狂犬病病毒的起源、传播及遗传演化

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.06.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

狂犬病(rabies)是由弹状病毒科(Rhabdoviridae)狂犬病病毒属(Lyssavirus，也称丽沙病毒属)病毒引起的一种人兽共患的烈性传染病。根据国际病毒分类学委员会第10次报告的最新分类，狂犬病病毒属目前被分为17个种。其中，血清Ⅰ型狂犬病病毒(rabies virus，RABV)是狂犬病病毒属的成员之一，是最常见的狂犬病病原体。随着测序技术的发展，越来越多狂犬病病毒的全基因组序列被测定，这有助于人们在分子水平更深入地理解该病毒的流行情况和自然演化过程。本文对狂犬病病毒的分布、传播规律、起源及系统进化等方面进行综述，为追溯狂犬病病毒的起源，掌握其传播及遗传演化规律，制定科学的狂犬病防控策略提供理论参考。

关键词: 狂犬病病毒属, 狂犬病病毒, 进化, 起源, 遗传谱系

Abstract:

Rabies is an acute zoonotic infectious disease caused by the viruses of the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae. According to the latest 10th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses, the Lyssavirus is currently divided into 17 species. Serotype Ⅰ rabies virus (RABV), a member of the Lyssavirus family, is the most common cause of rabies. As sequencing technologies advance, more and more whole genomes of the Lyssaviruses are being sequenced, providing a deeper molecular-level understanding of the epidemiology and natural evolution of the virus. This review aims to summarize the distribution, transmission, origin and phylogeny of lyssaviruses, providing a theoretical reference for tracing the origin of lyssaviruses, mastering their transmission and genetic evolution, and formulating scientific strategies for rabies prevention and control.

Key words: Lyssavirus, rabies virus, evolution, origin, phylogroup

中图分类号:

S855.3

郑艳虹, 吴梓琦, 刘谕儒, 罗均, 郭霄峰, 罗永文. 狂犬病病毒的起源、传播及遗传演化[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(6): 2613-2625.

ZHENG Yanhong, WU Ziqi, LIU Yuru, LUO Jun, GUO Xiaofeng, LUO Yongwen. Origin, Transmission and Genetic Evolution of Lyssavirus[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(6): 2613-2625.

图/表 4

图 1

表 1

狂犬病病毒的分布与宿主"

病毒种类 Virus species	分组 Groups		分布地区 Distribution	储存及溢出宿主 Reservoir and spillover hosts
遗传谱系Ⅰ Phylogroup Ⅰ
Rabies lyssavirus(RABV)	犬相关	世界流行组	除澳大利亚、南极洲和若干岛屿外，各个洲都有发现	犬、狼、鼬、狸猫、狐狸、羊、鹿、鼠、棕熊、人等
		斯里兰卡组	斯里兰卡	麝香猫、人
		亚洲组	中国、泰国等	犬、猪、牛、鼬、狸猫、狼、驴、人等
	蝙蝠相关	/	美洲国家：美国、加拿大、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、圭那亚等	主要是翼手目, 包括几种食虫、吸血和食果蝙蝠，此外还有浣熊、臭鼬、狐狸、犬、人等
Duvenhage lyssavirus(DUVV)			非洲国家、荷兰	长翼蝠、凹脸蝠和人
European bat lyssavirus 1(EBLV-1)			欧洲国家	大棕蝠、人等
European bat lyssavirus 2(EBLV-2)			欧洲国家	鼠耳蝠和人
Australian bat lyssavirus(ABLV)			澳大利亚	狐蝠、人、马等
Aravan lyssavirus(ARAV)			吉尔吉斯斯坦	小鼠耳蝠
Bokeloh bat lyssavirus(BBLV)			法国、德国、波兰	纳氏鼠耳蝠、普通伏翼
Gannoruwa bat lyssavirus(GBLV)			斯里兰卡	狐蝠(印度飞狐)
Irkut lyssavirus(IRKV)			俄罗斯、中国	白腹管鼻蝠、人
Khujand lyssavirus(KHUV)			塔吉克斯坦	胡须蝙蝠
Taiwan bat lyssavirus(TWBLV)			中国台湾	日本伏翼
遗传谱系Ⅱ Phylogroup Ⅱ
Lagos bat lyssavirus(LBV)			非洲国家：肯尼亚、塞内加尔、尼日利亚等	黄毛果蝠、埃及果蝠
Mokola lyssavirus(MOKV)			非洲国家：津巴布韦、中非共和国、南非等	鼩鼱、家猫、人
Shimoni bat lyssavirus(SHIBV)			肯尼亚	叶鼻蝠
遗传谱系Ⅲ(待定) Phylogroup Ⅲ (undetermined)
Lleida bat lyssavirus(LLEBV)			西班牙、法国	普通弯翅蝙蝠、长翼蝙蝠
Ikoma lyssavirus(IKOV)			坦桑尼亚(东非)	非洲灵猫
West Caucasian bat virus(WCBV)			俄罗斯、肯尼亚	普通弯翅蝙蝠、猫

表 1

图 2

图 3

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