基因组分析揭示现代家马环境适应的遗传基础

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2026.01.017

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为阐明现代家马在驯化过程中适应环境变化的遗传基础，本研究收集国内外19个马品种的317个个体基因组数据进行分析，解析马的遗传多样性及种群结构。结合25种环境因子，通过全基因组关联分析与选择清除分析（F_ST和π ratio），筛选与环境适应性显著相关的候选基因。结果表明，两种分析方法共鉴定了107个与环境适应性显著相关的共享候选基因，通路富集分析显示这些基因主要涉及嗅觉传导、血红素结合、氧结合及低氧细胞应答等通路。其中，7号染色体上OR52A1J基因区域存在强烈的选择信号。单倍型分析表明该区域能明显区分高海拔与低海拔马品种，揭示其可能是藏马高海拔适应的关键候选基因。本研究为揭示现代家马环境适应性提供了新视角，也为动物遗传资源的管理与保护提供了参考依据。

关键词: 现代家马, 环境适应性, 全基因组关联分析, 选择清除

Abstract:

To clarify the genetic basis of modern domestic horses’ adaptation to environmental changes during domestication， this study collected genomic data from 317 individuals of 19 horse breeds at home and abroad for analysis， and explored the genetic diversity and population structure of horses. Combined with 25 environmental factors， genome-wide association study and selective sweep analysis （F_ST and π ratio） were used to screen candidate genes significantly associated with environmental adaptability. The results showed that a total of 107 shared candidate genes significantly associated with environmental adaptability were identified by the two analytical methods. Pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were mainly involved in pathways such as olfactory transduction， heme binding， oxygen binding， and cellular response to hypoxia. Among them， the OR52A1J gene region on chromosome 7 showed a strong selection signal. Haplotype analysis revealed that this region could clearly distinguish horse breeds at high and low altitudes， suggesting that it might be a key candidate gene for the adaptation of Tibetan horses to high altitudes. This study provides a new perspective for revealing the environmental adaptability of modern domestic horses and offers a reference for the management and protection of animal genetic resources.

Key words: modern domestic horse, environmental adaptability, GWAS, selective sweep

中图分类号:

S821.2

李聪, 李娜, 秦旭勇, 高峰, 韩家乐, 赵舒悦, 格明古丽·木哈台null, 党瑞华. 基因组分析揭示现代家马环境适应的遗传基础[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2026, 57(1): 194-205.

LI Cong, LI Na, QIN Xuyong, GAO Feng, HAN Jiale, ZHAO Shuyue, MUHATAI·Gemingguli , DANG Ruihua. Genomic Analysis Reveals the Genetic Basis of Environmental Adaptation in Modern Domestic Horses[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2026, 57(1): 194-205.

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组别 Group	品种 Breed	样本量/匹 Sample size	数据来源 Data source
亚洲北部 Asia North	鄂伦春马 Erlunchun horse	6	PRJNA515160
	济州马 Jeju horse	18	PRJNA168142
	蒙古马 Mongolian horse	35	PRJEB10098
	宁强马 Ningqiang pony	13	PRJNA780752
	焉耆马 Yanqi horse	6	PRJNA780752
	伊犁马 Yili horse	16	PRJNA780752
亚洲青藏高原 Asia Qinghai-Tibet plateau	柴达木马 Chaidamu horse	8	PRJNA515160
	大通马 Datong horse	9	PRJNA780752
	河曲马 Hequ horse	6	PRJNA515160
	西藏马 Tibet horse	29	PRJNA515160
亚洲南部 Asia South	德保矮马 Debao pony	52	PRJNA416233
	建昌马 Jianchang horse	7	PRJNA780752
	晋江马 Jinjiang horse	7	PRJNA780752
亚洲西南部 Asia Southwest	阿拉伯马 Arabian horse	18	PRJEB14779
欧洲 Europe	弗赖伯格马 Freiberg horse	31	PRJEB10098
	弗里斯兰马 Friesian horse	17	PRJEB13863
	雅库特马 Yakutian horse	8	PRJEB10854
北美洲 North America	夸特马 Quarter horse	28	PRJEB14779
野马 Wild	普氏野马 Przewalski’s horse	3	PRJEB10098