猪肠道冠状病毒功能性受体及入侵相关宿主因子研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.12.011

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冠状病毒种类多，感染谱广，对人和动物健康危害严重。以猪流行性腹泻病毒(PEDV)为代表的猪肠道冠状病毒对全球养猪业构成严重威胁。近年来，新发现的猪丁型冠状病毒(PDCoV)已被证实具备突破物种屏障、感染人类的潜在风险。病毒是严格的胞内寄生物，其感染宿主涉及黏附、侵入、复制、组装以及释放等复杂过程。其中，病毒囊膜表面刺突蛋白与宿主细胞膜特异性受体/辅助因子的相互作用，不仅决定其组织嗜性和宿主范围，更是影响病毒跨物种传播能力的关键分子基础。本文主要介绍上述猪肠道冠状病毒的功能受体和入侵相关宿主因子的发现思路、研究现状、存在问题以及未来方向，以期为揭示冠状病毒的感染与致病机制提供借鉴，同时对发掘靶向受体的新型抗病毒药物以及基于基因编辑的抗病育种具有潜在意义。

关键词: 冠状病毒, 刺突蛋白, 受体, 宿主因子, 猪

Abstract:

Coronaviruses, infecting diverse species with broad infection spectra, continue to devastate human and animal health. Porcine intestinal coronaviruses, represented by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pose serious challenges to the global swine industry. The newly identified porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) has been shown to possess zoonotic potential in experimental settings, highlighting the risk of interspecies transmission. As obligate intracellular parasites, viral infection involves complex processes, including attachment, entry, replication, assembly, and release. Among these stages, the interaction between viral envelope spike proteins and specific receptors on host cell membranes not only determines tissue tropism and host range but also constitutes the fundamental molecular basis affecting cross-species transmission. This review primarily focuses on the methodological advances, current research landscapes, and unresolved challenges regarding the functional receptors and host entry factors of these porcine enteric coronaviruses. Through this systematic analysis, we aim to provide a reference for elucidating the infection and pathogenic mechanisms of coronaviruses, particularly for designing receptor-blocking therapeutics and genome-editing-based breeding programs.

Key words: coronavirus, spike, receptor, host factors, pigs

中图分类号:

S852.659.6

班曼曼, 宗瑞, 唐金梦, 马雨辰, 杜帅, 袁一心, 李文涛, 杜文娟, 李永涛. 猪肠道冠状病毒功能性受体及入侵相关宿主因子研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(12): 6060-6072.

BAN Manman, ZONG Rui, TANG Jinmeng, MA Yuchen, DU Shuai, YUAN Yixin, LI Wentao, DU Wenjuan, LI Yongtao. Research Progress on Functional Receptors and Host Entry Factors of Porcine Enteric Coronaviruses[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(12): 6060-6072.

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属 Genus	人类冠状病毒 Human coronavirus	动物冠状病毒 Animal coronavirus	主要宿主 Primary host
甲型冠状病毒属 Alphacoronavirus，αCoV	HCoV-229E、HCoV-NL63	PEDV、猪传染性胃肠炎病毒(TGEV)、猪急性腹泻综合征冠状病毒(SADS-CoV)、猫冠状病毒(FCoV)、犬冠状病毒(CCoV)	人、猪、猫、犬
乙型冠状病毒属 Betacoronavirus，βCoV	SARS-CoV、MERS-CoV、SARS-CoV-2、HCoV-OC43、HCoV-HKU1	BCoV、鼠肝炎病毒(MHV)、猪血凝性脑脊髓炎病毒(PHEV)	人、蝙蝠、骆驼、鼠、猪、牛
丙型冠状病毒属 Gammacoronavirus，γCoV	无	IBV	鸡、火鸡
丁型冠状病毒属 Deltacoronavirus，δCoV	无	PDCoV	猪、鸟类、人

分类 Classification	技术示例 Technical examples	准确性 Accuracy	通量 Flux	成本 Cost	主要局限 Main limitations	应用案例 Application cases
蛋白互作技术 Protein-protein interaction technology	IP/MS、TurboID等	中-高	低-中	中	仅限蛋白类受体	ACE2(SARS-CoV)^[10]
过表达技术 Overexpression technique	cDNA过表达	低	高	低-中	假阳性率高	ACE2(SARS-CoV)^[13]
基因沉默技术 Gene silencing technology	siRNA沉默	低	高	低-中	假阳性率高	AP2M1(泛冠状病毒)^[14]
全基因组CRISPR筛选技术 Whole-genome CRISPR screening technology	GeCKO v2、Brunello文库	高	极高	高	数据分析复杂	TMEM41B(泛冠状病毒)^[20]

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[2]	许黎明, 张聪, 温墩, 饶肇玺, 郝韵, 刘俊逸, 杜陶然, 王文强, 李强, 李平华, 黄瑞华. 影响苏淮猪粗纤维表观消化率的宿主基因挖掘[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 136-145.
[3]	王言, 顾以韧, 张进威, 杨雪梅, 梁艳, 刘锐, 陶璇, 杨跃奎, 安瑞, 杨坤, 张兴, 陈晓晖, 龚建军. 川乡黑猪、巴克夏猪、杜洛克猪肠道微生物多样性差异分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 146-154.
[4]	郭震楠, 吕世政, 萧宗贤, 吴启吉, 包雨加, 李清, 李齐发, 李琦琦, 杜星. KLF5抑制氧化应激状态下猪卵泡颗粒细胞中miR-370与miR-219a的转录[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 234-245.
[5]	王伏羲, 马翠, 黄康, 李蕊彤, 赵青余, 张军民, 闫益波, 司玮. 18β-甘草次酸可缓解D-半乳糖诱导断奶仔猪氧化应激肺损伤[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 305-316.
[6]	顾小玉, 贾雪寅, 刘小惠, 于学祥, 李文涛, 何启盖. 猪伪狂犬病病毒gE蛋白单链抗体的制备及鉴定[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 317-326.
[7]	罗润波, 吴丹, 李可欣, 钟亚男, 索朗斯珠, 商鹏. 藏猪源产气荚膜梭菌的分离与耐药状况分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 392-400.
[8]	齐嘉慧, 付婷婷, 郑敏行, 王璇晶, 吴海洋, 卢嘉茵, 罗小毛, 于秀菊, 王海东, 闫艺. 过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α通过调控AMPK/P38 MAPK通路促进小鼠骨骼肌发育[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 443-453.
[9]	赵琳, 邬昆富, 车思艳, 卢宇, 王梓, 吴苗苗. 三七茎叶提取物对脂多糖攻毒下仔猪生长性能、腹泻指数及肠道健康的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 540-552.
[10]	胡章玉, 张永青, 陈忆廉, 许发芝, 常馨月, 方富贵, 李亮, 孙裴, 刘雪兰. 基于多酶恒温快速扩增检测猪链球菌及其3种主要血清型方法的建立及应用[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 564-568.
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[12]	黎梦帆, 李青阳, 宋艳雯, 宋振辉, 张兴翠. 冠状病毒S蛋白的结构和功能研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4241-4252.
[13]	田姣, 龙菊烟, 陈霞, 岑晓丽, 牛熙, 黄世会, 王嘉福, 冉雪琴. 香猪ENTPD1基因3'UTR的SINE插入下调其基因表达[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4303-4314.
[14]	覃阳, 夏嗣廷, 何流琴, 王天丽, 刘宇炎, 姜肖翰, 刘智豪, 刘思危, 李铁军, 印遇龙. 慢性氧化应激对断奶仔猪器官组织微量元素含量的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4452-4460.
[15]	茹敏, 蒋小丰, 罗国升, 武永厚. 饲粮添加枯草芽孢杆菌对大肠杆菌攻毒仔猪生长性能、血清免疫及抗氧化功能、肠道形态和微生物的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4461-4471.