不同蛋白水平代乳粉对羔羊肠道健康的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.030

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

旨在探究不同蛋白水平代乳粉对羔羊腹泻率、血清免疫指标、肠道器官指数及形态学、小肠微生物区系的影响。试验选取48只遗传背景一致、初生重(4.34±0.15 kg)相近、健康无疾病的3日龄东佛里生羊×湖羊级杂二代公羔，采用单因素试验设计，随机分为4组，分别为低蛋白水平组(L组，22%蛋白组)、中低蛋白水平组(ML组，24%蛋白组)、中高蛋白水平组(MH组，26%蛋白组)、高蛋白水平组(H组，28%蛋白组)。预饲期5 d后开展正式试验，饲养54 d后进行屠宰性能测定与试验样品采集。结果表明：1)MH组、H组腹泻率极显著高于ML组和L组(P < 0.01)；2)MH组和H组血清免疫指标IL-2水平显著高于L组(P < 0.05)，IgA、IgG、IgM、TNF-α、IL-6、IL-1β各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)；3)肠道器官指数各组间无显著差异(P>0.05)；4)MH组十二指肠隐窝深度极显著深于L组和ML组(P < 0.01)，L组、ML组绒毛高度比隐窝深度极显著高于MH组、H组(P < 0.01)；5)空肠16S rRNA测序结果显示各组Alpha多样性无显著差异(P>0.05)。在门水平上，H组放线菌门相对丰度显著低于L组和ML(P < 0.05)；在属水平上，H组毛螺菌科NK3A20群相对丰度显著高于L组和ML组(P < 0.05)。综上所述：代乳粉蛋白质水平超过24%时，会增加羔羊腹泻率及血清IL-2水平、降低十二指肠绒毛高度比隐窝深度；蛋白水平达到28%时，肠道有益菌放线菌门相对丰度降低。因此，在本研究试验条件下，认为代乳粉蛋白水平不超过24%更有利于羔羊肠道健康。

关键词: 羔羊, 代乳粉, 蛋白质, 肠道健康

Abstract:

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of milk replacer with different protein levels on the diarrhea rate, serum immunity indices, intestinal organ indices and morphology, and small intestinal microbiota in lambs. Forty-eight healthy second-generation 3-day-old male lambs of East Friensian Sheep×Hu sheep crossbreeds with same genetic background and birth weight (4.34±0.15 kg) were selected and randomly divided into four groups by a one-way experimental design, namely, low protein level milk replacer group (L-Group, 22% protein group), the medium-low protein level milk replacer group (ML-Group, 24% protein group), the medium-high protein level milk replacer group (MH-Group, 26% protein group), and the high-protein level milk replacer group (H-Group, 28% protein group). The formal test was carried out after 5 d of pre-test feeding period, and slaughter performance measurement and test sample collection were conducted after 54 d of feeding. The results showed that: 1) The rate of diarrhea in the MH and H groups were extremely significantly higher than that in the ML and L group (P < 0.01). 2) The concentration of IL-2 in MH and H groups were significant higher than that in L group (P < 0.05), the concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β didn't present significant differences (P>0.05). 3) There was no significant difference in intestinal organ index (P>0.05). 4) The depth of duodenal crypt in MH group was significantly deeper than that in L and ML groups (P < 0.01).The ratio of villi height to crypt depth in L and ML groups was dramatically higher than that in MH and H groups (P < 0.01). 5) Sequencing of jejunal 16S rRNA showed that there was no significant difference in alpha diversity among groups (P>0.05). At the phylum level, the Actinobacteriota relative abundance of H group was significantly lower than that of L and ML groups (P < 0.05). At the genus level, the Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group relative abundance of H group was significantly higher than that of L and ML groups (P < 0.05). In summary: milk replacer protein levels exceeding 24% increased the rate of diarrhea and serum IL-2 levels in lambs, and decreased the ratio of duodenal villi height to crypts depth, and the relative abundance of the beneficial intestinal bacterium Actinobacteria phylum was reduced when the protein level reached 28%. Therefore, under the experimental conditions of this study, it was concluded that milk replacer protein levels not exceeding 24% were more favorable to the intestinal health of lambs.

Key words: lamb, milk replacer, protein, intestinal health

中图分类号:

S826.5

张晓宇, 刘进亿, 褚婷婷, 楚翼健, 牛晨, 武自宪, 张磊, 宋宇轩. 不同蛋白水平代乳粉对羔羊肠道健康的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4507-4518.

ZHANG Xiaoyu, LIU Jinyi, CHU Tingting, CHU Yijian, NIU Chen, WU Zixian, ZHANG Lei, SONG Yuxuan. Effects of Different Protein Levels of Milk Replacer on the Intestinal Health of Lambs[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4507-4518.

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项目 Item	组别Group
项目 Item	L	ML	MH	H
原料Ingredient
全脂奶粉Whole milk powder	57.44	53.00	62.80	74.00
细麸皮Fine bran	10.00	9.20	9.70	10.30
大豆浓缩蛋白Soy protein concentrate	3.70	8.76	10.00	10.00
细玉米粉Fine corn meal	15.00	15.00	15.00	4.40
乳清粉Dried whey	12.70	12.65	1.00
磷酸氢钙CaHPO₄	0.18	0.38	0.54	0.29
石粉Limestone	0.03	0.05
食盐NaCl	0.45	0.45	0.45	0.50
微生态制剂Microbial ecological agent	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
羔羊有机多矿¹ Organic multi-mineral for lamb	0.20	0.20	0.20	0.20
羔羊用多维¹ Multi-vitamin for lamb	0.07	0.07	0.07	0.07
反刍酶制剂¹ Enzyme preparation for ruminants	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.02
甜味剂Sweeteners	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.02
合计Total	100.00	100.00	100.00	100.00
营养水平² Nutrients level
粗蛋白质CP	22.26	23.05	26.35	28.23
钙Ca	1.08	1.01	1.05	1.12
总磷TP	0.82	0.87	0.87	0.88
赖氨酸Lys	1.45	1.59	1.86	2.00
蛋氨酸Met	0.39	0.39	0.45	0.55
消化能/(MJ·kg^-1) DE	13.39	13.39	13.39	13.39

项目Item	开食料1 Starter1	开食料2 Starter2	燕麦干草Oat hay
干物质Dry matter	90.80	90.8	90.00
羊消化能/(MJ·kg^-1)DE	14.35	11.21
粗蛋白质Crude Protein	21.80	15.70	10.00
粗脂肪EE	2.90	2.50	2.30
粗灰分Ash	6.92	9.00	8.00
酸性洗涤纤维ADF	8.80	25.30	39.00
中性洗涤纤维NDF	12.43	42.04	63.00
淀粉Starch	54.30	17.40
钙Ca	1.09	0.77	0.40
总磷TP	0.46	0.67	0.27
钙磷比Ca/P	2.37	1.15	1.48

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	L	ML	MH	H	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
腹泻率Diarrhea rate	7.79^B	9.08^B	14.10^A	14.74^A	0.95	< 0.001

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	L	ML	MH	H	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
免疫球蛋白A/(g·L^-1) IgA	0.66	0.56	0.51	0.51	0.03	0.238
免疫球蛋白G/(g·L^-1) IgG	24.21	18.75	17.40	18.45	1.13	0.135
免疫球蛋白M/(g·L^-1) IgM	1.49	1.15	1.19	1.04	0.08	0.240
肿瘤坏死因子-α/(pg·mL^-1) TNF-α	46.13	38.94	46.02	51.63	2.64	0.460
白细胞介素-2/(pg·mL^-1) IL-2	269.47^b	308.11^ab	340.92^a	369.26^a	13.62	0.023
白细胞介素-6/(pg·mL^-1) IL-6	94.63	139.14	163.87	142.69	10.38	0.090
白细胞介素-1β/(pg·mL^-1) IL-1β	21.70	25.64	28.48	25.08	1.38	0.433

项目 Item	组别Group				标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
项目 Item	L	ML	MH	H	标准误 SEM	P值 P-value
宰前活重/kg Live weight	15.95	15.60	16.33	17.67	0.44	0.405
十二指肠重量/g Duodenum weight	31.40	23.53	18.63	36.50	3.50	0.297
十二指肠指数/% Duodenum index	0.20	0.15	0.12	0.20	0.02	0.274
空肠重量/g Jejunum weight	464.63	543.40	490.70	635.00	23.79	0.057
空肠指数/% Jejunum index	3.00	3.50	3.02	3.48	0.13	0.282
回肠重量/g Ileum weight	61.87	57.20	71.87	88.18	6.09	0.310
回肠指数/% Ileum index	0.39	0.37	0.45	0.50	0.03	0.559
盲肠重量/g Cecum weight	89.97	99.13	88.04	91.00	3.83	0.802
盲肠指数/% Cecum index	0.57	0.63	0.54	0.52	0.02	0.425
结肠重量/g Colon weight	150.80	128.23	122.50	132.23	8.39	0.722
结肠指数/% Colon index	0.95	0.83	0.75	0.74	0.05	0.564
直肠重量/g Rectum weight	40.37	37.27	46.42	40.63	2.44	0.670
直肠指数/% Rectum index	0.25	0.24	0.29	0.23	0.01	0.528