功能性寡糖缓解犊牛腹泻的机理研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.03.002

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

犊牛腹泻是养牛业面临的重要问题，其发病率高、死亡率高、防治成本高，甚至愈后易出现发育迟缓、生产性能低下等现象，威胁着养牛业的可持续发展。而功能性寡糖作为一类水溶性膳食纤维和具有双歧因子特性的益生元，被广泛应用于维护肠道健康。本文综述了功能性寡糖的结构、功能以及犊牛腹泻的致病因子，并重点阐述了功能性寡糖缓解犊牛腹泻的作用机理研究进展，将为促进犊牛肠道健康与功能性寡糖的合理利用提供重要参考。

关键词: 功能性寡糖, 犊牛腹泻, 毒力机制, 肠道菌群, 免疫功能

Abstract:

Calf diarrhea is an important issue faced by the cattle industry. It has high incidence and mortality rates, high prevention and treatment costs, and even developmental delays and reduced production performance after recovery, threatening the industry's sustainable development. Functional oligosaccharides, as a type of water-soluble dietary fiber and prebiotics with bifidogenic properties, have been widely used for maintaining intestinal health. This article reviews the structure and function of functional oligosaccharides, as well as the factors that cause calf diarrhea. It also highlights the progress of research on the mechanism of functional oligosaccharides in alleviating calf diarrhea. These contents will provide an important reference for promoting calf intestinal health and the rational utilization of functional oligosaccharides.

Key words: functional oligosaccharides, calf diarrhea, virulence mechanism, intestinal microorganism, immunity function

中图分类号:

S823.5

张燕敏, 刘帅, 滕战伟, 谢红兵, 夏小静, 贺永惠, 常美楠. 功能性寡糖缓解犊牛腹泻的机理研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(3): 979-994.

ZHANG Yanmin, LIU Shuai, TENG Zhanwei, XIE Hongbing, XIA Xiaojing, HE Yonghui, CHANG Meinan. Research Progress on the Mechanism of Functional Oligosaccharides Alleviating Calf Diarrhea[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(3): 979-994.

图/表 3

表 1

常见功能性寡糖的化学组成、来源及功能"

项目 Item	单糖单元 Monosaccharide	功能性糖苷键 Functional glucosidic bond	来源 Origins	功能 Function	参考文献 References
果寡糖 Fructo-oligosaccharides	果糖	β-1, 2	小麦、菊芋、香蕉、洋葱、大蒜、芦笋	改善肠道微生态，抑制致病菌、提高生长性能和免疫力、缓解断奶应激、抗氧化、改善肥胖、减轻非酒精性脂肪肝病	[12-16]
大豆寡糖 Soybean oligosaccharides	果糖、葡萄糖、	α-1, 6	脱脂大豆	维护肠道健康、保护肝功能、增强机体免疫力、调节脂质代谢、抗氧化、保护心脏功能免受心肌缺血再灌注损伤、降低禽类排泄物中的气味化合物、抑制肠道菌群产生腐败化合物	[17-20]
半乳寡糖 Galacto-oligosaccharides	半乳糖、葡萄糖	α-1, 4、β-1, 2、β-1, 4、β-1, 6	母乳、牛乳等动物乳汁乳糖、乳清、豆科植物的种子	促进瘤胃发酵和微生物蛋白质合成、抑制金黄色葡萄球菌和铜绿假单胞菌的生长、加强中性粒细胞的吞噬作用、缓解腹泻、提高生长性能、调节脂质代谢、促进矿物质元素吸收、提高肠道中短链脂肪酸含量、缓解脂多糖(LPS)导致的肠道炎症反应、维持肠道屏障功能、减少LPS诱导的巨噬细胞炎症、促进伤口闭合和皮肤健康	[3, 21-27]
异麦芽寡糖 Isomalto-oligosaccharides	葡萄糖	α-1, 6	大麦、小麦、木薯、玉米、马铃薯	提高生长性能和免疫功能、调节肠道微生物群、降低盲肠pH、促进甲状腺素和生长激素分泌、减少胰高血糖素分泌、调节肥胖、调节 2型糖尿病、在体外或者体内可以维持普雷沃氏菌生长、通过调节肝脂代谢显著降低血液胆固醇水平	[28-34]
木寡糖 Wood oligosaccharides	木糖	α-1, 4、β-1, 4、β-1, 6	牛奶、蜂蜜、蔗渣、秸秆、麦麸、玉米芯	诱导拟南芥植株对营养型病原产生抗性、提高鸡蛋品质、促进钙吸收、改善肥胖、预防鸡感染鼠伤寒沙门菌、改善胰岛素抵抗、通过优化肠道微生物群及其代谢物来增强肠道屏障和提高免疫力、抗抑郁、减轻炎症性皮肤病	[35-41]
甘露寡糖 Mannan oligosaccharides	甘露糖、葡萄糖	α-1, 2、α-1, 3、α-1, 6、β-1, 3、β-1, 4	魔芋粉、田青胶、椰子壳、棕榈粕、瓜尔豆胶	提高生长性能、提高免疫力、调节肠道菌群结构、抗氧化、提高机体营养代谢、通过抑制细菌黏附预防尿道感染、改善貉毛皮品质	[42-47]
壳寡糖 Chito-oligosaccharide	N-乙酰-D- 葡萄糖胺	β-1, 4	虾、螃蟹等甲壳类动物	抗氧化、促进种子萌发、预防肉鸡感染大肠杆菌、提高肉鸡屠宰性能、促进成骨细胞分化，预防骨质疏松、降血压	[48-52]
褐藻寡糖 Alginate oligosaccharide	甘露糖醛酸、古洛糖醛酸	1, 4-糖苷键	褐藻类植物	缓解肝损伤、改善黄瓜生长，提高品质和产量、抑制沙门菌生长和毒性、缓解血管衰老、缓解热应激	[53-57]
异麦芽酮糖Isomaltose	葡萄糖、果糖	α-1, 6	蜂蜜、甘蔗汁	预防龋齿、促进肠道内双歧杆菌增殖、降血糖、降低肝脂肪积累	[58-60]
低聚龙胆糖 Gentio-oligosaccharides	葡萄糖	β-1, 6	龙胆根、茎	促进肠道中双歧杆菌和乳酸菌增殖，抑制腐败菌、保持食品中的水分，防止淀粉类食品的老化、调节草本植物龙胆芽休眠	[61-62]
水苏糖Stachyose	葡萄糖	α-1, 4	宝塔菜、毛叶地笋、地黄、大豆种子	抗氧化、改善肠道健康、降血糖、调节脂质代谢、促进肠道蠕动，缓解便秘、缓解食物过敏、缓解皮质酮诱导的长期增强损伤、抗炎	[63-68]
棉子糖 Raffinose	半乳糖、果糖、葡萄糖	α-1, 2、α-1, 4	甜菜、棉籽、蜂蜜、酵母、葡萄、卷心菜、马铃薯、麦类，玉米和豆科植物种子	促进肠道发育、改善血清免疫指标、提高生长性能和屠宰性能、改善肝脂肪积累、抗氧化	[69-71]
乳果糖Lactulose	半乳糖、果糖	β-1, 4	蔗糖、乳糖	改善肠道菌群、增强免疫力、促进钙吸收、抑制脂肪积累	[72-73]

表 1

表 2

图 1

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菌 Strain	毒力因子 Virulence factor	参考文献 References
产肠毒素大肠杆菌 Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli	毒力因子：Sta、STb、LT 定植因子：CS1、CS2、CS3、CS4、CS5、CS6、CS7、CS12、CS14、 CS17、CS20、CS21、CS30、EAST1、EatA 非典型毒力因子：Tia、TibA、EtpA、EaeH、EatA 黏附素：F4(K88ab、K88ac、K88ad)、F5(K99)、F6(987p)、F41、F42	[91-94]
肠致病性大肠杆菌 Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli	定植因子：eae、bfp、tir、lifA、csgA、fimA、bcsA 适应性因子：sdiA 效应分子：espA、espB、espC、espD、espF、espH、espJ、espP、 MAP、nleA、nleF、cif	[95]
肠侵袭性大肠杆菌 Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli	适应性因子：iutA、iucB 效应分子：ipaA、ipaB、ipaC、ipaD、ipaH、ipaJ、ipgB1、ipgD、virA、 virB、virF、virG、ospB、ospE、ospF、ospG、ospI、ospZ	[95]
肠出血性大肠杆菌 Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli	定植因子：eae、tir、csgA、fimA、eha、saa、sab、toxB、nleB、nleE、 nleH、bleG、Lfp 毒力因子：Stx1、Stx2	[95]
肠聚集性大肠杆菌 Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli	定植因子：aggR、aggA、aafA、agg3A、agg4A、agg5A、aap 毒力因子：astA、pet、pic、sigA、sepA、hlyE 效应分子：aaiA-Y	[95]
产志贺毒素大肠杆菌 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli	毒力因子：Stx1、Stx2、溶血素：hlyA 细胞毒素：CdtV	[96]

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