动物源细菌耐药性及中药消减耐药性的研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.06.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

日粮添加抗生素减少了畜禽生产中动物疾病的发生，发挥了促生长作用，但同时也导致了动物衍生产品和环境中抗生素的残留、动物多重耐药菌增多等问题，对食品安全和畜牧业的发展造成严重影响，威胁着人类健康与生态环境。在国家出台“饲料禁抗、养殖减抗”政策背景下，使用可增强动物抗病力的替抗产品成为研究热点，其中，中药以其来源广、副作用小、不易产生耐药性等优点受到广泛关注，单独使用或与抗菌药物联合使用展现出良好的抗菌效果。文章探讨了我国动物源细菌耐药性的现状，并对能够消减动物源细菌耐药性的中药及其作用机制进行了综述，以期为深入研究与防控动物源细菌耐药性提供科学依据。

关键词: 动物源细菌, 耐药性, 中药, 消减

Abstract:

The addition of antibiotics to animal feed has reduced the occurrence of animal diseases in livestock and poultry production and promoted growth. However, it also leads to a series of problem including antibiotic residues in animal-derived products and the environment, an increase in multi-drug resistant bacteria in animals, etc. And also has a serious impact on food safety and the development of animal husbandry, which threatening human health and the ecological environment. Against the backdrop of the national policy of "banning antibiotics in feed and reducing their use in breeding", the use of alternative products that can enhance the disease resistance of animals has become a research hotspot. Among them, traditional Chinese medicine has received widespread attention due to its wide sources, few side effects, and low likelihood of developing drug resistance. When used alone or in combination with antibacterial drugs, it shows good antibacterial effects. This article discusses the current situation of antibiotic resistance in animal-derived bacteria in China and reviews traditional Chinese medicines that can reduce antibiotic resistance in animal-derived bacteria and their mechanisms of action, with the aim of providing a scientific basis for in-depth research and control of antibiotic resistance in animal-derived bacteria.

Key words: animal-derived bacteria, antimicrobial resistance, traditional Chinese medicine, elimination

中图分类号:

S856
S853

李文超, 李维俏, 李欣, 王家庆, 张雅为, 李俊平. 动物源细菌耐药性及中药消减耐药性的研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(6): 2555-2576.

LI Wenchao, LI Weiqiao, LI Xin, WANG Jiaqing, ZHANG Yawei, LI Junping. Research Progress on Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal-derived Bacteria and Elimination of Antimicrobial Resistance by Traditional Chinese Medicine[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(6): 2555-2576.

图/表 3

表 1

表 2

国内部分地区动物源ARGs的流行情况"

年份 Year	区域 Region	来源 Provenance	基因 Gene	耐药菌阳性率(基因检出率) Antimicrobial resistance gene prevalence (gene detection rate)	参考文献 References
2015	山东	猪	bla_CTX-M-55、bla_CTX-M-14、bla_CTX-M-15	56.7%(32.4%、29.4%、20.6%)	^[41]
2014—2016	福建	猪	bla_CTX-M-14、bla_CT-M-65、bla_CTX-M-55	32.7%(18.0%、12.1%、7.5%)	[42]
2015—2017	陕西和甘肃	猪	bla_CTX-M-14、 bla_CTX-M-15	9.6%(52.3%、34.1%)	[43]
2017—2018	青海和甘肃	鸡、犬、猪、牦牛	TEM、CTM、SHV	55.5%患病；健康5.6%(82.3%、43.5%、19.4%)	[44]
2016—2021	湖南	鸡、猪、牛	bla_CTX-M-55	6.66%(42.9%)	[45]
2008—2014	上海、山西、四川、山东	鸡	bla_CTX-M-55、bla_CTX-M-65、bla_TEM	34.3%、17.9%、86.0%	[46]
2014—2015	山东	鸡	bla_CTX-M、bla_TEM-1、bla_SHV-5、	88.8%(100%、74.65%、3.52%)	[47]
2015—2019	广东、山东、新疆、黑龙江	鸡	bla_TEM、bla_CTX-M和bla_OXA	78.6%(100%、74.6%和3.64%)	[40]
2019	山西	鸡	bla_TEM、bla_OXA和bla_CTX-M-1/9	83.8%(93.33%、53.33%、86.67%)	[48]
2021	山东	禽	bla_CTX-M-55、bla_NDM-5、bla_NDM-4	3.5%(34.2%、66.7%、33.3%)	[49]
2015—2017	中国16省	牛(奶)	bla_CTX-M-1₅	19.7%	[50]
2019—2020	宁夏、陕西、青海、内蒙	羊	bla_CTX-M-55、bla_CTX-M-15	13.4%(61.5%、19.2%)	[51]
2013—2015	陕西	犬	bla_TEM-1、bla_SHV-12、bla_CTX-M-15、bla_CTX-M-123	24.2%(77.5%、35%、77.5%、35%)	[52]
2014	广州	犬、猫	bla_CTX-M	23.2(100%)	[53]
2012—2017	北京	犬、猫	bla_CTX-M-65、bla_CTX-M-15和bla_NDM	34.65%(43.18%、40.91%)和2.36%	[54]
2009—2014	—	鸡	mcr-1	5.2%~30%	[56]
2015	山东	鸡	bla_NDM、mcr-1	43.6%、67.9%	[57]
2014—2015	中国24省	猪、禽	mcr-4；mcr-5	41.4%、11.5%；33.1%、5.6%	[58]
2016	中国9省	猪、鸡	mcr-1；mcr-2；mcr-3	79.2%、31.8%；56.3%、5.5%；0.5%~18.7%、5.2%	[59]
2016—2017	哈尔滨、长春、沈阳	猪	mcr-1	59.66%(53.33%)	[61]
2017	四川	猪	mcr-1.1	86.4%→5.6%	[62]
2016—2018	中国14省	猪	mcr-1	45%→19%	[63]
2018	广西	猪	mcr-1	23.24%	[64]
2019	河南	鸡	mcr-1	2.62%	[65]
2019—2020	安徽、河南、辽宁等7省	猪、鸡	mcr-1	0.93%	[66]
2020	浙江	猪、鸡	mcr-1	1.36%(61.11%)	[15]
2015	北京	犬、猫	mcr-1	7.4%	[67]
2016	广州	犬、猫	mcr-1	6.25%	[68]
2013—2017	安徽	鸡	bla_NDM-7、bla_NDM-5	0.25%、1.25%	[72]
2018	安徽	鸭	bla_NDM	57.8%	[73]
2015	四川	猪	bla_NDM-5和mcr-1	15.2%	[74]
2015	哈尔滨、扬州、重庆、武汉、成都、广州	犬、猫	bla_NDM-5	4.7%	[75]

表 2

表 3

中药有效成分对动物源细菌耐药性的消减作用"

消减机制 Elimination mechanism	中药成分 Herbal constituent	抗菌谱 Antimicrobial spectrum	作用方式 Mechanism of action	参考文献 References
抑制细菌耐药酶 Inhibit bacterial drug-resistant enzymes	丁香油和罗勒叶	禽源ESBL大肠杆菌	抑制β-内酰胺酶活性	[93]
	芦荟大黄素、苦参碱、香紫苏醇、木犀草素、槲皮素、五味子甲素、大蒜素	猪源ESBL大肠杆菌	抑制β-内酰胺酶活性	[94]
	异甘草素	多黏菌素耐药和碳青霉烯类耐药大肠杆菌	抑制NDM-1的水解活性，并显著增加美罗培南对NDM-1阳性菌的抗菌活性	[95]
改变细胞膜通透性Alter cell membrane permeability	肉桂醛	产ESBL、耐喹诺酮类大肠杆菌	提高孔蛋白基因转录水平，从而提高细菌细胞膜渗透性，促进抗生素流入细胞内	[96]
改变细胞膜通透性Alter cell membrane permeability	槲皮素	耐碳青霉烯类大肠杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌	与美罗培南协同作用破坏细胞壁/膜完整性和改变细胞形态	[97]
抑制生物被膜形成 Inhibit biofilm formation	小檗碱和苦参碱	多重耐药大肠杆菌	降低细菌群体感应系统(quorum sensing，QS)相关基因: luxS、pfS、sdiA、hflX、motA和fliA的表达	[98]
	黄芩苷	碳青霉烯抗性铜绿假单胞菌	与妥布霉素协同作用使生物膜相关基因 algD、pslA和lasR显著下调	[99]
		禽源多重耐药大肠杆菌	减少主要细菌黏附因子AI-2的分泌，干扰QS系统和生物被膜形成	[100]
	茶多酚	多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌	与亚胺培南、哌拉西林等抗生素协同杀菌，影响细菌外膜形成和胞外黏液样物质产生	[101]
抑制主动外排泵 Inhibit active efflux pumps	小檗碱	多重耐药金黄色葡萄球菌	结合NorA和RamR外排泵，抑制细菌甚至Mtb的生长	[103]
	盐酸小檗碱	多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌	占据外排蛋白的结合位点，减少抗生素从外排泵排出	[104]
	槲皮素	多重耐药大肠杆菌	与大肠杆菌EmrE外排泵稳定结合	[105]
	芍药苷	多重耐药大肠杆菌	作用外排泵转运子AcrB，抑制细菌外排泵活性，阻滞尼罗红的外排	[88]
	甘草酸	禽源多重耐药大肠杆菌	与细菌产生的多药外排泵蛋白AcrB相互作用，抑制其多药外排泵的外排活性；也可促进细菌中AcrR、 MarR负调控因子的表达，进而减少AcrB产量，影响菌体形成的多药外排泵数量	[107]
消除耐药质粒 Eliminate drug-resistant plasmids	山楂水提物	耐β-内酰胺类大肠杆菌	使细菌的质粒条带减少1~3条	[109]
	大叶桉	耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌	明显抑制MRSA生长，24、48 h质粒消除率分别为38.6%和62.0%	[110]
	小檗碱	多重耐药大肠杆菌	使细菌的质粒条带减少1~2条；ESBLs活性降低，碱性磷酸酶活性升高；外排系统AcrA mRNA转录水平极显著降低	[82]
	石榴叶提取物	耐青霉素大肠杆菌和耐青霉素金黄色葡萄球菌	联合阿莫西林增加大肠杆菌细胞通透性、抑制青霉素酶活性和葡萄球菌生物膜形成	[111]

表 3

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年份 Year	区域 Region	来源 Provenance	类别 Category								多重耐药率 Multidrug resistance rate	参考文献 References
年份 Year	区域 Region	来源 Provenance	β-内酰胺类 β-Lactams	喹诺酮类 Quinolones	氨基糖苷类 Aminoglycosides	大环内酯类 Macrolides	四环素类 Tetracyclines	酰胺醇类 Amphenicols	多肽类 Polypeptides	磺胺类 Sulfonamides	多重耐药率 Multidrug resistance rate	参考文献 References
2012	辽宁	禽	27.2~91.1	34.4~37.8	19.5~75.2	—	72.5	42.1~48	13.6	76.2	18.87	[7]
2013	西藏	牛	100	90.9~100	90.9	—	81.8	—	—	—	100	[8]
2014	广东	猪、鸡	30.5	11	6.8	—	78.8	17.8	—	48.3	52.5	[9]
2016	河北、河南、四川	猪	94.4	59.3	68.5	61.1	100	61.1	100	85.2	97	[10]
2015—2017	山东、安徽、山西	鸡	87.1	77.1	60.7	—	89.3	69.1	17	—	—	[11]
2018—2019	宁夏	牛	＞90	75.8	＞70	69.35	100	98.39	—	95.16	—	[12]
2018—2019	河南、湖北等31省	猪	43.56	81.56	—	—	96.26	82.04	3.79	80.38	90.54	[13]
2019	安徽、河北、山西、陕西	猪	16.7	46.6	68.2	48.5	73.5	56.1	—	71.6	78.7	[14]
2020	浙江	猪、鸡	78.27	27.79	68.92	—	92.92	83.11	1.36	93.05	88.68	[15]
2020	四川	鹿	24.2	15.92	6.37	—	24.89	10.19	—	85.99	24.2	[26]
2021—2022	四川、重庆、安徽	鸭	72.1	59.2	62.7	15.9	88.1	72.1	2.5	88.1	88.1	[16]
2021—2022	四川	犬	76.3	25.93	33.33	—	64.44	30.37	—	59.26	54.81	[27]

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