叶酸和钴胺素对围产期奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化和肝脂质含量的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.11.027

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在研究包被叶酸(CFA)和包被钴胺素(CCA)对围产期奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化、瘤胃发酵和肝脂质含量的影响。选取48头胎次、上一泌乳期产奶量和体重相近的围产期荷斯坦奶牛，按2×2因子、随机区组设计分为4组，对照组饲喂基础日粮，其余3组分别在基础日粮中添加CFA 6.75 g·d^-1、CCA 0.6 g·d^-1和CFA 6.75 g·d^-1+CCA 0.6 g·d^-1。试验从奶牛产前21 d开始，产后21 d结束。奶牛产后，测定体重变化(BWC)、产奶性能，采集血液、瘤胃液和肝样品。结果发现：1)补充CFA，奶牛BWC显著降低(P < 0.05)，饲料效率显著提高(P < 0.05)。补充CFA或CCA，实际乳、乳脂校正乳(FCM)、乳脂肪和乳蛋白质产量显著提高(P < 0.05)。2)补充CFA，干物质(DM)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)表观消化率显著提高(P < 0.05)。补充CCA，DM、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、NDF和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率显著提高(P < 0.05)。3)补充CFA或CCA，瘤胃pH无显著变化(P>0.05)，总挥发性脂肪酸(TVFA)浓度显著增加(P < 0.05)。补充CFA，瘤胃乙酸浓度和乙酸/丙酸显著增加(P < 0.05)。补充CCA，瘤胃丙酸浓度显著增加(P < 0.05)，乙酸/丙酸显著降低(P < 0.05)。4)补充CFA，血液非酯化脂肪酸、β-羟丁酸(BHB)和同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)浓度显著降低，血液葡萄糖浓度无显著变化(P>0.05)，叶酸(FA)浓度显著增加(P < 0.05)。补充CCA，血液葡萄糖和钴胺素(CA)浓度显著增加(P < 0.05)。5)补充CFA，奶牛肝中FA含量显著提高，总脂和甘油三酯(TG)含量显著降低(P < 0.05)；补充CCA，肝中CA含量显著提高，总脂和TG含量无显著变化(P>0.05)。6)与单独补充CFA或CCA相比，二者联合补充, 奶牛FCM产量、NDF消化率和瘤胃TVFA浓度较高(P < 0.05)，血液Hcy和肝TG含量较低(P < 0.05)。综上表明，CFA和CCA联合补充对改善围产期奶牛泌乳性能和降低肝脂质含量比单独补充更有效。

关键词: 叶酸, 钴胺素, 泌乳性能, 脂质代谢, 围产期奶牛

Abstract:

The study evaluated the effects of coated folic acid (CFA) and coated cobalamin (CCA) on the lactation performance, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation and hepatic lipid content of dairy cows during perinatal period. Forty-eight Holstein dairy cows during perinatal period with similar parity, previous 305-d milk yield and body weight were assigned in a 2×2 factorial and randomized block design to 4 groups: cows in the control group were fed a basal diet, and those in other 3 groups were fed basal diets supplemented with CFA 6.75 g·d^-1, CCA 0.6 g·d^-1, and CFA 6.75 g·d^-1+CCA 0.6 g·d^-1, respectively. The study started at 21 days before the excepted calving date and ended at 21 days after calving. During the postpartum 21 days, body weight change (BWC) and lactation performance were determined, and samples of blood, rumen fluid and liver tissue were collected. The results showed as follows: 1) CFA addition significantly decreased the BWC (P < 0.05) and significantly increased feed efficiency (P < 0.05). The yields of actual milk, 4% fat-corrected milk (FCM), milk fat and milk protein significantly increased (P < 0.05) with CFA or CCA addition. 2) The apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) increased significantly (P < 0.05) with CFA addition. The apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) significantly increased with CCA addition (P < 0.05). 3) Rumen pH was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentration increased (P < 0.05) with CFA or CCA addition. Rumen acetate concentration and acetate to propionate ratio increased significantly (P < 0.05) with CFA addition. Rumen propionate concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05), while acetate to propionate ratio decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with CCA addition. 4) Blood nonesterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and homocysteine (Hcy) contents decreased (P < 0.05) with CFA addition. Blood glucose content was not significantly changed (P>0.05), but folate (FA) content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with CFA addition. Blood glucose and cobalamin (CA) contents increased significantly (P < 0.05) with CCA addition. 5) Hepatic FA content increased significantly (P < 0.05), and total lipid and triglyceride (TG) contents decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with CFA addition. Hepatic CA content increased significantly (P < 0.05), but total lipid and TG contents were not significantly changed (P>0.05) with CCA addition. 6) When compared with CFA or CCA addition alone, the FCM yield, NDF digestibility and rumen TVFA concentration were greater (P < 0.05), and blood Hcy and hepatic TG contents were lower for cows receiving CFA and CCA together. In conclusion, addition of CFA and CCA together is more effective in improving lactation performance and reducing hepatic lipid content compared with CFA or CCA addition alone.

Key words: folic acid, cobalamin, lactation performance, lipid metabolism, dairy cows during perinatal period

中图分类号:

S823.911.5

杨巧丽, 李福岗, 闫国骏, 刘强, 郭刚, 王聪. 叶酸和钴胺素对围产期奶牛泌乳性能、养分消化和肝脂质含量的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(11): 5114-5123.

Qiaoli YANG, Fugang LI, Guojun YAN, Qiang LIU, Gang GUO, Cong WANG. Effects of Folic Acid and Cobalamin on Lactation Performance, Nutrient Digestion and Hepatic Lipid Content in Dairy Cows during Perinatal Period[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(11): 5114-5123.

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原料 Ingredient	产前 Prepartum	产后 Postpartum	营养水平²⁾ Nutrients level	产前 Prepartum	产后 Postpartum
玉米青贮Corn silage	36.00	26.00	有机物OM	94.52	94.58
苜蓿干草Alfalfa hay		11.50	粗蛋白质CP	15.96	16.87
燕麦草Oat hay	24.00	12.50	粗脂肪EE	3.16	3.28
玉米Corn grain	15.10	25.00	中性洗涤纤维NDF	35.29	31.31
麸皮Wheat bran	6.00	6.00	酸性洗涤纤维ADF	21.47	19.13
豆粕Soybean meal	10.00	9.5	钙Ca	0.70	0.73
菜籽粕Rapeseed meal	2.40	2.60	磷P	0.47	0.47
棉籽粕Cottonseed meal	5.20	5.00	泌乳净能/(MJ·kg^－1) NE_L	6.41	6.76
碳酸钙CaCO₃	0.70	0.50
食盐NaCl	0.60	0.50
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	0.40	0.30
预混料Premix¹⁾	0.60	0.50
合计Total	100.00	100.00

项目 Item	CCA-		CCA+		标准误 SEM	P值P-value
项目 Item	CFA-	CFA+	CFA-	CFA+	标准误 SEM	CFA	CCA	CFA×CCA
干物质采食量/(kg·d^-1)DMI	23.07	23.18	23.31	22.97	0.733	0.887	0.926	0.875
产后第1天体重/kg Postpartum 1 d BW	741.5	767.9	757.4	743.2	19.63	0.422	0.873	0.936
产后第21天体重/kg Postpartum 21 d BW	703.2	737.2	719.6	713.6	27.43	1.004	0.549	0.814
产后体重变化/(kg·d^-1)Postpartum BWC	-1.82	-1.46	-1.79	-1.40	0.064	0.032	0.098	0.137
产奶量/(kg·d^-1)Milk yield
实际产奶Actual milk	37.98	39.80	39.67	41.03	0.443	0.023	0.033	0.326
4%乳脂矫正奶FCM	36.83	38.97	39.13	40.29	0.668	0.038	0.017	0.042
乳脂肪Milk fat	1.44	1.54	1.55	1.59	0.024	0.027	0.026	0.312
乳蛋白质Milk protein	1.15	1.20	1.23	1.29	0.033	0.032	0.029	0.159
乳糖Lactose	1.91	2.01	2.02	2.08	0.048	0.714	0.675	0.476
乳成分含量/% Milk component
乳脂肪Milk fat	3.80	3.86	3.91	3.88	0.077	0.107	0.111	0.322
乳蛋白质Milk protein	3.03	3.01	3.12	3.15	0.083	0.094	0.073	0.417
乳糖Lactose	5.03	5.06	5.10	5.08	0.032	0.492	0.123	0.326
饲料效率FE	1.65	1.72	1.70	1.79	0.018	0.038	0.072	0.285

项目 Item	CCA-		CCA+		标准误 SEM	P值P-value
项目 Item	CFA-	CFA+	CFA-	CFA+	标准误 SEM	CFA	CCA	CFA×CCA
干物质DM	67.39	69.35	71.40	70.89	0.386	0.013	0.001	0.314
有机物OM	68.06	70.66	72.11	72.47	0.361	0.111	0.001	0.098
粗蛋白质CP	73.20	74.51	75.73	76.15	0.507	0.141	0.032	0.107
中性洗涤纤维NDF	50.26	53.09	53.20	55.76	0.728	0.007	0.003	0.026
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	47.21	48.07	50.69	50.44	0.769	0.172	0.043	0.184

项目 Item	CCA-		CCA+		标准误 SEM	P值P-value
项目 Item	CFA-	CFA+	CFA-	CFA+	标准误 SEM	CFA	CCA	CFA×CCA
pH	6.57	6.52	6.47	6.41	0.033	0.064	0.101	0.385
总挥发性脂肪酸TVFA	116.9	120.3	123.6	127.5	1.099	0.027	0.019	0.045
乙酸Acetate	76.60	81.78	77.98	82.89	0.938	0.043	0.136	0.417
丙酸Propionate	21.79	20.80	25.38	25.32	0.845	0.129	0.008	0.314
丁酸Butyrate	10.64	10.79	11.29	11.38	1.044	0.097	0.086	0.165
戊酸Valerate	2.58	2.79	2.93	3.30	0.181	0.335	0.211	0.442
异丁酸Isobutyrate	1.37	1.31	1.56	1.45	0.085	0.640	0.574	0.417
异戊酸Isovalerate	3.91	4.73	4.76	4.19	0.104	0.228	0.103	0.354
乙酸/丙酸Acetate/Propionate	3.52	3.93	3.07	3.27	0.041	0.034	0.022	0.097

项目 Item	CCA-		CCA+		标准误 SEM	P值P-value
项目 Item	CFA-	CFA+	CFA-	CFA+	标准误 SEM	CFA	CCA	CFA×CCA
葡萄糖/(mmol·L^-1) Glucose	3.46	3.53	3.84	3.75	0.023	0.824	0.042	0.176
甘油三酯/(mmol·L^-1)TG	6.88	6.92	6.98	6.98	0.105	0.371	0.342	0.478
胆固醇/(mmol·L^-1) TC	6.98	6.94	7.12	7.12	0.178	0.141	0.162	0.322
极低密度脂蛋白/(mmol·L^-1) VLDL	1.08	1.14	1.11	1.14	0.395	0.098	0.111	0.425
载脂蛋白B100/(pg·mL^-1) ApoB100	993	1 009	1 034	1 015	21.52	0.374	0.451	0.319
非酯化脂肪酸/(μmol·L^-1) NEFA	111.1	99.3	110.3	98.7	19.29	0.027	0.174	0.176
β-羟丁酸/(μmol·L^-1) BHB	507	447	528	488	12.25	0.027	0.234	0.091
叶酸/(μmol·L^-1) FA	14.1	16.8	13.7	15.9	0.620	0.003	0.362	0.104
同型半胱氨酸/(μmol·L^-1) Hcy	11.7	9.02	9.76	7.65	0.423	0.003	0.007	0.012
钴胺素/(pmol·L^-1) CA	311.0	302.1	443.7	421.6	10.30	0.184	0.023	0.147