犬埃里希体的全球流行现状和风险因素分析

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.06.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

犬埃里希体是一种由血红扇头蜱传播的病原，主要寄生于宿主的血细胞中，在世界范围内严重威胁到人类和动物健康，具有重要的人兽共患意义。犬埃里希体的传播及分布和虫媒丰度、自然环境、犬年龄、用途、健康状况等多种因素密切相关。本文综述了犬埃里希体的病原学、临床症状、全球范围内的流行情况和影响犬埃里希体传播及分布的风险因素，为埃里希体病的防控提供新的视角和策略。

关键词: 蜱传疾病, 人兽共患病, 犬埃里希体, 风险因素

Abstract:

Ehrlichia canis is a tick-borne pathogen transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l., primarily parasitizing the host's blood cells. It poses a significant threat to human and animal health worldwide, and has considerable zoonotic importance. Several studies have found that the transmission and distribution of Ehrlichia canis is closely related to a variety of factors, including vector abundance, natural environment, age, usage, and health status of dogs. This paper provides a comprehensive review, covering the etiology, clinical manifestations, global epidemiological characteristics, and risk factors affecting the transmission and distribution of Ehrlichia canis. Its objective is to offer new perspectives and strategies for ehrlichiosis prevention and control.

Key words: tick-borne diseases, zoonoses, Ehrlichia canis, risk factors

中图分类号:

S852.64

康申辰, 赵源杰, 陈宇, 刘萌萌. 犬埃里希体的全球流行现状和风险因素分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(6): 2626-2638.

KANG Shenchen, ZHAO Yuanjie, CHEN Yu, LIU Mengmeng. Analysis of the Current Status of the Global Epidemic and Risk Factors for Ehrlichia canis[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(6): 2626-2638.

图/表 2

表 1

世界范围内E. canis在犬中的流行情况"

国家或地区 Nation or district	检测对象 Objects	采样时间 Sample date	检测方法 Methods	流行情况/% Prevalence	参考文献 Reference
巴基斯坦	家养犬	2014.6—2014.12	PCR	28.0 (42/151)	[35]
印度	有临床症状的犬	—	ELISA	57.5 (293/510)	[36]
			PCR	8.8 (45/510)
	有临床症状的犬	—	ELISA	86.9 (73/84)	[37]
	家养犬	—	PCR	50.0 (49/98)	[38]
	有流浪史的犬/家养犬	2017.7—2018.6	血涂片	5.3 (28/525)	[39]
埃及	家养犬	2018—2019	PCR	9.7 (39/400)	[40]
	家养犬	2018—2019	ELISA	11.2 (56/500)	[41]
土耳其	家养犬	—	ELISA	1.0 (1/100)	[42]
	有流浪史的犬	2010—2012	PCR	6.0 (10/167)	[43]
	有流浪史的犬	2019	PCR	20.4 (79/387)	[44]
中国新疆	家养犬	2016.3—2019.3	PCR	12.1 (36/297)	[45]
中国温州	家养犬	2017—2018	ELISA	1.3 (4/309)	[46]
中国台湾	家养犬	2010.3—2010.10	ELISA	9.9 (34/344)	[47]
中国香港	有临床症状的犬	2018.3—2021.5	PCR	7.4 (112/1 508)	[48]
韩国	工作犬	1996/2002/2007	IFA	22.5 (41/182)	[49]
			PCR	0 (0/182)
	家养犬	2012.1—2016.12	PCR	0 (0/532)	[50]
	家养犬/有流浪史的犬/工作犬	2017—2018	ELISA或IFA	10.3 (228/2 215)	[51]
	家养犬	2019.4—2020.12	ELISA	1.4 (6/430)	[52]
泰国	家养犬	2020.6—2020.12	PCR	32.5 (41/126)	[53]
	有流浪史的犬	2022.10—2023.3	PCR	39.2 (47/120)	[54]
柬埔寨	家养犬	—	PCR	21.8 (22/101)	[55]
马来西亚	有流浪史的犬	2013.3—2014.6	PCR	47.1 (49/104)	[32]
			ELISA	56.7 (59/104)
巴西	家养犬	—	ELISA	40.1 (170/424)	[56]
	家养犬	2001.7—2002.10	IFA	31.2 (98/314)	[57]
	家养犬	2003.3—2003.4	PCR	15.0 (34/226)	[58]
	家养犬	2016.4—2017.9	PCR	42.5 (157/369)	[59]
越南	家养犬	2020.1—2021.9	ELISA	37.9 (354/935)	[60]
			血涂片	21.7 (203/935)
	家养犬	2021.6—2022.10	PCR	0 (0/341)	[61]
意大利	家养犬	2008.2	ELISA	46.0 (114/249)	[62]
	工作犬	2014.4—2017.9	PCR	2.2 (32/1 433)	[34]
	工作犬	2015.3—2015.10	ELISA	7.6 (102/1 335)	[63]
	有流浪史的犬	2016.1—2019.9	ELISA	16.0 (164/1 023)	[64]
哥伦比亚	家养犬	—	PCR	15.3 (26/170)	[65]
	有临床症状的犬	2013.2—2015.1	PCR	18.0 (53/300)	[66]
	家养犬	2017.8—2017.11	ELISA	66.0 (75/114)	[67]
墨西哥	有临床症状的犬	2014—2017	ELISA	26.6 (156/586)	[68]
	家养犬	2016.6—2017.3	PCR	29.3 (72/246)	[69]
斯里兰卡	家养犬	2020.4—2021.3	PCR	4.5 (19/423)	[70]
巴拉圭	家养犬	2015.8—2016.3	PCR	10.4 (40/384)	[71]
美国	家养犬	2009—2010	ELISA	0.8 (71/8 662)	[6]
	—	2013.1—2019.12	ELISA	2.9 (908 619/31 200 847)	[72]
	有流浪史的犬	2016—2020	ELISA	8.0 (299/3 750)	[73]
哥斯达黎加	家养犬	2011—2012	ELISA/IFA	32.1 (131/408)	[20]
巴勒斯坦	家养犬	2015.1—2015.4	PCR	1.5 (2/135)	[74]
约旦	工作犬/有流浪史的犬	—	ELISA	0 (0/161)	[75]
阿尔巴尼亚	家养犬	2008.9	IFA	50.0 (15/30)	[76]
格鲁吉亚	家养犬/有流浪史的犬	—	ELISA	24.0 (115/480)	[77]
印度尼西亚	有临床症状的犬	2019	ELISA	58.7 (64/109)	[31]
		2019	PCR	15.6 (10/64)
波黑	有流浪史的犬	2017	ELISA	0.2 (2/903)	[78]
			PCR	0 (0/903)
伊拉克	家养犬	2019.4—2019.9	PCR/血涂片	3.5 (7/200)	[79]
	有流浪史的犬	2019.4—2019.10	ELISA	10.2 (9/88)	[80]
秘鲁	—	2001.2—2001.5	ELISA	16.5 (22/133)	[81]
	家养犬	2009.12—2010.12	PCR	13.7 (28/205)	[82]
澳大利亚	家养犬	1997.5—1999.8	IFA	2.2 (7/316)	[83]
葡萄牙	有临床症状的犬	2004.2—2004.10	PCR	22.0 (12/55)	[33]
	PCR检测呈阳性的犬		IFA	41.6 (5/12)

表 1

图 1

参考文献 123

1	DINIZ P , MOURA DE AGUIAR D . Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis: An update[J]. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract, 2022, 52 (6): 1225- 1266. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.07.002
2	LIRA-AMAYA J J , BERISTAIN-RUIZ D M , RACANCO-DELGADO J , et al. Molecular detection and characterization of Ehrlichia canis isolates from three geographic regions in Mexico: A retrospective study[J]. Life (Basel), 2023, 13 (8): 1629.
3	SAGUROVA I , LUDWIG A , OGDEN N H , et al. Predicted northward expansion of the geographic range of the tick vector Amblyomma americanum in north America under future climate conditions[J]. Environ Health Perspect, 2019, 127 (10): 107014. doi: 10.1289/EHP5668
4	ZHANG J , WANG J , WANG C . Whole genome sequencing and comparative analysis of the first Ehrlichia canis isolate in China[J]. Microorganisms, 2024, 12 (1): 125. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12010125
5	AZIZ M U , HUSSAIN S , SONG B , et al. Ehrlichiosis in dogs: A comprehensive review about the pathogen and its vectors with emphasis on South and East Asian countries[J]. Vet Sci, 2022, 10 (1): 21. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10010021
6	BEALL M J , ALLEMAN A R , BREITSCHWERDT E B , et al. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Ehrlichia ewingii in dogs in North America[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2012, 5, 29. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-29
7	ANGKANAPORN K , SANGUANWAI J , BAIYOKVICHIT T O , et al. Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes[J]. Vet World, 2022, 15 (1): 1- 9.
8	MYLONAKIS M E , HARRUS S , BREITSCHWERDT E B . An update on the treatment of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis)[J]. Vet J, 2019, 246, 45- 53. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.01.015
9	SAHOO K K , GUPTA D K , ROY K , et al. Canine ehrlichiosis: A review[J]. Pharma Innovat J, 2022, 11 (2S): 474- 480.
10	PARASHAR R , SUDAN V , JAISWAL A K , et al. Evaluation of clinical, biochemical and haematological markers in natural infection of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis[J]. J Parasit Dis, 2016, 40 (4): 1351- 1354. doi: 10.1007/s12639-015-0688-7
11	SAINZ Á , ROURA X , MIRÓ G , et al. Guideline for veterinary practitioners on canine ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in Europe[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2015, 8 (1): 75. doi: 10.1186/s13071-015-0649-0
12	CARDOSO S P , HONORIO-FRANÇA A C , FRANÇA D C H , et al. Effects of doxycycline treatment on hematological parameters, viscosity, and cytokines in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis[J]. Biology, 2023, 12 (8): 1137. doi: 10.3390/biology12081137
13	CHRISTODOULOU V , MELETIS E , KOSTOULAS P , et al. Clinical and clinicopathologic discriminators between canine acute monocytic ehrlichiosis and primary immune thrombocytopenia[J]. Top Companion Anim Med, 2023, 52, 100750. doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100750
14	SATO M , VEIR J K , SHROPSHIRE S B , et al. Ehrlichia canis in dogs experimentally infected, treated, and then immune suppressed during the acute or subclinical phases[J]. J Vet Int Med, 2020, 34 (3): 1214- 1221. doi: 10.1111/jvim.15750
15	HARRUS S , WANER T . Diagnosis of canine monocytotropic ehrlichiosis (Ehrlichia canis): an overview[J]. Vet J, 2011, 187 (3): 292- 296. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.001
16	CARDOSO L , MENDÃO C , MADEIRA DE CARVALHO L . Prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Anaplasma spp. and Leishmania infantum in apparently healthy and CVBD-suspect dogs in Portugal-a national serological study[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2012, 5 (1): 62. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-62
17	ÇETINKAYA H , MATUR E , AKYAZI , et al. Serological and molecular investigation of Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. in ticks and blood of dogs, in the Thrace Region of Turkey[J]. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2016, 7 (5): 706- 714. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.021
18	BEALL M J , MAINVILLE C A , ARGUELLO-MARIN A , et al. An improved point-of-care ELISA for the diagnosis of anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis during the acute phase of tick-borne infections in dogs[J]. Top Companion Anim Med, 2022, 51, 100735. doi: 10.1016/j.tcam.2022.100735
19	O'CONNOR T P . SNAP Assay technology[J]. Top Companion Anim Med, 2015, 30 (4): 132- 138. doi: 10.1053/j.tcam.2015.12.002
20	BARRANTES-GONZÁLEZ A V , JIMÉNEZ-ROCHA A E , ROMERO-ZUÑIGA J J , et al. Serology, molecular detection and risk factors of Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs in Costa Rica[J]. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2016, 7 (6): 1245- 1251. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.07.006
21	JAVED S , KHAN F , RAMIREZ-FORT M , et al. Bites and mites: prevention and protection of vector-borne disease[J]. Curr Opin Pediatr, 2013, 25 (4): 488- 491. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0b013e328362c4ab
22	CHALA B , HAMDE F . Emerging and re-emerging vector-borne infectious diseases and the challenges for control: A review[J]. Front Public Health, 2021, 9, 715759. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.715759
23	ALVES-RIBEIRO B S , DUARTE R B , ASSIS-SILVA Z M , et al. Ehrlichia canis vaccine development: Challenges and advances[J]. Vet Sci, 2024, 11 (12): 624. doi: 10.3390/vetsci11120624
24	LUO T , DUNPHY P S , MCBRIDE J W . Ehrlichia chaffeensis tandem repeat effector targets differentially influence infection[J]. Front Cell Infect Microbiol, 2017, 7, 178. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00178
25	ZWEYGARTH E , CABEZAS-CRUZ A , JOSEMANS A I , et al. In vitro culture and structural differences in the major immunoreactive protein gp36 of geographically distant Ehrlichia canis isolates[J]. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2014, 5 (4): 423- 431. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2014.01.011
26	KAEWMONGKOL S , SUWAN E , SIRINARUMITR T , et al. Detection of specific IgM and IgG antibodies in acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis that recognize recombinant gp36 antigens[J]. Heliyon, 2020, 6 (7): e04409. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04409
27	AGUIAR D M , ZHANG X , BRAGA I A , et al. Detection of genotype-specific Ehrlichia canis exposure in Brazilian dogs by TRP36 peptide ELISA[J]. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2016, 7 (1): 142- 5. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.10.003
28	PATEL J G , LUO T , ZHANG X , et al. Immuno-and expression analysis of Ehrlichia canis immunoreactive proteins[J]. Front Vet Sci, 2024, 11, 1481934. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1481934
29	MCBRIDE J W , WALKER D H . Progress and obstacles in vaccine development for the ehrlichioses[J]. Expert Rev Vaccines, 2010, 9 (9): 1071- 1082. doi: 10.1586/erv.10.93
30	CORLETT R T . Where are the subtropics?[J]. Biotropica, 2013, 45 (3): 273- 275. doi: 10.1111/btp.12028
31	SUARTHA I N , PRADNYANTARI A A S I , ERAWAN I G M K , et al. Clinical observations, hematological profile, serological testing, and molecular detection of Erlichia canis in veterinary clinics in Bali, Indonesia[J]. Int J Vet Sci, 2023, 12 (1): 70- 75.
32	MOHAMMED K , TUKUR M S , WATANABE M , et al. Molecular and serological detection of tick-borne hemopathogens among stray dogs in East Malaysia[J]. J Vet Med Res, 2016, 4 (2): 1074.
33	ALEXANDRE N , SANTOS A S , NÚNCIO M S , et al. Detection of Ehrlichia canis by polymerase chain reaction in dogs from Portugal[J]. Vet J, 2009, 181 (3): 343- 344. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2008.03.025
34	SGROI G , BUONO F , IATTA R , et al. Vector-borne pathogens of zoonotic concern in hunting dogs of southern Italy[J]. Acta Trop, 2022, 232, 106502. doi: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106502
35	MALIK M I , QAMAR M , AIN Q , et al. Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis in dogs from three districts in Punjab (Pakistan)[J]. Vet Med Sci, 2018, 4 (2): 126- 132. doi: 10.1002/vms3.94
36	KUKRETI K , PANDEY L , DAS M , et al. Prevalence of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in canine population across India[J]. Arch Razi Inst, 2018, 73 (2): 87- 93.
37	KOTTADAMANE M R , DHALIWAL P S , SINGLA L D , et al. Clinical and hematobiochemical response in canine monocytic ehrlichiosis seropositive dogs of Punjab[J]. Vet World, 2017, 10 (2): 255- 261. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.255-261
38	LAKSHMANAN B , JOHN L , GOMATHINAYAGAM S , et al. Molecular detection of Ehrlichia canis from blood of naturally infected dogs in India[J]. Veterinarski Arhiv, 2007, 77 (4): 307- 312.
39	PATRA G , SAHARA A , GHOSH S , et al. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in domestic dogs in North-Eastern region of India[J]. Biol Rhythm Res, 2020, 51 (2): 184- 193. doi: 10.1080/09291016.2018.1526495
40	SELIM A . Prevalence and first molecular characterization of Ehrlichia canis in Egyptian dogs[J]. Pak Vet J, 2021, 41 (01): 117- 121. doi: 10.29261/pakvetj/2020.061
41	SELIM A , ALANAZI A D , SAZMAND A , et al. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors for vector-borne pathogens in dogs from Egypt[J]. Parasi Vectors, 2021, 14 (1): 175. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-04670-0
42	SARI B , TAŞÇI G T , KILIÇ Y . Seroprevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, Ehrlichia canis and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Iğdır province, Turkey[J]. Kafkas Univ Vet Faki, 2013, 19, 735- 739.
43	AKTAS M , ÖZÜBEK S . Genetic diversity of Ehrlichia canis in dogs from Turkey inferred by TRP36 sequence analysis and phylogeny[J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2019, 64, 20- 24. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.02.003
44	AYAN A , KILINÇ O , ERDOǦAN S , et al. High Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Van, Turkey[J]. Appl Ecol Env Res, 2020, 18, 1953- 1960. doi: 10.15666/aeer/1801_19531960
45	MENGFAN Q , LIXIA W , YING L , et al. Molecular detection and genetic variability of Ehrlichia canis in pet dogs in Xinjiang, China[J]. Vet World, 2020, 13 (5): 916- 922. doi: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.916-922
46	LUO H Q , LAN Y F , GAN P , et al. Molecular identification and prevalence of Ehrlichia canis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) infecting pet dogs in Wenzhou, China[J]. Pak J Zool, 2021, 53 (6): 2129- 2134.
47	YUASA Y , HSU T H , CHOU C C , et al. The comparison of spatial variation and risk factors between mosquito-borne and tick-borne diseases: Seroepidemiology of Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma species, and Dirofilaria immitis in dogs[J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2012, 35 (6): 599- 606. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2012.08.001
48	MUGUIRO D H , NEKOUEI O , LEE K Y , et al. Prevalence of Babesia and Ehrlichia in owned dogs with suspected tick-borne infection in Hong Kong, and risk factors associated with Babesia gibsoni[J]. Prevent Vet Med, 2023, 214, 105908. doi: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105908
49	BELL D R , BERGHAUS R D , PATEL S , et al. Seroprevalence of tick-borne infections in military working dogs in the Republic of Korea[J]. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2012, 12 (12): 1023- 1030. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0864
50	SUH G H , AHN K S , AHN J H , et al. Serological and molecular prevalence of canine vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) in Korea[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2017, 10 (1): 146. doi: 10.1186/s13071-017-2076-x
51	LEE S , LEE H , PARK J W , et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, Babesia gibsoni, and Ehrlichia spp. in dogs in the Republic of Korea[J]. Ticks Tick Borne Dis, 2020, 11 (4): 101412. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101412
52	MIRANDA E A , HAN S W , RIM J M , et al. Serological evidence of Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi and Ehrlichia canis in dogs from the Republic of Korea by rapid diagnostic test kits[J]. J Vet Sci, 2022, 23 (2): e20. doi: 10.4142/jvs.21215
53	MITPASA T , SARKER B R , MACOTPET A , et al. First report on molecular characteristics and risk factor analysis of Ehrlichia canis in dogs in Khon Kaen, Thailand[J]. Veterinary World, 2022, 15 (1): 232- 238.
54	POOLSAWAT N , SANGCHUAI S , JAROENSAK T , et al. Molecular occurrence and genetic diversity of Ehrlichia canis in naturally infected dogs from Thailand[J]. Sci Rep, 2023, 13 (1): 20394. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47784-4
55	INPANKAEW T , HII S F , CHIMNOI W , et al. Canine vector-borne pathogens in semi-domesticated dogs residing in northern Cambodia[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2016, 9, 253. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1552-z
56	ZUCHI T L V L , CORASSA L , BONETTO G , et al. Serological survey of Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis and Leishmania infantum in a Brazilian canine population[J]. J Adv Vet Res, 2020, 10 (2): 61- 65.
57	AGUIAR D M , CAVALCANTE G T , PINTER A , et al. Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) in Dogs and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks from Brazil[J]. J Med Entomol, 2007, 44 (1): 126- 132. doi: 10.1093/jmedent/41.5.126
58	MACIEIRA D D B , MESSICK J B , CERQUEIRA A D M F , et al. Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis infection in thrombocytopenic dogs from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil[J]. Vet Clin Pathol, 2005, 34 (1): 44- 48. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-165X.2005.tb00008.x
59	PEREIRA M E , CANEI D H , CARVALHO M R , et al. Molecular prevalence and factors associated with Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs from the North Pantanal wetland, Brazil[J]. Vet World, 2023, 16 (6): 1209- 1213.
60	HAI V V , KHUONG N D T . Prevalence and clinical characteristics of Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs in Thua Thien Hue[J]. Hue Uni J Sci: Agri Rural Dev, 2021, 130 (3C): 77- 88.
61	DO T , BUI K L , ZAFAR I , et al. Molecular detection, risk factors, and phylogenetic analysis of tick-borne pathogens in dogs from northern Vietnam[J]. Trop Biomed, 2024, 41 (1): 52- 63. doi: 10.47665/tb.41.1.007
62	PENNISI M-G , CAPRÌ A , SOLANO-GALLEGO L , et al. Prevalence of antibodies against Rickettsia conorii, Babesia canis, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum antigens in dogs from the Stretto di Messina area (Italy)[J]. Tick Tick Borne Dis, 2012, 3 (5): 315- 318.
63	PIANTEDOSI D , NEOLA B , D'ALESSIO N , et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and D. immitis in hunting dogs from southern Italy[J]. Parasitol Res, 2017, 116 (10): 2651- 2660. doi: 10.1007/s00436-017-5574-z
64	PETRUCCELLI A , FERRARA G , IOVANE G , et al. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia spp., Anaplasma spp., Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, and Dirofilaria immitis in stray dogs, from 2016 to 2019, in Southern Italy[J]. Animals, 2021, 11 (1): 9.
65	PESAPANE R , FOLEY J , THOMAS R , et al. Molecular detection and characterization of Anaplasma platys and Ehrlichia canis in dogs from northern Colombia[J]. Vet Microbiol, 2019, 233, 184- 189. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.05.002
66	ARROYAVE E , RODAS-GONZÁLEZ J D , ZHANG X , et al. Ehrlichia canis TRP36 diversity in naturally infected-dogs from an urban area of Colombia[J]. Tick Tick Borne Dis, 2020, 11 (3): 101367. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101367
67	FORERO-BECERRA E , PATEL J , MARTÍNEZ-DÍAZ H C , et al. Seroprevalence and genotypic analysis of Ehrlichia canis infection in dogs and humans in Cauca, Colombia[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2021, 104 (5): 1771- 1776. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0965
68	ESPINO-SOLÍS G P , FLORES-LIRA E A , BARRERAS-SERRANO A , et al. Clinical and pathological factors associated with Ehrlichia canis in companion dogs[J]. J Infect Dev Ctries, 2023, 17 (11): 1598- 1605. doi: 10.3855/jidc.17961
69	OJEDA-CHI M M , RODRIGUEZ-VIVAS R I , ESTEVE-GASENT M D , et al. Ehrlichia canis in dogs of Mexico: Prevalence, incidence, co-infection and factors associated[J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2019, 67, 101351. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101351
70	ATAPATTU U , COLELLA V , WORSLEY A , et al. Prevalence, distribution, and factors associated with vector-borne pathogen infections in pet dogs from different geoclimatic zones in Sri Lanka[J]. Transbound Emerg Dis, 2023, 2023, 1- 21.
71	PÉREZ-MACCHI S , PEDROZO R , BITTENCOURT P , et al. Prevalence, molecular characterization and risk factor analysis of Ehrlichia canis and Anaplasma platys in domestic dogs from Paraguay[J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2019, 62, 31- 39. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2018.11.015
72	GETTINGS J R , SELF S C W , MCMAHAN C S , et al. Local and regional temporal trends (2013-2019) of canine Ehrlichia spp. seroprevalence in the USA[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2020, 13, 153. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-04022-4
73	HAZELRIG C M , GETTINGS J R , CLEVELAND C A , et al. Spatial and risk factor analyses of vector-borne pathogens among shelter dogs in the Eastern United States[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2023, 16, 197. doi: 10.1186/s13071-023-05813-1
74	ZAID T , EREQAT S , NASEREDDIN A , et al. Molecular characterization of Anaplasma and Ehrlichia in ixodid ticks and reservoir hosts from Palestine: a pilot survey[J]. Vet Med Sci, 2019, 5 (2): 230- 242. doi: 10.1002/vms3.150
75	OBAIDAT M M , ALSHEHABAT M A . Zoonotic Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia canis, Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, and spotted fever group rickettsiae (SFGR) in different types of dogs[J]. Parasitol Res, 2018, 117 (11): 3407- 3412. doi: 10.1007/s00436-018-6033-1
76	HAMEL D , SILAGHI C , KNAUS M , et al. Detection of Babesia canis subspecies and other arthropod-borne diseases in dogs from Tirana, Albania[J]. Wien Klin Wochenschr, 2009, 121 (3): 42- 45.
77	TSITSKISHVILI L , KURASHVILI T K , MAKARADZE L A , et al. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Ehrlichia spp. among the dog population in Georgia[J]. Bull Georg Nat Acad Sci, 2022, 16 (1): 87- 92.
78	MAKSIMOVIĆ Z , DERVIŠEVIĆ M , ZAHIROVIĆ A , et al. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma spp. and Ehrlichia spp. and molecular detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma platys in stray dogs in Bosnia and Herzegovina[J]. Tick Tick Borne Dis, 2022, 13 (2): 101875. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2021.101875
79	MOHAMMED BADAWI N , MAHMOUD QASIM M , ABBAS AL-GRAIBAWI M , et al. First molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of Ehrlichia canis in dogs from Baghdad, Iraq[J]. Arch Razi Inst, 2022, 77 (6): 2431- 2437.
80	AJAJ E , MOHAMMED H , ALBAYATI L . Seroprevalence of ehrlichiosis in stray dogs in Nineveh Province[J]. Eurasia J Biosci, 2020, 14, 5883- 5887.
81	ADRIANZÉN G J , CHÁVEZ V A , CASAS A E , et al. Seroprevalencia de la dirofilariosis Y Ehrlichiosis canina en tres distritos de Lima[J]. Rev Investig Vet Per, 2003, 14 (1): 43- 48.
82	GEIGER J , MORTON B A , VASCONCELOS E J R , et al. Molecular characterization of tandem repeat protein 36 gene of Ehrlichia canis detected in naturally infected dogs from Peru[J]. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 2018, 99 (2): 297- 302. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0776
83	MASON R , LEE J , CURRAN J , et al. Serological survey for Ehrlichia canis in urban dogs from the major population centres of northern Australia[J]. Aust Vet J, 2001, 79 (8): 559- 562. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10749.x
84	HSIEH Y C , LEE C C , TSANG C L , et al. Detection and characterization of four novel genotypes of Ehrlichia canis from dogs[J]. Vet Microbiol, 2010, 146 (1-2): 70- 75. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2010.04.013
85	BEZERRA-SANTOS M A , NGUYEN V L , IATTA R , et al. Genetic variability of Ehrlichia canis TRP36 in ticks, dogs, and red foxes from Eurasia[J]. Vet Microbiol, 2021, 255, 109037. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109037
86	SANTORO M , VENEZIANO V , D'ALESSIO N , et al. Molecular survey of Ehrlichia canis and Coxiella burnetii infections in wild mammals of southern Italy[J]. Parasitol Res, 2016, 115 (11): 4427- 4431. doi: 10.1007/s00436-016-5213-0
87	FISHMAN Z , GONEN L , HARRUS S , et al. A serosurvey of Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis antibodies in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Israel[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2004, 119 (1): 21- 26. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2003.08.012
88	ARRAIS R C , PAULA R C , MARTINS T F , et al. Survey of ticks and tick-borne agents in maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) from a natural landscape in Brazil[J]. Tick Tick Borne Dis, 2021, 12 (2): 101639. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2020.101639
89	AYLLÓN T , DINIZ P P , BREITSCHWERDT E B , et al. Vector-borne diseases in client-owned and stray cats from Madrid, Spain[J]. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis, 2012, 12 (2): 143- 150. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2011.0729
90	ÁLVAREZ-FERNÁNDEZ A , MAGGI R , MARTÍN-VALLS G E , et al. Prospective serological and molecular cross-sectional study focusing on Bartonella and other blood-borne organisms in cats from Catalonia (Spain)[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2022, 15 (1): 6. doi: 10.1186/s13071-021-05105-6
91	PARZY D , DAVOUST B , BISSUEL G , et al. Human pathogenicity of Ehrlichia canis[J]. Lancet, 1991, 337 (8750): 1169.
92	PEREZ M , BODOR M , ZHANG C , et al. Human infection with Ehrlichia canis accompanied by clinical signs in Venezuela[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2006, 1078 (1): 110- 117. doi: 10.1196/annals.1374.016
93	BOUZA-MORA L , DOLZ G , SOLÓRZANO-MORALES A , et al. Novel genotype of Ehrlichia canis detected in samples of human blood bank donors in Costa Rica[J]. Tick Tick Borne Dis, 2017, 8 (1): 36- 40. doi: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.09.012
94	DANTAS-TORRES F , OTRANTO D . Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Brown dog tick)[J]. Trend Parasitol, 2022, 38 (11): 993- 994. doi: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.08.011
95	BROPHY M , RIEHLE M A , MASTRUD N , et al. Genetic variation in Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks across Arizona[J]. Int J Env Res Pub He, 2022, 19 (7): 4223. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074223
96	LIN Y , ZHOU S , UPADHYAY A , et al. Molecular detection and phylogenetic characterization of Anaplasma spp. in dogs from Hainan Province/Island, China[J]. Vet Sci, 2023, 10 (5): 339. doi: 10.3390/vetsci10050339
97	ACOSTA-JAMETT G , WEITZEL T , LOPEZ J , et al. Prevalence and risk factors of antibodies to Anaplasma spp. in Chile: A household-based cross-sectional study in healthy adults and domestic dogs[J]. Vector Borne Zoonot Dis, 2020, 20 (8): 572- 579. doi: 10.1089/vbz.2019.2587
98	FOURIE J J , STANNECK D , LUUS H G , et al. Transmission of Ehrlichia canis by Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks feeding on dogs and on artificial membranes[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2013, 197 (3): 595- 603.
99	SONENSHINE D E . Range expansion of tick disease vectors in North America: Implications for spread of tick-borne disease[J]. Int J Env Res Pub He, 2018, 15 (3): 478. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15030478
100	RAGHAVAN R K , PETERSON A T , COBOS M E , et al. Current and future distribution of the lone star tick, Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae) in North America[J]. PLoS One, 2019, 14 (1): e0209082. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209082
101	MORAES-FILHO J , KRAWCZAK F S , COSTA F B , et al. Comparative evaluation of the vector competence of four South American populations of the Rhipicephalus sanguineus group for the bacterium Ehrlichia canis, the agent of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis[J]. PloS One, 2015, 10 (9): e0139386. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139386
102	PASCOE E L , NAVA S , LABRUNA M B , et al. Predicting the northward expansion of tropical lineage Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato ticks in the United States and its implications for medical and veterinary health[J]. PloS One, 2022, 17 (8): e0271683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271683
103	TUCKER N S G , WEEKS E N I , BEATI L , et al. Prevalence and distribution of pathogen infection and permethrin resistance in tropical and temperate populations of Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. collected worldwide[J]. Med Vet Entomol, 2021, 35 (2): 147- 157. doi: 10.1111/mve.12479
104	DANTAS-TORRES F , OTRANTO D . Further thoughts on the taxonomy and vector role of Rhipicephalus sanguineus group ticks[J]. Vet Parasitol, 2015, 208 (1): 9- 13.
105	杨冬梅. 兽医临床抢救与治疗中输血疗法的应用[J]. 吉林畜牧兽医, 2023, 44 (3): 121- 122. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2078.2023.03.059
	YANG D M . The application of blood transfusion therapy in emergency rescue and treatment in veterinary clinical practice[J]. Jilin Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 2023, 44 (03): 121- 122. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-2078.2023.03.059
106	REINE N J . Infection and blood transfusion: a guide to donor screening[J]. Clin Tech Small Anim Pract, 2004, 19 (2): 68- 74. doi: 10.1053/j.ctsap.2004.01.002
107	MCQUISTON J H , CHILDS J E , CHAMBERLAND M E , et al. Transmission of tick-borne agents of disease by blood transfusion: a review of known and potential risks in the United States[J]. Transfusion, 2000, 40 (3): 274- 284. doi: 10.1046/j.1537-2995.2000.40030274.x
108	CONTI-PATARA A , NGWENYAMA T R , MARTIN L G , et al. Dal-induced red blood cell incompatibilities in a Doberman Pinscher with von Willebrand factor deficiency and ehrlichiosis[J]. J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio), 2021, 31 (2): 274- 278. doi: 10.1111/vec.13015
109	MORGANTI G , MIGLIO A , MORETTA I , et al. Retrospective longitudinal survey on canine vector-borne pathogens: Trends and challenges of 10 years of activities of a veterinary blood bank[J]. Vet Sci, 2022, 9 (6): 274. doi: 10.3390/vetsci9060274
110	NIJSSE R , MUGHINI-GRAS L , WAGENAAR J A , et al. Recurrent patent infections with Toxocara canis in household dogs older than six months: a prospective study[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2016, 9 (1): 531. doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1816-7
111	CHOCHLIOS T A , ANGELIDOU E , KRITSEPI-KONSTANTINOU M , et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Ehrlichia canis in a hospital canine population[J]. Vet Clin Pathol, 2019, 48 (2): 305- 309. doi: 10.1111/vcp.12736
112	ABBAS S N , IJAZ M , ABBAS R Z , et al. Molecular evidence of Ehrlichia canis, associated risk factors and hematobiochemical analysis in client owned and shelter cats of Pakistan[J]. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis, 2023, 94, 101959. doi: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101959
113	KAEWMONGKOL G , LUKKANA N , YANGTARA S , et al. Association of Ehrlichia canis, Hemotropic Mycoplasma spp. and Anaplasma platys and severe anemia in dogs in Thailand[J]. Vet Microbiol, 2017, 201, 195- 200. doi: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.022
114	BURTON W , DRAKE C , OGEER J , et al. Association between exposure to Ehrlichia spp. and risk of developing chronic kidney disease in dogs[J]. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 2020, 56 (3): 159- 164. doi: 10.5326/JAAHA-MS-7012
115	ATTIPA C , SOLANO-GALLEGO L , PAPASOULIOTIS K , et al. Association between canine leishmaniosis and Ehrlichia canis co-infection: a prospective case-control study[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2018, 11 (1): 184. doi: 10.1186/s13071-018-2717-8
116	STICH R W , BLAGBURN B L , BOWMAN D D , et al. Quantitative factors proposed to influence the prevalence of canine tick-borne disease agents in the United States[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2014, 7, 417. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-417
117	DANTAS-TORRES F . Biology and ecology of the brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus[J]. Parasit Vectors, 2010, 3, 26. doi: 10.1186/1756-3305-3-26
118	ZHAO G P , WANG Y X , FAN Z W , et al. Mapping ticks and tick-borne pathogens in China[J]. Nat Commun, 2021, 12 (1): 1075. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-21375-1
119	DUMIC I , SEVERNINI E . "Ticking Bomb": The impact of climate change on the incidence of lyme disease[J]. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol, 2018, 2018 (1): 5719081.
120	ÁLVAREZ-HERNÁNDEZ G , ROLDÁN J F G , MILAN N S H , et al. Rocky mountain spotted fever in Mexico: past, present, and future[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17 (6): e189- e196. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30173-1
121	SÁNCHEZ PÉREZ M , FERIA ARROYO T P , VENEGAS BARRERA C S , et al. Predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution of Rhipicephalus sanguineus in the Americas[J]. Sustainability, 2023, 15 (5): 4557. doi: 10.3390/su15054557
122	URUC B , TALAY S , SAKACI Z , et al. Monthly infestation characteristics of ticks in dogs in Turkish Thrace: Possible urbanization trends in some sylvatic tick species[J]. Syst Appl Acarol, 2023, 28 (9): 1476- 1487.
123	TSAO J I , HAMER S A , HAN S , et al. The contribution of wildlife hosts to the rise of ticks and tick-borne diseases in North America[J]. J Med Entomol, 2021, 58 (4): 1565- 1587. doi: 10.1093/jme/tjab047

[1]	赫秀甜, 向阳, 袁东波, 阳爱国, 范小虎, 谭雄, 钟叶青, 郝力力. 四川省松潘县牦牛体表蜱、高原鼠兔携带巴尔通体和无形体的PCR检测与进化分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(6): 1438-1446.
[2]	周赛赛, 谢太凤, 钱雯娴, 王一飞, 李天娇, 朱家平, 罗润波, 贡嘎, 格桑卓玛, 索朗斯珠. 西藏羊蜱蝇中巴尔通体检测及gltA基因序列分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(5): 1119-1125.
[3]	程王琨，常晨，马培培，陈攀，郑芳园，李玉峰. 汉赛巴尔通体17-kDa蛋白的表达及间接ELISA方法的建立[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2013, 44(10): 1616-1621.