Fig. 1

Diagrams of the virion structure of the coronavirus(color image is provided in supplementary materials of OSID)"

Fig. 2

Diagrams of the structure and the domain structure of prefusion S protein(color images are provided in supplementary materials of OSID) A. S protein structure; B. Schematic diagram of S protein domain"

Table 1

Functional receptors and co-receptor factors of coronavirus"

Fig. 3

Diagrams of the closed and open structure of the CTD of coronavirus S protomer[2](color images are provided in supplementary materials of OSID) A. Closed conformation; B. Open conformation"

Fig. 4

The membrane fusion model of coronavirus S protein facilitates viral entry into cells[48](color images are provided in supplementary materials of OSID) After the S1 subunit binds to the receptor, the S protein is cleaved by protease (Fig. A), and the fusion peptide (FP) on the S2 subunit is exposed and penetrate into the host cell membrane (Fig. B). The heptad repeat 1 (HR1) and HR2 fold to form a six-helix bundle structure (Fig. C-E), aligning the FP with the single channel transmembrane anchor (TM), further promoting merging between the viral membrane and the cell membrane (Fig. D, E)"