油茶籽粕的活性成分、生物学功能及其在畜禽生产中的应用研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.05.008

Abstract

Abstract:

Camellia seed meal, a by-product of Camellia oil extraction, is rich in protein, fat, sugars, and bioactive compounds such as saponins, flavonoids, protease, polysaccharides, and polyphenols. These components exhibit potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immune-regulating, lipid metabolism-modulating, hypoglycemic, and anticancer properties. The inclusion of Camellia seed meal in livestock and poultry feed has shown significant potential in enhancing growth performance, immunity, and intestinal microbiota composition. This review systematically examines the bioactive components and biological functions of Camellia seed meal and explores its application potential in livestock and poultry production in depth, offering scientific insights for its broader utilization in the industry.

Key words: Camellia seed meal, active ingredients, biological functions, livestock production

CLC Number:

S816.42

QIN Xiaoxia, GAN Haiqing, SHE Gaojin, LIU Yong, HUANG Xingguo, CHEN Lirong, YANG Lingyuan. Research Progess in Active Components, Biological Functions of Camellia Seed Meal and Its Applications in Livestock and Poultry Production[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(5): 2070-2081.

Figures/Tables 4

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References 74

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种类 Category	产地 Origin	加工方式 Processing methods	粗蛋白质 CP	糖类 TC	粗纤维 CF	粗脂肪 EE	粗灰分 Ash	参考文献 References
油茶饼粕 Camellia oleifera cake	贵州天柱	冷榨	8.9	-	18.98	9.4	4.03	[11]
油茶饼粕 Camellia oleifera cake	安徽六安	冷榨	15	40	6	5	6	[13]
油茶饼粕 Camellia oleifera cake	广东东菀	-	15.94	26.09	6	6.64	-	[21]
油茶饼粕 Camellia oleifera cake	海南琼海	热压	11.38	14.42	6.81	11.24	8.25	[22]
油茶籽粕 Camellia seed meal	湖南衡阳	低温压榨	-	-	46.18	5.35	1.72	[23]
油茶籽粕 Camellia seed meal	湖南长沙	-	15	40	6	5	14	[24]
油茶籽粕 Camellia seed meal	湖北通程	低温冷榨	13.00±2.02	11.19±0.86	14.77±3.19	2.15±0.55	11.30±0.05	[25]
油茶籽粕 Camellia seed meal	湖南浏阳	机榨浸提	9.19±1.55	10.05±1.24	17.92±1.58	2.90±0.01	9.08±0.02	[25]

提取方法 Extraction methods	特点 Characteristics	活性物质 Active components	提取率 Extraction rate	参考文献 References
超声波辅助法 Ultrasonic-assisted	提取效率高、时间短、适用性广、能耗和成本较低	多糖	14.56%	[26]
超声波辅助法 Ultrasonic-assisted	提取效率高、时间短、适用性广、能耗和成本较低	多酚	2.99%	[27]
		茶皂素	(22.79±1.16)%	[28]
超声波辅助水酶萃取法 Ultrasonic-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction	降低溶剂和能源消耗，提升提取效率	油茶籽粕蛋白	(83.30±0.60)%	[29]
超声波辅助水酶萃取法 Ultrasonic-assisted aqueous enzymatic extraction	降低溶剂和能源消耗，提升提取效率	多酚	18.94 mg·g^－1	[30]
酶解法 Enzymolysis	经酶解预处理，提取率高，但是消耗时间久	多糖	19.48%	[26]
酶解法 Enzymolysis	经酶解预处理，提取率高，但是消耗时间久	油茶籽粕蛋白	80.83%	[31]
		茶皂素	3.97%	[32]
微波辅助法 Microwave-assisted method	简便、快速和高效，但对人体有辐射且耗能高	多酚	(15.05±0.04)%	[33]
微波辅助法 Microwave-assisted method	简便、快速和高效，但对人体有辐射且耗能高	茶皂素	80.57%	[34]
水提醇沉法 Water extract alcohol precipitation method	成本低，操作简单，但提取温度对提取率影响大	多糖	6.21%	[35]
水提醇沉法 Water extract alcohol precipitation method	成本低，操作简单，但提取温度对提取率影响大	茶皂素	25.24%	[36]

活性物质 Active components	主要成分 Essential component	结构 Structure	化学结构式 Chemical structural formula	功能 Function	参考文献 References
皂苷类 Saponosides	茶皂素、油茶皂苷	以皂苷元、糖体和有机酸为基本结构而构成的一种齐墩果烷型的五环三萜类皂苷化合物	茶皂素：	抗炎、抗氧化、抗癌、抑菌、降血糖等	[41-42]
多糖类 Polyose	甘露糖(30.06%)、半乳糖(22.92%)、阿拉伯糖(18.17%)、鼠李糖(11.39%)、葡萄糖(11.26%)和木糖(6.22%)	由9个以上单糖分子脱水缩合而成，是由醛基和酮基通过糖苷键连接的高分子聚合物	多糖：	具有抗肿瘤、降血糖、降血脂、抗氧化、抗菌等功能	[12,26]
多酚类 Polyphenols	主要为儿茶素、黄酮、类黄酮醇、酚酸、单宁和山奈酚等大类化合物，其中以儿茶素类化合物含量最多	以α-苯基苯并吡喃为结构基础的类黄酮化合物	茶多酚：	抗氧化、抗癌症、增加肠道有益菌、抑制和杀死引起腹泻的各种病原菌，还具有降血糖、清热解毒等功效	[2,37,43]
			EGCG：
蛋白类 Protide	主要包括清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶性蛋白以及谷蛋白	ɑ螺旋占803%、β折叠占1%、β转角占64%、无规卷曲占158%	油茶籽粕蛋白：	具有降血压、降血脂、抗氧化、抗病菌、抗病毒功能	[22,44-45]

畜禽 Livestock and poultry	阶段 Phase	添加物 Supplement	试验时间 Test time	应用效果 Application effect	文献 References
蛋鸡 Laying hens	26周龄	300或500 mg·kg^－1油茶籽粕提取物和100 mg/kg粪肠球菌	12周	显著降低蛋形指数、哈氏单位和蛋壳强度，提高血清IgA和IgG水平，调节血清脂质代谢，增加盲肠菌群的多样性	[69]
肉鸡 Broiler chickens	15日龄	15%发酵油茶籽粕	28 d	提高肉鸡的生长性能、屠体性能和改善肉品质，促进肉鸡免疫器官的发育，改善肉鸡小肠形态，调节肠道菌群	[70]
生长猪 Growing pigs	18 kg	4%油茶籽粕	74 d	显著降低了ADG和ADFI，提高了料肉比和SOD含量，提高猪的抗氧化能力	[71]
生长猪 Growing pigs	(31.03±2.13) kg	600 mg·kg^－1油茶籽粕提取物	48 d	显著提高ADFI、ADG和血清中的IgG水平及血清INF-γ水平，显著降低了F/G、血清尿素氮，改善了生长猪的生长性能, 增强了免疫功能	[72]
泌乳期奶牛 Lactating dairy cows	-	15%、30%、45%发酵油茶籽粕	30 d	改善瘤胃内环境，增强奶牛对营养物质的消化吸收，显著提高产奶量、乳脂率，极显著提高乳蛋白率，降低血液尿素氮含量	[4]
成年小尾寒羊 Adult small-tailed Han sheep	50 kg	油茶籽粕	-	提高生产性能和瘤胃内营养物质降解率，如摄入48 h后瘤胃内粗蛋白有效降解率高于棉籽粕、菜籽粕和棕榈仁粕	[73]
成年湖羊 Adult Hu sheep	-	25%发酵油茶籽粕	-	有利于瘤胃微生物繁殖，促进营养成分降解和发酵	[74]

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[2]	LI Yixuan, NIU Jingyi, LI Gang, WAN Chao, FANG Rendong, YE Chao. Research Progress on the Biological Functions of Tegument Proteins Encoded by Pseudorabies Virus [J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(3): 957-970.
[3]	ZHONG Zhuxia, HU Xiuzhong, XIANG Min, YU Jie, LIU Chenhui, ZHAO Shenglan, WAN Pingmin, WANG Dingfa, ZHOU Yuan, CHENG Lei. Research Progress on Biological Function and Application of Pregnancy Associated Glycoproteins in Livestock Production [J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(3): 874-881.
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[5]	ZHANG Ranran, LIU Huamiao, WANG Hongliang, LI Yang, XING Xiumei. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Sika Deer Antler Based on Label-free [J]. ACTA VETERINARIA ET ZOOTECHNICA SINICA, 2019, 50(10): 2005-2012.

Research Progess in Active Components, Biological Functions of Camellia Seed Meal and Its Applications in Livestock and Poultry Production

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