高精料模式下胡麻饼替代豆粕对杂交育肥羔羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃及粪便微生物区系的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.10.025

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在研究高精料模式下胡麻饼替代豆粕对杂交育肥羔羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃及粪便微生物区系的影响。选取2~3月龄、体重18 kg左右的杂交育肥羔羊60只, 按体重随机均分为3组: 对照组(CK组)、试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组, 三组胡麻饼替代豆粕的比例分别是0、50%、100%。试验期97 d, 其中预试期7 d, 正试期90 d。按照羔羊体重分为育肥前期、中期和后期, 正试期第85 ~89天进行消化试验, 第90天晨饲前采集瘤胃液及粪便用于微生物区系分析。结果显示: 1) 各组羔羊干物质、中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、粗蛋白的表观消化率无显著差异(P >0.05)。粗脂肪的消化率随胡麻饼替代比例增加呈上升趋势(P =0.079)。2) 在门水平上, 拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门是各组羔羊瘤胃微生物的优势菌门, 各组间排名前10位的菌门相对丰度差异不显著(P >0.05)。属水平上, 普雷沃氏菌属是各组羔羊瘤胃微生物的优势菌属; 各组间排名前10位的菌属相对丰度无差异(P >0.05); Ⅱ组瘤胃球菌属的相对丰度显著高于CK组(P < 0.05)。3) 各组羔羊粪便微生物在门水平上的优势菌门是厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门, 占总细菌相对丰度的88.18% ~91.88%, CK组广古菌门的相对丰度显著高于试验Ⅱ组(P < 0.05), 试验Ⅱ组放线菌门的相对丰度显著高于CK组和试验Ⅰ组(P < 0.05), 各组羔羊排名前10位的其他菌门相对丰度差异不显著(P > 0.05)。属水平上, Muribaculaceae、理研菌科RC9肠道群是各组羔羊粪便微生物的优势菌属; 各组羔羊排名前10位的菌属相对丰度无差异(P >0.05)。综上, 胡麻饼替代豆粕能提高粗脂肪消化率、瘤胃球菌属相对丰度。本试验条件下, 胡麻饼可完全替代豆粕, 对羔羊没有显著负面影响。

关键词: 胡麻饼, 羔羊, 养分消化率, 微生物

Abstract:

This experiment aimed to study the effects of replacing soybean meal by oil cake of flax seed under a high-precision feeding mode on nutrient apparent digestibility, rumen and fecal microbiota composition of fattening lambs. Sixty crossbred fattening lambs aged 2~3 months and weighing approximately 18 kg were randomly divided into three groups based on their body weight: Control group (CK group), Experimental Group Ⅰ, and Experimental Group Ⅱ. The proportions of oil cake of flax seed replacing soybean meal in the three groups were 0%, 50%, and 100%, respectively. The experimental period was 97 days, including a 7-day pretrial period and a 90-day formal trial period. The lambs were divided into early, middle, and late fattening stages based on their body weight. A digestion experiment was conducted from day 85~89 of the formal trial period, and the rumen fluid and feces were collected before the morning feed on the 90th day for microbial analysis. The results showed that: 1) There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and crude protein among the groups (P>0.05). The ether extract digestibility increased with the increase of oil cake of flax seed replacing proportion (P=0.079). 2) At the phylum level, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were the dominant microbial phyla in the rumen of all groups, the relative abundance of the top 10 phyla among the groups was not significantly different (P>0.05). At the genus level, Prevotella was the dominant bacterial genus in all groups, and there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial genera among the groups (P>0.05). The relative abundance of Ruminococcus in Experimental Group Ⅱ was significantly higher than that in the CK group (P < 0.05). 3) At the phylum level of fecal microbiota, Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were the dominant bacterial phyla in all groups, accounting for 88.18%-91.88% of the total bacterial relative abundance. The relative abundance of Euryarchaeota in the CK group is significantly higher than that in the Experimental Group Ⅱ (P < 0.05), while the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the Experimental Group Ⅱ is significantly higher than that in the CK group and Experimental Group Ⅰ (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the others relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial phyla among the groups (P>0.05). At the genus level, Muribaculaceae and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group were the dominant bacterial genera in all groups, and there were no significant differences in the relative abundance of the top 10 bacterial genera among the groups (P>0.05). In summary, replacing soybean meal with oil cake of flax seed can improve the digestibility of ether extract and the relative abundance of Ruminococcus. Under the conditions of this experiment, oil cake of flax seed can completely replace soybean meal without negative effects on lambs.

Key words: oil cake of flax seed, lambs, nutrient digestibility, microbiota

中图分类号:

S826.9

魏赜, 尹雪姣, 刘紫萌, 王泽璇, 赵雯, 潘金龙, 刘月琴, 张英杰, 段春辉. 高精料模式下胡麻饼替代豆粕对杂交育肥羔羊养分表观消化率、瘤胃及粪便微生物区系的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(10): 5050-5059.

WEI Ze, YIN Xuejiao, LIU Zimeng, WANG Zexuan, ZHAO Wen, PAN Jinlong, LIU Yueqin, ZHANG Yingjie, DUAN Chunhui. Effect of Replacement of Soybean Meal by Oil Cake of Flax Seed in Diet Under a High-precision Feeding Mode on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Rumen and Fecal Microflora Composition of Fattening Lamb[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(10): 5050-5059.

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项目Item	前期Early stages			中期Middle stages			后期Late stages
项目Item	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ
原料Ingredient
花生秧Peanut seedlings	17.50	16.50	13.00	16.00	14.60	12.00	10.00	10.00	6.60
玉米Corn	53.40	49.90	47.20	56.50	54.00	50.70	65.80	62.30	60.80
豆粕Soybean meal	26.00	15.00	0.00	24.40	13.90	0.00	21.00	12.00	0.00
胡麻饼Oil cake of flax seed	0.00	15.00	35.00	0.00	13.90	32.50	0.00	12.00	27.90
预混料Premix¹⁾	3.10	3.60	4.80	3.10	3.60	4.80	3.00	3.20	4.00
石粉Limestone	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.20	0.50	0.70
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平Nutrient level²⁾
干物质Dry matter	94.58	94.48	94.68	93.53	93.34	95.15	94.47	94.71	94.10
消化能/(MJ·kg^-1) Digestible energy	13.76	13.61	13.50	13.89	13.79	13.62	14.38	14.19	14.14
粗蛋白质Crude protein	16.14	16.21	16.18	15.61	15.57	15.54	14.51	14.46	14.43
中性洗涤纤维 Neutral detergent fiber	25.81	26.42	26.87	24.49	24.72	25.14	20.88	21.10	21.61
酸性洗涤纤维 Acid detergent fiber	13.09	13.38	12.73	12.25	12.27	11.97	9.18	9.75	8.94
钙Ca	0.78	0.90	1.15	0.77	0.88	1.14	0.81	0.98	1.20
磷P	0.32	0.40	0.52	0.32	0.40	0.50	0.32	0.39	0.48

项目Item	组别Group			SEM	P值 P-value
项目Item	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	SEM	P值 P-value
干物质DM	78.85	88.76	89.51	2.188	0.104
粗蛋白CP	65.58	65.81	70.70	2.247	0.641
粗脂肪EE	71.80	82.51	90.12	3.357	0.079
中性洗涤纤维NDF	48.34	53.17	51.33	4.193	0.198
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	27.79	33.68	30.22	5.143	0.163

项目Item	组别Group			SEM	P值 P-value
项目Item	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	SEM	P值 P-value
瘤胃微生物Rumen microbiota
Chao1指数Chao1 index	1 317.27	1 058.17	1 223.10	51.552	0.112
Observed species指数Observed species index	913.23	776.21	818.77	36.497	0.307
PD whole tree指数PD whole tree index	76.57	68.29	71.05	2.241	0.323
Shannon指数Shannon index	6.25	6.05	5.85	0.207	0.398
Simpson指数Simpson index	0.946	0.946	0.941	0.005	0.922
覆盖率/% Coverage	99.99	99.99	99.99	0	1
粪便微生物Fecal microbiota
Chao1指数Chao1 index	2 940.15	2 881.63	2 745.01	45.106	0.199
Observed species指数Observed species index	2 300.83	2 279.56	2 170.23	44.720	0.802
PD whole tree指数PD whole tree index	163.45	161.06	156.67	2.435	0.642
Shannon指数Shannon index	7.90	7.84	7.47	0.148	0.773
Simpson指数Simpson index	0.980	0.983	0.959	0.007	1.403
覆盖率/% Coverage	99.99	99.99	99.99	0	1

项目Item	组别Group			SEM	P值 P-value
项目Item	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	SEM	P值 P-value
瘤胃微生物(门水平)Rumen microbiota(Phylum level)
拟杆菌门Bacteroidota	43.07	48.27	44.38	2.071	0.590
厚壁菌门Firmicutes	42.99	42.49	44.47	2.255	0.939
髌骨菌门Patescibacteria	1.18	0.46	0.24	0.319	0.471
变形菌门Proteobacteria	8.96	6.03	7.28	1.578	0.768
脱硫杆菌门Desulfobacterota	0.13	0.09	0.08	0.023	0.655
蓝菌门Cyanobacteria	1.08	0.73	0.52	0.118	0.155
螺旋体门Spirochaetota	0.64	0.19	0.73	0.170	0.403
广古菌门Euryarchaeota	0.49	0.15	0.53	0.129	0.439
疣微菌门Verrucomicrobiota	0.01	0.00	0.27	0.085	0.371
放线菌门Actinobacteriota	1.04	1.45	1.35	0.211	0.726
瘤胃微生物(属水平)Rumen microbiota(genus level)
口腔杆菌属Oribacterium	2.62	2.86	1.54	0.387	0.350
瘤胃球菌属Ruminococcus	2.13^a	3.40^ab	8.85^b	1.218	0.048
普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella	34.39	40.73	31.82	2.685	0.398
理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group	1.56	1.83	2.79	0.364	0.365
毛螺菌科NK3A20群Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group	2.19	2.66	2.81	0.305	0.712
Muribaculaceae	2.98	2.49	2.39	0.290	0.694
琥珀酸弧菌属_UCG-001 Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001	6.12	5.60	5.25	1.176	0.959
uncultured	2.72	5.07	8.87	1.406	0.203
互营球菌属Syntrophococcus	3.30	4.66	4.80	1.101	0.842
梭菌属_UCG-014 Clostridia_UCG-014	4.51	3.99	2.61	0.537	0.345

项目Item	组别Group			SEM	P值 P-value
项目Item	CK	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	SEM	P值 P-value
粪便微生物(门水平) Fecal microbiota(phylum level)
厚壁菌门Firmicutes	49.06	52.66	45.41	1.653	0.208
弯曲杆菌门Campilobacterota	0.32	0.12	0.51	0.110	0.374
螺旋体门Spirochaetota	3.26	2.89	3.50	0.735	0.948
广古菌门Euryarchaeota	0.65^a	0.41^ab	0.10^b	0.082	0.013
拟杆菌门Bacteroidota	39.12	39.22	43.85	1.359	0.280
髌骨菌门Patescibacteria	0.98	1.09	0.38	0.320	0.650
纤维杆菌门Fibrobacterota	0.20	0.24	0.13	0.056	0.745
梭杆菌门Fusobacteriota	0.34	0.34	0.28	0.117	0.978
放线菌门Actinobacteriota	0.65^a	0.67^a	1.53^b	0.163	0.035
变形菌门Proteobacteria	4.71	2.10	3.71	0.834	0.459
粪便微生物(属水平) Fecal microbiota(genus level)
Muribaculaceae	9.22	7.31	10.14	1.068	0.568
uncultured	5.07	6.82	5.15	0.467	0.231
芽孢杆菌-RF39 Bacilli-RF39	3.69	4.39	2.51	0.340	0.058
普雷沃氏菌科NK3B31群Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group	4.21	3.11	3.22	0.832	0.852
Eubacterium_coprostanoligenes_group	6.06	4.71	3.44	0.464	0.061
梭菌属-UCG-014Clostridia_UCG-014	3.20	4.61	3.56	0.328	0.193
密螺旋体属Treponema	3.24	2.88	3.50	0.735	0.948
普雷沃氏菌属Prevotella	3.35	6.96	15.38	2.202	0.065
颤螺菌科UCG-005 Oscillospiraceae-UCG-005	6.49	7.04	5.34	0.574	0.489
理研菌科RC9肠道群Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group	8.58	9.53	4.85	0.887	0.067