饲粮中添加牛至精油和莫能菌素对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2019.12.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 旨在研究牛至精油（oregano essential oil，OEO）与莫能菌素（monensin，MON）对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系的影响。本试验前期阶段选用了体重相近（（41.31±2.23）kg），体况良好的荷斯坦初生犊牛80头，随机分为4组，每组20头，采用单栏饲养。对照组饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料，其他3个试验组在饲喂全脂牛乳和颗粒饲料的基础上分别添加4 g·kg^-1牛至精油、3.6 g·kg^-1莫能菌素和7.6 g·kg^-1牛至精油和莫能菌素的混合物，饲喂至56、70日龄时，从每组中选取6头体重相近的公犊，颈静脉采血测定血清指标，并通过口腔导管的形式采集犊牛的瘤胃液，检测消化酶活性以及瘤胃微生物区系。结果表明：1）添加牛至精油显著提高了56日龄犊牛血清中TP、SOD、GSH和GSH-Px的浓度（P ≤ 0.05）；莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛BUN浓度有降低的趋势（P<0.10）。2）牛至精油显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中产琥珀酸丝状杆菌的数量（P<0.05），显著提高了白色瘤胃球菌的数量（P ≤ 0.05）；莫能菌素显著降低了56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中原虫的数量（P ≤ 0.05），并有降低白色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10），在56日龄时，莫能菌素有降低犊牛瘤胃中黄色瘤胃球菌数量的趋势（P<0.10）；牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中溶纤维丁酸弧菌有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）；在56日龄时，牛至精油和莫能菌素对栖瘤胃普雷沃氏菌有交互作用的趋势（P<0.10），而在70日龄时则呈显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。3）牛至精油和莫能菌素对56、70日龄犊牛瘤胃中胃蛋白酶浓度有显著的交互作用（P ≤ 0.05）。综上所述，饲粮中添加牛至精油可提高犊牛的免疫力和抗氧化能力。莫能菌素在抑制瘤胃内原虫数量上强于牛至精油，牛至精油对提高主要蛋白质降解菌数量的作用效果优于莫能菌素。总之，牛至精油可改善犊牛的健康状况以及调控瘤胃微生物区系，牛至精油作为天然植物抗生素可替代犊牛期预防性治疗的其他类抗生素生长促进剂。

关键词: 牛至精油, 莫能菌素, 荷斯坦犊牛, 血清生化指标, 消化酶活性, 瘤胃微生物区系

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of oregano essential oil (OEO) and monensin (MON) on serum biochemical parameters, digestive enzyme activities and ruminal microflora of Holstein calves. Eighty Holstein calves ((41.31±2.23)kg) were randomly divided into 4 treatments and with 20 calves each. The calves in control treatment were fed with whole milk and pellet feed. The calves in other treatments were fed with whole milk and pellet feed, and supplementation with 4 g·kg^-1 OEO, 3.6 g·kg^-1 MON and a mixture of 7.6 g·kg^-1 OEO and MON, respectively. At 56 and 70 days of age, six male calves were selected from each treatment with similar body weight, blood samples from the jugular vein were collected from each calf to determine serum biochemical parameters and rumen fluid was collected by oral catheter to determine digestive enzyme activities and ruminal microflora. The results showed that:1) OEO had significantly increased the concentration of TP, SOD, GSH and GSH-Px in calf serum at 56 days of age(P ≤ 0.05); MON had a tendency to decrease BUN concentration in calf serum at 56 and 70 days of age(P<0.10). 2) OEO had significantly decreased the number of F. succinogenes in the rumen of calves at 56 and 70 days of age (P<0.05), and had significantly increased the number of R. albus(P ≤ 0.05); MON had significantly decreased the number of protozoa in the rumen of calves at 56 and 70 days of age (P ≤ 0.05), and had a tendency to decrease the number of R. albus (P<0.10), at 56 days of age, MON had decreased the number of R. flavefaciens in the rumen of calf(P<0.10); There was significant interaction between OEO and MON on B. fibrisolvens in the rumen of calves at 56 and 70 days of age (P ≤ 0.05), OEO and MON had a tendency of interaction on P. ruminicola at 56 days of age (P<0.10), however, there was significant interaction between OEO and MON on P. ruminicola at 70 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). 3) OEO and MON had a significant interaction on the concentration of pepsase in rumen of calves at 56 and 70 days of age (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicated that dietary supplementation with OEO could enhance immunity and antioxidant capacity of calves. MON was better than OEO in inhibiting the number of protozoa in the rumen. The effect of OEO of increasing the number of protein-degrading bacteria was better than MON. In conclusion, supplementation with OEO in diet can improve the health status of calves, modify rumen microflora activity and population. OEO can be used as a natural plant antibiotic to replace other antibiotic growth promoters for preventive treatment of calves.

Key words: oregano essential oil, monensin, Holstein calf, serum biochemical parameters, digestive enzyme activities, ruminal microflora

中图分类号:

S823.5

柏妍, 郎侠, 王彩莲, 梁婷玉, 刘婷, 宫旭胤, 高良霜, 石晓雷, 吴建平. 饲粮中添加牛至精油和莫能菌素对荷斯坦犊牛血清生化指标、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2019, 50(12): 2458-2469.

BAI Yan, LANG Xia, WANG Cailian, LIANG Tingyu, LIU Ting, GONG Xuyin, GAO Liangshuang, SHI Xiaolei, WU Jianping. Effects of Oregano Essential Oil and Monensin in Diet on Serum Biochemical Parameters, Digestive Enzyme Activities and Ruminal Microflora of Holstein Calves[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2019, 50(12): 2458-2469.

参考文献 54

[1]	DE LA FUENTE R,LUZÍN M,RUIZ-SANTA-QUITERIA J A,et al.Cryptosporidium and concurrent infections with other major enterophatogens in 1 to 30-day-old diarrheic dairy calves in central Spain[J].Vet Parasitol,1999,80(3):179-185.
[2]	LORA I,GOTTARDO F,CONTIERO B,et al.Association between passive immunity and health status of dairy calves under 30 days of age[J].Prev Vet Med,2018,152:12-15.
[3]	AUMEERUDDY-ELALFI Z,GURIB-FAKIM A,MAHOMOODALLY M F.Kinetic studies of tyrosinase inhibitory activity of 19 essential oils extracted from endemic and exotic medicinal plants[J].S Afr J Bot,2016,103:89-94.
[4]	ELGAYYAR M,DRAUGHON F A,GOLDEN D A,et al.Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from plants against selected pathogenic and saprophytic microorganisms[J].J Food Protect,2001,64(7):1019-1024.
[5]	SI H B,HU J Q,LIU Z C,et al.Antibacterial effect of oregano essential oil alone and in combination with antibiotics against extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli[J].FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol,2008,53(2):190-194.
[6]	PILAU M R,ALVES S H,WEIBLEN R,et al.Antiviral activity of the Lippia graveolens (Mexican oregano) essential oil and its main compound carvacrol against human and animal viruses[J].Braz J Microbiol,2011,42(4):1616-1624.
[7]	CHENG C S,XIA M,ZHANG X M,et al.Supplementing oregano essential oil in a reduced-protein diet improves growth performance and nutrient digestibility by modulating intestinal bacteria,intestinal morphology,and antioxidative capacity of growing-finishing pigs[J].Animals,2018,8(9):159.
[8]	ABOUELEZZ K,ABOU-HADIED M,YUAN J,et al.Nutritional impacts of dietary oregano and enviva essential oils on the performance, gut microbiota and blood biochemicals of growing ducks[J].Animal,2019,13(10):2216-2222.
[9]	周瑞,郎侠,王彩莲,等.饲粮中添加牛至精油对绵羊复胃发育、消化酶活性及瘤胃微生物区系的影响[J].动物营养学报,2019,31(4):1910-1918.ZHOU R,LANG X,WANG C L,et al.Effects of dietary oregano essential oil on complex stomach development,digestive enzyme activities and ruminal microflora of sheep[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2019,31(4):1910-1918.(in Chinese)
[10]	LEI Z M,ZHANG K,LI C,et al.Dietary supplementation with Essential-oils-cobalt for improving growth performance,meat quality and skin cell capacity of goats[J].Sci Rep,2018,8:11634.
[11]	LEI Z M,ZHANG K,LI C,et al.Ruminal metagenomic analyses of goat data reveals potential functional microbiota by supplementation with essential oil-cobalt complexes[J].BMC Microbiol,2019,19(1):30.
[12]	FROEHLICH K A,ABDELSALAM K W,CHASE C,et al.Evaluation of essential oils and prebiotics for newborn dairy calves[J]. J Anim Sci,2017,95(8):3772-3782.
[13]	郭竟升.牛至精油对荷斯坦犊牛生长性能的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2018.GUO J S.The effects of oregano essential oil on the growth performance of Holstein calf[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University, 2018.(in Chinese)
[14]	NRC.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M].7th ed.Washington,D.C.:National Academies Press,2001.
[15]	中华人民共和国农业部.NY/T 815-2004肉牛饲养标准[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2004.The Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China.NY/T 815-2004 Feeding standard of beef cattle[S]. Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2004.(in Chinese)
[16]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6435-2014饲料中水分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2014.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 6435-2014 Determination of moisture in feedstuffs[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2014.(in Chinese)
[17]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6433-2006饲料中粗脂肪的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2006.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 6433-2006 Determination of crude fat in feeds[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2006.(in Chinese)
[18]	中华人民共和国国家技术监督局.GB/T 6432-1994饲料中粗蛋白测定方法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1994.General Administration of Quality Supervision.GB/T 6432-1994 Method for the determination of crude protein in feedstuffs[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China,1994.(in Chinese)
[19]	VAN SOEST P J,ROBERTSON J B,LEWIS B A.Symposium:carbohydrate methodology,metabolism and nutritional implications in dairy cattle:methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J].J Dairy Sci,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[20]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局,中国国家标准化管理委员会.GB/T 6438-2007饲料中粗灰分的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2007.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China,Standardization Administration of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 6438-2007 Animal feeding stuffs-Determination of crude ash[S]. Beijing:Standards Press of China,2007.(in Chinese)
[21]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 6436-2002饲料中钙的测定[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 6436-2002 Determination of calcium in feed[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.(in Chinese)
[22]	中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB/T 6437-2002饲料中总磷的测定分光光度法[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China.GB/T 6437-2002 Determination of phosphorus in feed-Spectphotometry[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2002.(in Chinese)
[23]	KUMAR S,DAGAR S S,SIROHI S K,et al.Microbial profiles,in vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility based on various ratios of roughage to concentrate[J].Ann Microbiol,2013,63(2):541-545.
[24]	MUYZER G,DE WAAL E C,UITTERLINDEN A G.Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,1993,59(3):695-700.
[25]	周瑞,赵生国,刘立山,等.饲粮中燕麦干草含量对绵羊瘤胃液pH及微生物区系的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(5):1589-1597.ZHOU R,ZHAO S G,LIU L S,et al.Effects of dried oat hay content in diet on rumen fluid pH and microflora of sheep[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(5):1589-1597.(in Chinese)
[26]	KOIKE S,KOBAYASHI Y.Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria:Fibrobacter succinogenes,Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens[J].FEMS Microbiol Lett,2001,204(2):361-366.
[27]	姜鑫,崔梓琪,刘鑫,等.发酵玉米蛋白粉对犊牛生长、血液指标、瘤胃菌群和营养物质消化的影响[J].东北农业大学学报, 2019,50(2):46-55.JIANG X,CUI Z Q,LIU X,et al.Effect of fermented corn gluten meal on growth,blood indices,ruminal flora and nutrient digestibility in calves[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2019,50(2):46-55.(in Chinese)
[28]	NKRUMAH J D,SHERMAN E L,LI C,et al.Primary genome scan to identify putative quantitative trait loci for feedlot growth rate,feed intake,and feed efficiency of beef cattle[J].J Anim Sci,2007,85(12):3170-3181.
[29]	KLINKON M,JEŽEK J.Values of blood variables in calves[M].Slovenia:University of Ljubljana,2012:301-320.
[30]	TYLER J W,PARISH S M,BESSER T E,et al.Detection of low serum immunoglobulin concentrations in clinically ill calves[J].J Vet Intern Med,1999,13(1):40-43.
[31]	陈昊,刘婷,吴建平,等.牛至精油对新生犊牛生长发育和血液免疫的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(10):2141-2148.CHEN H,LIU T,WU J P,et al.Effects of oregano essential oil on growth and hematogenic immunity of new born calves[J]. Pratacultural Science,2017,34(10):2141-2148.(in Chinese)
[32]	张巧娥,曹守勤,周玉香,等.甘草提取物对宁夏滩羊血液生化指标的影响[J].饲料研究,2009(10):51-52.ZHANG Q E,CAO S Q,ZHOU Y X,et al.Effect of licorice extract on blood biochemical indexes of Ningxia tan sheep[J].Feed Research,2009(10):51-52.(in Chinese)
[33]	STANLEY C C,WILLIAMS C C,JENNY B F,et al.Effects of feeding milk replacer once versus twice daily on glucose metabolism in holstein and jersey calves[J].J Dairy Sci,2002,85(9):2335-2343.
[34]	GÜMÜ&Ş R,EROL H S,İMİK H,et al.The effects of the supplementation of lamb rations with oregano essential oil on the performance, some blood parameters and antioxidant metabolism in meat and liver tissues[J].Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg,2017, 23(3):395-401.
[35]	MEINERT R A,YANG C M J,HEINRICHS A J,et al.Effect of monensin on growth,reproductive performance,and estimated body composition in holstein heifers[J].J Dairy Sci,1992,75(1):257-261.
[36]	DING J,ZHOU Z M,REN L P,et al.Effect of monensin and live yeast supplementation on growth performance,nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics and ruminal fermentation parameters in lambs fed steam-flaked corn-based diets[J].Asian Aust J Anim Sci,2008,21(21):547-554.
[37]	ZHANG T,ZHOU Y F,ZOU Y,et al.Effects of dietary oregano essential oil supplementation on the stress response,antioxidative capacity,and HSPs mRNA expression of transported pigs[J].Livest Sci,2015,180:143-149.
[38]	SEYMOUR E M,BENNINK M R,BOLLING S F.Diet-relevant phytochemical intake affects the cardiac AhR and nrf2 transcriptome and reduces heart failure in hypertensive rats[J].J Nutr Biochem,2013,24(9):1580-1586.
[39]	寇占英.哺乳犊牛消化道主要消化酶发育规律的研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,1999.KOU Z Y.Study on development of the main digestive enzymes in calves[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,1999.(in Chinese)
[40]	REZAEIAN M,BEAKES G W,PARKER D S.Distribution and estimation of anaerobic zoosporic fungi along the digestive tracts of sheep[J].Mycol Res,2004,108(10):1227-1233.
[41]	LEE S S,HA J K,CHENG K J.Relative contributions of bacteria,protozoa,and fungi to in vitro degradation of orchard grass cell walls and their interactions[J].Appl Environ Microbiol,2000,66(9):3807-3813.
[42]	LIN B,LU Y,SALEM A Z M,et al.Effects of essential oil combinations on sheep ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a diet with fumarate included[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2013,184(1-4):24-32.
[43]	MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,LOSA R,et al.Effects of essential oils on ruminal microorganisms and their protein metabolism[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,2003,69(8):5011-5014.
[44]	CALLAWAY T R,ADAMS K A,RUSSELL J B.The ability of "low G+C gram-positive" ruminal bacteria to resist monensin and counteract potassium depletion[J].Curr Microbiol,1999,39(4):226-230.
[45]	ODENYO A A,MACKIE R I,STAHL D A,et al.The use of 16S rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes to study competition between ruminal fibrolytic bacteria:development of probes for ruminococcus species and evidence for bacteriocin production[J]. Appl Environ Microbiol,1994,60(10):3688-3696.
[46]	王志博,辛杭书,段春宇,等.饲粮中添加海南霉素和莫能菌素对奶牛瘤胃蛋白质降解和产氨菌群的影响[J].中国农业科学, 2012,45(14):2959-2966.WANG Z B,XIN H S,DUAN C Y,et al.Effects of dietary supplementation with hainanmycin or monensin on ruminal protein degradation and populations of ammonia-producing bacteria in dairy cows[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2012,45(14):2959-2966. (in Chinese)
[47]	TEKIPPE J A,HRISTOV A N,HEYLER K S,et al.Rumen fermentation and production effects of Origanum vulgare L.leaves in lactating dairy cows[J].J Dairy Sci,2011,94(10):5065-5079.
[48]	PATRA A K,YU Z T.Effects of vanillin,quillaja saponin,and essential oils on in vitro fermentation and protein-degrading microorganisms of the rumen[J].Appl Microbiol Biotechnol,2014,98(2):897-905.
[49]	STEWART R D,AUFFRET M D,WARR A,et al.Assembly of 913 microbial genomes from metagenomic sequencing of the cow rumen[J].Nat Commun,2018,9:870.
[50]	NEWBOLD C J,MCINTOSH F M,WILLIAMS P,et al.Effects of a specific blend of essential oil compounds on rumen fermentation[J]. Anim Feed Sci Technol,2004,114(1-4):105-112.
[51]	KARNATI S K R,SYLVESTER J T,RIBEIRO C V D M,et al.Investigating unsaturated fat,monensin,or bromoethanesulfonate in continuous cultures retaining ruminal protozoa.I.Fermentation,biohydrogenation,and microbial protein synthesis[J].J Dairy Sci, 2009, 92(8):3849-3860.
[52]	COBELLIS G,TRABALZA-MARINUCCI M,YU Z T.Critical evaluation of essential oils as rumen modifiers in ruminant nutrition:a review[J].Sci Total Environ,2016,545-546:556-568.
[53]	MOHARRERY A,DAS T K.Correlation between microbial enzyme activities in the rumen fluid of sheep under different treatments[J]. Reprod Nutr Dev,2001,41(6):513-529.
[54]	崔振亮.植物蜕皮甾酮(PEDS)对反刍动物瘤胃发酵、微生物合成及胃肠道细菌丰度的影响[D].北京:中国农业大学,2015.CUI Z L.Effects of Phytoecdysteroids (PEDS) on ruminal fermentation,microbial synthesis and bacterial abundance of gastrointestins in ruminants[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2015.(in Chinese)