畜禽胃肠道共生真菌研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.01.006

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

畜禽胃肠道共生真菌是指在胃肠道中长期定植的真菌，它们与细菌等微生物菌群共同维持胃肠道微生态系统的稳定。多个研究表明，畜禽胃肠道中存在着大量共生真菌，这些真菌不仅不会引起疾病，还会对宿主起到多种有益作用。不同物种的胃肠道真菌种类有所不同，整体来看，畜禽胃肠道中的真菌主要包括子囊菌门(Ascomycoa)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和新美鞭菌门(Neocallimastigomycota)。畜禽胃肠道内的共生真菌群落组成会受到多种因素的影响，例如日粮、年龄、品种及健康状况等。与细菌类似，目前共生真菌研究主要通过传统培养基法、高通量测序法来进行。新兴的培养组学技术能够分离鉴定出的共生真菌种类更加多样。研究表明，共生真菌作为畜禽胃肠道微生物的重要组成部分，它直接或间接地参与了多种机体生理过程，如促进畜禽摄入的营养物质的消化、参与宿主免疫调节、促进糖酵解等。本文主要针对畜禽胃肠道有益或者潜在有益共生真菌，从共生真菌的种类、鉴定方法、影响因素、益生作用及其作用机制等方面展开综述，以期为调控畜禽胃肠道健康提供新的思路和参考。

关键词: 共生真菌, 畜禽胃肠道, 真菌培养, 生产性能, 免疫调节

Abstract:

Symbiotic fungi in gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry refer to fungi that have been colonized in gastrointestinal tract persistently, and they maintain the stability of gastrointestinal microecosystem together with bacteria and other microbial flora. Many studies have shown that there are a large number of symbiotic fungi in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, which not only will not cause diseases, but also have beneficial effects to the host. There are different kinds of gastrointestinal symbiotic fungi in different species. On the whole, the symbiotic fungi in the gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry mainly include Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Neocallimastigomycota. The composition of symbiotic fungi community in gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry can be affected by many factors, such as diet, age, breed and health condition. Similar to bacteria, the research on symbiotic fungi is mainly carried out by traditional culture medium method and high-throughput sequencing method currently. The emerging cultureomics technologies can separate and identify more kinds of symbiotic fungi. Studies have shown that symbiotic fungi, as an important part of gastrointestinal microorganisms in livestock and poultry, directly or indirectly participate in various physiological processes, such as promoting the digestion of nutrients ingested by livestock and poultry, participating in host immune regulation, promoting the glycolysis, etc. In this paper, the symbiotic fungal probiotics or potential symbiotic fungal probiotics in gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry were reviewed on the types of symbiotic fungi, the main methods of identifying symbiotic fungi, the factors affecting the abundance of symbiotic fungi in gastrointestinal tract, the beneficial effects and mechanism of symbiotic fungi, in order to provide new ideas and references for regulating the gastrointestinal health of livestock and poultry.

Key words: symbiotic fungi, gastrointestinal tract of livestock and poultry, fungi culture, production performance, immune regulation

中图分类号:

S815.4

常萱, 魏冰妮, 张小丽, 赵中权, 陈俊材. 畜禽胃肠道共生真菌研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(1): 63-73.

CHANG Xuan, WEI Bingni, ZHANG Xiaoli, ZHAO Zhongquan, CHEN Juncai. Research Progress of Gastrointestinal Symbiotic Fungi in Livestock and Poultry[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(1): 63-73.

图/表 2

表 1

畜禽胃肠道常见共生真菌[6-9, 11-16]"

物种 Species	品种 Variety	日龄 Days of age	健康状态 Health condition	实验处理 Experimental treatment	样品来源 Sample source	主要优势真菌属 Main dominant symbiotic fungi at genus level	其他优势真菌属 Other dominant symbiotic fungi at genus level	参考文献 References
猪 Swine	金华猪	270日龄	健康	高瘦肉率	回肠食糜	Naganishia	Clavaria、Rhizopus	[7]
					结肠食糜	Xeromyces	Xerochrysium、Verticllium、Wickerhamomyces、Wallemia、
			健康	低瘦肉率	回肠食糜	Kazachstania	Gloeotinia、Saccharomyces
					结肠食糜	Clavaria	Kazachstania、Aspergillus、Verticllium
	杂交杜洛克	21日龄	健康	—	结肠食糜	Scheffersomyces、Kazachstania	Aspergillus、Dipodscus	[8]
	藏猪	21日龄	健康	—	粪便	Derxomyces、Lecanicillium、Aspergillus	Simplicillium、Cutaneotrichosporon	[9]
			腹泻	—	粪便	Lecanicillium
			健康	抗生素	粪便	Derxomyces、Lecanicillium
	藏猪	365日龄	健康	—	粪便	Russula、Nephroma	Candida、Loreleia
	成华猪	200~210日龄	健康	—	粪便	Loreleia、Russula	Nephroma、Candida、Metschnikowia	[6]
	约克夏猪	140~150日龄	健康	—	粪便	Loreleia、Russula	Candida、Metschnikowia
羊 Sheep & Goat	湖羊	0~3日龄	健康	—	瘤胃液	Debaryomyces	Wallemia、Aspergillus、Microascus	[11]
		3~45日龄			瘤胃液	Aspergillus	Microascus、Wallemia
		45~120日龄			瘤胃液	Saccharomyces	Aspergillus、Wallemia
	白绒山羊	10日龄	健康	—	瘤胃液	Mortierela	Sporormiella、Aspergillus	[12]
		150日龄			粪便	Acaulium	Aspergillus、Kernia
			健康	—	瘤胃液	Saccharomyces	Ascochyta、Cladosporium
					粪便	Cladosporium	Penicilium
牛 Cattle	杂交荷斯坦	7~63日龄	健康	—	瘤胃液	SK3、Caecomyces	Orpinomyces、Piromyces、Neocallimastixs	[13]
	牦牛	犊牛	腹泻	—	粪便	Podospora、Sporormiella	Ascobolus、Preussia、Plenodomus、Phoma	[14]
		成年	腹泻	—	粪便	Ustilago
			健康	—	粪便	Sporormiella、Ustilago
家禽 Poultry	科宝肉鸡	0~42日龄	健康	—	嗉囊、十二指肠至结肠食糜	Gibberella	Aspergillus、Candida	[15]
家禽 Poultry	罗斯肉鸡	0~62日龄	健康	—	盲肠食糜	Aspergillus、Penicillium	Verticillium、Sporidiobolus	[16]

表 1

图 1

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