牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白的结构、功能和检测方法研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.12.011

畜牧兽医学报 ›› 2024, Vol. 55 ›› Issue (12): 5440-5451.doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.12.011

牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白的结构、功能和检测方法研究进展

贤歌¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), 刘慧敏¹^,²^,³, 王加启¹^,²^,³, 郑楠¹^,²^,³^,*()

1. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 农业农村部奶及奶制品质量安全控制重点实验室, 北京 100193
2. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 农业农村部奶产品质量安全风险评估实验室(北京), 北京 100193
3. 中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所, 农业农村部奶及奶制品质量检验测试中心(北京), 北京 100193
4. 青岛农业大学食品科学与工程学院, 青岛 266109

收稿日期:2024-02-27 出版日期:2024-12-23 发布日期:2024-12-27
通讯作者: 郑楠 E-mail:xiange1932@163.com;zhengnan@caas.cn
作者简介:贤歌(2000-), 女, 山东新泰人, 硕士生, 主要从事牛奶营养品质研究, E-mail: xiange1932@163.com
基金资助:
国家重点研发计划资助(2022YFD1301003);新疆自治区重大科技专项(2022A02006-3-1);国家现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-36);中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-IAS12);河北省现代农业产业技术体系奶牛创新团队三期建设项目(HBCT2024230206)

Structures, Functions and Detection Methods of A1 and A2 β-casein in Milk

XIAN Ge¹^,²^,³^,⁴(), LIU Huimin¹^,²^,³, WANG Jiaqi¹^,²^,³, ZHENG Nan¹^,²^,³^,*()

1. Key Laboratory of Quality Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2. Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(Beijing), Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
3. Milk and Milk Products Inspection Center of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs(Beijing), Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
4. College of Food Science and Engineering of Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China

Received:2024-02-27 Online:2024-12-23 Published:2024-12-27
Contact: ZHENG Nan E-mail:xiange1932@163.com;zhengnan@caas.cn

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

酪蛋白是牛奶中主要的蛋白质，β-酪蛋白是酪蛋白中的一种，A1 β-酪蛋白和A2 β-酪蛋白是β-酪蛋白表现出的两种不同的基因型。由于氨基酸序列67号位置上的差异导致二者的结构不同，从而引起生理功能上的差异，其功能差异与人类健康存在一定的关联。本文介绍了牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白在结构上的差异以及在胶束组装、伴侣活性和制品凝胶的差异，综述了目前研究发现的二者与人类健康的一些联系，主要体现在胃肠道症状、Ⅰ型糖尿病、心血管疾病和精神疾病上，并总结现有对A1 β-酪蛋白和A2 β-酪蛋白的检测方法，旨在加强对牛奶中A1 β-酪蛋白和A2 β-酪蛋白的认识，为后续研究二者在营养学上的其他表现提供理论依据。

关键词: A1 β-酪蛋白, A2 β-酪蛋白, 结构差异, β-酪啡肽-7, 人类健康, 检测方法

Abstract:

Casein is the main protein in milk, and β-casein is one of the casein proteins. A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein are two different genotypes of β-casein. Due to the difference in the position 67 of the amino acid sequence, the structure of the two proteins are different, which leads to the difference in physiological functions that are related to human health. This article introduces the differences between the structure of A1 and A2 β-casein in milk, as well as the differences in micelle assembly, chaperone activity and product gel. Simultaneously, some of the links between A1 and A2 β-casein in milk and human health are reviewed, mainly reflected in gastrointestinal symptoms, type I diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and mental diseases. In addition, the existing detection methods of A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein in milk were summarized to strengthen the understanding of A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein in milk and provide theoretical basis for the subsequent study of other manifestations in nutrition.

Key words: A1 β-casein, A2 β-casein, structural differences, β-casomorphin-7, human health, detection methods

中图分类号:

TS252.1

贤歌, 刘慧敏, 王加启, 郑楠. 牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白的结构、功能和检测方法研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(12): 5440-5451.

XIAN Ge, LIU Huimin, WANG Jiaqi, ZHENG Nan. Structures, Functions and Detection Methods of A1 and A2 β-casein in Milk[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(12): 5440-5451.

图/表 4

图 1

图 2

表 1

牛奶中A1和A2 β-CN在乳糖不耐者中的影响"

研究对象 Research object	样本量/人 Sample size	试验周期 Test period	测试参数 Test parameters	结论 Findings	局限性 Limitation	参考文献 References
25~68岁乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 25-68	45	14 d	乳制品消化不适症状、胃肠功能、微弱认知功能障碍测试、血清和粪便标志物	饮用普通牛奶引起胃肠道炎症增加、乳制品消化不适症状恶化、在胃肠道的转运速度变慢以及认知处理速度和准确性下降	/	^[25]
乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person	600	8 d	胃肠道症状(胀气、腹胀、腹痛、大便次数和大便稠度)评分、尿半乳糖	与A2牛奶相比，普通牛奶降低了乳糖酶活性，增加了胃肠道症状	/	^[26]
男性和女性 Male and female	41	14 d	胃肠道症状(腹胀、腹痛、胀气)大便黏稠度升高和排便频率	一些成年人食用普通和A2牛奶的胃肠道反应存在差异	需对普通牛奶不耐受的参与者进行更大规模的研究	^[23]
5~6岁学龄前儿童 Pre-school children aged 5-6	80	/	胃肠道症状(腹胀、腹痛、胀气、胃部沉重或饱胀)评分、血清免疫、炎症、粪便标志物、大便频率和稠度、认知障碍测试	用A2牛奶代替普通牛奶，可减轻中国学龄前儿童与牛奶不耐受相关的胃肠道症状，改善认知能力	干预期短，受试者主观影响	^[27]
19~50岁乳糖不耐受者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 19-50	25	/	胃肠道症状(腹痛、腹胀、胀气和腹泻症状)评分、呼出的氢气浓度	饮用A2牛奶后腹痛减轻	样本量较少	^[28]
25岁乳糖不耐的女性 Lactose-intolerant female aged 25	40	/	消化症状差异、症状持续时间、排便频率、粪便评分	饮用A2牛奶改善临床确诊的乳糖不耐个体的乳糖消化不良和不耐受的急性症状	需进一步探究非乳糖制品不耐受者出现消化不良的症状	^[29]
12~36个月幼儿 Infant in 12-36 months	387	14 d	肠道舒适度总分、粪便特征	A2牛奶可以在一周内改善轻微胃肠道不适的健康幼儿的整体消化舒适度和胃肠道相关症状	未在不同类型人群中进行研究	^[30]
乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant	10	/	胃排空速度和转运量、腹痛总症状评分	与A2牛奶相比，普通牛奶的胃排空转运速度更快	样本量较少	^[31]
不同种族和性别的乳糖消化不良者 Lactose dyspepsia by race and gender	16	20 d	粪便紧迫性、腹胀、氢气、血清炎症标志物、谷胱甘肽水平	普通牛奶会增加饮用牛奶期间的急性粪便紧迫感。与A2牛奶相比，长期食用普通牛奶都会增加乳糖消化不良患者在牛奶激发后腹胀和胀气	/	^[32]
18~65岁乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 18-65	16	14 d	症状(腹痛、腹胀、胀气、腹泻和便急)评分、呼吸样本中的氢含量、血清指标	与普通牛奶相比，连续两周每天饮用A2牛奶可显著降低排便急迫感，并在干预后减少乳糖摄入后的腹胀和胀气	样本量较少，没有进行多样化的人群研究	^[22]

表 1

表 2

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检测品种 Testing varieties	等位基因频率 Allelic frequency		基因型频率 Genotype frequency			参考文献 References
检测品种 Testing varieties	A2	A1	A2A2	A1A2	A1A1	参考文献 References
荷斯坦-弗里斯牛Holstein Friesian cattle	/	/	17%	50%	33%	^[49]
娟姗牛Jersey cattle	/	/	14%	18%	68%
萨希瓦尔×弗里斯奶牛Sahiwal×Friesian	/	/	18%	26%	56%
娟姗×Achai牛Jersey×Achai	/	/	78%	15%	7%
Achai牛Achai cattle	/	/	100%	/	/
罗哈尼牛Lohani	/	/	100%	/	/
波兰红牛Polish Red	0.47	/	//	/	/	^[50]
西门塔尔牛Simmental cow	0.645	/	42%	45%	13%	^[51]
塞尔维亚荷斯坦-弗里斯牛Serbian Holstein-Friesian Cow	/	/	33.2%	54.72%	12.26%	^[52]
信德牛Sindhi cattle	0.94	0.06	90%	9%	1%	^[53]
古泽拉特牛Guzerat indicine cattle	0.9	/	80%	/	/	^[54]
高原娟姗牛Plateau jersey cattle	0.7195	/	51.43%	41.04%	7.53%	^[55]
印度牛Indian cattle	/	/	80%	19%	未检出	^[56]

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牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白的结构、功能和检测方法研究进展

Structures, Functions and Detection Methods of A1 and A2 β-casein in Milk

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