384

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	NC	PC	LBS	HBS	标准误 SEM	P₁	P₂
白细胞介素-2/(pg·mL^-1) IL-2	224.56	218.50	241.96	189.34	48.88	0.850	0.241
白细胞介素-10/(pg·mL^-1) IL-10	154.07	117.93	142.78	100.21	37.73	0.131	0.232
白细胞介素-12/(pg·mL^-1) IL-12	212.57	181.74	180.19	222.41	50.12	0.386	0.104
肿瘤坏死因子-α/(pg·mL^-1) TNF-α	158.51	144.00	118.01	131.01	17.23	0.156	0.168
猪γ干扰素/(pg·mL^-1) IFN-γ	28.56	30.35	26.90	23.48	5.47	0.665	0.054
免疫球蛋白A/(μg·mL^-1) IgA	534.28	362.73^#	385.69	346.32	90.72	0.018	0.738
免疫球蛋白G/(mg·mL^-1) IgG	17.78	13.78^b	18.33^a	13.25^b	2.87	0.092	0.002

项目Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值P-value
项目Item	NC	PC	LBS	HBS	标准误 SEM	P₁	P₂
空肠Jejunum
绒毛高度/μm Villus height	257.84	256.60^b	392.10^a	265.86^b	21.82	0.954	0.007
隐窝深度/μm Crypt depth	93.06	92.68^b	108.26^a	91.64^b	2.51	0.933	0.006
绒隐比V/C	2.78	2.77^b	3.61^a	2.89^ab	0.16	0.959	0.055
结肠Colon
隐窝深度/μm Crypt depth	79.20	94.56^a	85.34^ab	72.88^b	2.49	0.122	0.043