中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论构建

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.018

畜牧兽医学报 ›› 2025, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (9): 4341-4354.doi: 10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.018

中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论构建

马彦男^1,2, 李政洁¹, 张晓³, 郭贝贝³, 房华⁴, 刘子嘉⁴, 陈时伟⁵, 贺鹏迦⁴, 王小龙⁶, 陈玉林^6*, 雷赵民^4*

1. 西北师范大学生命科学学院, 兰州 730070;
2. 西北师范大学新农村发展研究院, 兰州 730070;
3. 环县畜牧兽医局, 环县 745700;
4. 甘肃农业大学动物科学技术学院, 兰州 730070;
5. 伟赫乳业集团, 环县 745700;
6. 西北农林科技大学动物科技学院, 杨凌 712100

收稿日期:2025-02-19 发布日期:2025-09-30
通讯作者: 雷赵民，主要从事草食家畜健康高效养殖研究，E-mail:Leizm@gsau.edu.cn；陈玉林，主要从事羊生物育种研究，E-mail:chenyulin@nwafu.edu.cn
作者简介:马彦男(1985-)，男，回族，甘肃临夏人，副教授，硕士生导师，主要从事牛羊遗传改良和生长发育调控方面的研究，E-mail:mayannan@nwnu.edu.cn
基金资助:
农业生物育种重大项目(2022ZD04014)；国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1300203)；甘肃省技术创新引导计划(24CXNA002)；奶山羊新品系选育核心群建立专项(甘农财发[2022]49号；甘农财发[2024]6号)；现代寒旱农业种业攻关和科技支撑项目(ZYGG-2025-15)

Methodological Theory of Linear Appraisal for Conformation Traits of Dairy Goats in China

MA Yannan^1,2, LI Zhengjie¹, ZHANG Xiao³, GUO Beibei³, FANG Hua⁴, LIU Zijia⁴, CHEN Shiwei⁵, HE Pengjia⁴, WANG Xiaolong⁶, CHEN Yulin^6*, LEI Zhaomin^4*

1. College of Life Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
2. Institute of New Rural Development, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
3. Bureau of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of the Huan County, Huan County 745700, China;
4. College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China;
5. Weihe Dairy Group, Huan County 745700, China;
6. College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

Received:2025-02-19 Published:2025-09-30

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 旨在构建中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论，为我国奶山羊育种实践提供技术支撑。本研究基于欧美国家奶山羊体型鉴定体系，依据遗传力(h²≥0.15)与经济重要性筛选评分性状，利用1 530只萨能奶山羊的36 720条表型数据，通过正态分布分析确定评分性状的生物学极端范围，构建表型-线性分-功能分转换模型，结合我国生产体系和选育目标量化部位和评分性状权重分配，制定缺陷性状扣分规则，建立评分模型及等级划分的标准化方法，并利用Adobe Illustrator 2022软件绘制各评分性状图谱。研究明确了中国奶山羊体型线性评定的基本条件，筛选、定义并量化了涵盖泌乳系统(42%)、肢蹄(28%)、乳用强度(20%)和尻部(10%)4个部位的20个评分性状及其权重，同时提出了20个缺陷性状及其扣分值；通过确定20个评分性状生物学两极端范围，按照正态分布频率形成9分制线性评分并绘制60项图谱。本研究可为我国奶山羊体型线性评定提供科学技术框架，对建立我国奶山羊遗传评估技术体系，推动种业遗传改良具有重要的理论和实践意义。

关键词: 奶山羊, 体型性状, 线性鉴定, 方法学

Abstract: This study aimed to construct a methodological framework for the 9-point linear type evaluation system of dairy goats and provide technical support for dairy goat breeding practices in China. The study based on the type evaluation systems of dairy goats in Europe and the United States. Scoring traits were selected according to their heritability (h²≥0.15) and economic importance. Using 36 720 phenotypic records from 1 530 Saanen dairy goats, the biological extreme range of scoring traits were determined through normal distribution analysis. A phenotypic-linear score-functional score conversion model was developed. According to China’s production systems and breeding objectives, the weight allocation for body regions and scoring traits was quantified, the deduction rules for defective traits, and a scoring model with a standardized grading method, as well as the fundamental conditions for linear type evaluation of Chinese dairy goats were established and clarified, and the map of each scoring trait was drawn by Adobe Illustrator 2022 software. Twenty scoring traits, covering four body regions—udder system (42%), legs and feet (28%), dairy strength (20%), and rump (10%)—were selected, defined, and quantified with their respective weights, meanwhile, 20 defective traits and their corresponding deduction values were proposed. By determining the biological extreme ranges of the 20 scoring traits, a 9-point linear scoring system was established based on their normal distribution frequency, accompanied by 60 illustrative diagrams. This study will provide a scientific technical framework for the linear evaluation of conformation traits of Chinese dairy goats. It will also hold significant theoretical and practical importance for establishing a genetic evaluation system for dairy goats and promoting genetic improvement in the seed industry in China.

Key words: dairy goat, conformation traits, linear appraisal, methodological

中图分类号:

S827.2

马彦男, 李政洁, 张晓, 郭贝贝, 房华, 刘子嘉, 陈时伟, 贺鹏迦, 王小龙, 陈玉林, 雷赵民. 中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论构建[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4341-4354.

MA Yannan, LI Zhengjie, ZHANG Xiao, GUO Beibei, FANG Hua, LIU Zijia, CHEN Shiwei, HE Pengjia, WANG Xiaolong, CHEN Yulin, LEI Zhaomin. Methodological Theory of Linear Appraisal for Conformation Traits of Dairy Goats in China[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4341-4354.

参考文献

[1] 罗军,史怀平,王建民,等.中国奶山羊产业发展综述——发展趋势及特征[J].中国奶牛, 2019, (9):1-11.
LUO J, SHI H P, WANG J M, et al. A Review of the Development of China’s Dairy Goat Industry: Trends and Characteristics[J]. China Dairy Cattle, 2019, (9): 1-11. (in Chinese)
[2] 史怀平,罗军,王建民,等.奶山羊种业的昨天、今天和明天[J].中国畜禽种业, 2024, 20(4):208-216.
SHI H P, LUO J, WANG J M, et al. The Past, Present, and Future of Dairy Goat Breeding Industry[J]. China Livestock and Poultry Breeding, 2024, 20(4): 208-216. (in Chinese)
[3] NILFOROOSHAN M A, JORJANI H. Invited review: A quarter of a century—international genetic evaluation of dairy sires using MACE methodology[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2022, 105(1): 3-21.
[4] MASSENDER E, BRITO L, MAIGNEL L, et al. Single- and multiple-breed genomic evaluations for conformation traits in Canadian Alpine and Saanen dairy goats[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2022, 105(7): 5985-6000.
[5] MCLAREN A, MUCHA S, MRODE R, et al. Genetic parameters of linear conformation type traits and their relationship with milk yield throughout lactation in mixed-breed dairy goats[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2016, 99(7): 5516-5525.
[6] MELLADO M, MELLADO J, VALENCIA M, et al. The relationship between linear type traits and fertility traits in high-yielding dairy goats[J]. Reprod Domest Anim, 2008, 43(5): 599-605.
[7] MARTIN P, PALHIERE I, MAROTEAU C, et al. Genome-wide association mapping for type and mammary health traits in French dairy goats identifies a pleiotropic region on chromosome 19 in the Saanen breed[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2018, 101(6): 5214-5226.
[8] CASTANEDA-BUSTOS V J, MONTALDO H H, VALENCIA-POSADAS M, et al. Linear and nonlinear genetic relationships between type traits and productive life in US dairy goats[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2017, 100(2): 1232-1245.
[9] WOLBER M R, HAMANN H, HEROLD P. Genetic analysis of lifetime productivity traits in goats[J]. Arch Anim Breed, 2021, 64(2): 293-304.
[10] American Dairy Goat Association. ADGA Genetics-providing tools for dairy goat improvement. accessed October 14, 2024.
https://genetics.adga.org/.
[11] 蒋武明,刘相模,程济栋,等.奶山羊体型外貌线性性状及产奶量的初步研究[J].四川草原, 1991, (3):76.
JIANG W M, LIU X M, CHENG J D, et al. A preliminary study on linear traits of body conformation and milk yield in dairy goats[J]. Sichuan Grassland, 1991, (3): 76. (in Chinese)
[12] 张智英,李建文.美国莎能奶山羊线性外貌评定方法——(一)线性外貌评定标准[J].国外畜牧学(草食家畜), 1992, (5):15-18.
ZHANG Z Y, LI J W. Linear type trait evaluation method for American Saanen dairy goats (1) Linear type trait evaluation standards[J]. Foreign Animal Husbandry (Herbivorous Livestock), 1992, (5): 15-18. (in Chinese)
[13] 张智英,李建文.美国莎能奶山羊线性外貌评定方法——(二)线性外貌评定标准应用实例[J].国外畜牧学(草食家畜), 1992, (6):16-18.
ZHANG Z Y, LI J W. Linear type trait evaluation method for American Saanen dairy goats (2) Application examples of linear type trait evaluation standards[J]. Foreign Animal Husbandry (Herbivorous Livestock), 1992, (6): 16-18. (in Chinese)
[14] 赵启南.奶山羊主导品种及体型外貌鉴定技术[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2021.
ZHAO Q N. Main breeds of dairy goats and techniques for body conformation evaluation[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Press, 2021. (in Chinese)
[15] 陕西省市场监督管理局. 奶山羊种公羊体型线性鉴定技术规范[EB/OL]. 2022-06-28.
https://max.book118.com/html/2022/0627/8066000054004113.shtm. Shaanxi Provincial Administration for Market Regulation. Technical specifications for linear type evaluation of dairy goat bucks[EB/OL].2022-06-28.
https://max.book118.com/html/2022/0627/8066000054004113.shtm. (in Chinese)
[16] 汪浩源.崂山奶山羊体型外貌线性评定及其与泌乳性状的相关性分析[D].泰安:山东农业大学, 2022.
WANG H Y. Linear evaluation of body conformation and its correlation with lactation traits in Laoshan dairy goats[D]. Taian: Shandong Agricultural University, 2022. (in Chinese)
[17] 刘忠贤,师守堃.奶牛体型线性鉴定技术规范[J].甘肃畜牧兽医,1992,(2):34-36.
LIU Z X, SHI S K. Technical specifications for linear type evaluation of dairy cows[J]. Gansu Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, 1992, (2): 34-36. (in Chinese)
[18] 何志成,秦晓晨,吕永强,等.萨能奶山羊体尺性状的多元逐步回归分析与生长曲线拟合[J].畜牧兽医学报,2023,54(12):5301-5311.
HE Z C, QIN X C, LÜ Y Q, et al. Multiple stepwise regression analysis and growth curve fitting of body measurements in Saanen dairy goats[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2023, 54(12): 5301-5311. (in Chinese)
[19] WIGGANS G R, HUBBARD S M. Genetic evaluation of yield and type traits of dairy goats in the United States[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2001, 84: E69-E73.
[20] 李俊雅,许尚忠,张沅，等.中国西门塔尔牛线性体型评分、功能分及整体评分转换方法的研究[J].畜牧兽医学报, 2003, 34(3): 221-226.
LI J Y, XU S Z, ZHANG Y, et al. Study on transmitting method from linear score to functional score and functional score to total score for Chinese Simmental[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2003, 34(3): 221-226. (in Chinese)
[21] Canadian Goat Society. 2020 Classification manual. Guelph, ON. October 24, 2021 https://www.goats.ca/classification/.
[22] American Dairy Goat Association. Standard operating procedures for linear appraisal evaluations. June 18, 2025.
https://adga.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/2025-Guidebook-Rev.-6.18.pdf.
[23] American Dairy Goat Association. Linear appraisal system for dairy goats. 2019.
https://adga.org/wp-ontent/uploads/2019/02/LABOOKLETALL_19.pdf.
[24] SANCHEZ-RODRIGUEZ M. Morphological evaluation of dairy goats: judging and scoring[M]. Zaragoza: Editorial Servet, 2^nd ed, 2012.
[25] LUIGI-SIERRA M C, LANDI V, GUAN D L,et al. A genome-wide association analysis for body, udder, and leg conformation traits recorded in Murciano-Granadina goats[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2020, 103(12): 11605-11617.
[26] MANFREDI E, PIACERE A, LAHAYE P, et al. Genetic parameters of type appraisal in Saanen and Alpine goats[J]. Livest Prod Sci, 2001, 70(3): 183-189.
[27] CLEMENT V, BOICHARD D, PIACERE A, et al. Genetic evaluation of French goats for dairy and type traits[C]. 7^th World Congress on Genetics Applied to Livestock Production, August 19-23, 2002, Montpellier, France.
[28] RUPP R, CLEMENT V, PIACERE A, et al. Genetic parameters for milk somatic cell score and relationship with production and udder type traits in dairy Alpine and Saanen primiparous goats[J]. J Dairy Sci, 2011, 94(7): 3629-3634.
[29] 李想,鄢新义,曹露,等.新旧版本《中国荷斯坦牛体型鉴定规程》对比分析[J].畜牧兽医学报, 2016, 47(12): 2414-2419.
LI X, YAN X Y, CAO L, et al. Comparative analysis of two versions of code of practice of type classification in Chinese Holstein[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2016, 47(12): 2414-2419. (in Chinese)
[30] TEISSIER M, BRITO L F, SCHENKEL F S, et al. Genetic parameters for milk production and type traits in North American and European Alpine and Saanen dairy goat populations[J]. JDS Commun, 2024, 5(1): 28-32.
[31] 国家畜禽遗传资源委员会.国家畜禽遗传资源品种名录, 2024.
China National Committee of Animal Genetic Resources. China national catalog of livestock and poultry genetic resources, 2024. (in Chinese)

中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论构建

Methodological Theory of Linear Appraisal for Conformation Traits of Dairy Goats in China

PDF

可视化

摘要/Abstract

引用本文

使用本文

参考文献

相关文章 15

编辑推荐

Metrics

本文评价

[1]	朱芳, 李璐璐, 赵红奕, 董娅荣, 姜悦才, 李登亮, 张天亮, 熊楠楠, 陈德坤, 马文涛, 赵慧英. 唾液乳杆菌对奶山羊隐性乳房炎的治疗效果分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2024, 55(12): 5706-5715.
[2]	胥磊, 张梦华, 张涛, 耿娟, 范守民, 杨光维, 郭杨, 邓强, 李金芝, 刘江卫, 黄锡霞, 王雅春. 基于主成分分析和因子分析估计新疆褐牛体型性状的遗传参数[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(9): 3677-3688.
[3]	王志霞, 白莉霞, 秦哲, 刘希望, 杨亚军, 李世宏, 葛闻博, 李剑勇. 阿司匹林丁香酚酯颗粒剂有关物质检测方法的建立与验证[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(8): 3500-3509.
[4]	邵钺馨, 张新钰, 葛丽岩, 史怀平. 西农萨能奶山羊ATF4基因克隆及其功能初步研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(6): 2353-2364.
[5]	朱俊儒, 韦唯, 裴党帅, 张芬鹊, 段瑜, 郭永峰, 江悦, 夏树立, 韩静, 侯金星, 安小鹏. PDCD4对奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞的凋亡及β-酪蛋白和TG合成的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(4): 1429-1440.
[6]	何志成, 秦晓晨, 吕永强, 李秀金, 边会龙, 罗军, 李聪. 萨能奶山羊体尺性状的多元逐步回归分析与生长曲线拟合[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(12): 5301-5311.
[7]	宋月通, 张汝美, 李彦芹, 李荣岭, 高运东, 仲跻峰, 薛光辉, 王玉东, 李建斌, 孙东晓. 山东省荷斯坦奶牛体型性状遗传参数估计及系谱世代数的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(5): 1384-1395.
[8]	黄敏, 谢晓刚, 何琪富, 曹旭阳, 董翔宸, 康健, 刘军, 权富生. 山羊Zfy基因克隆分析及其敲除载体构建[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(3): 711-721.
[9]	韩亚雯, 赖贞霖, 张梦美, 赵慧英, 刘腾飞. 4℃液态保存对奶山羊精子超微结构的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(3): 964-971.
[10]	吴克, 冯航, 王娟, 杨增岐. 关中奶山羊源D型产气荚膜梭菌全基因组序列测定及其分子特征分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2022, 53(11): 3967-3974.
[11]	耿亚楠, 翁玉楠, 罗军, 王平, 李聪. 西农萨能奶山羊泌乳期产奶量、乳成分及血液生理生化指标变化规律研究[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2021, 52(1): 28-41.
[12]	彭朋, 李建明, 蒋桂娥, 杨晨东, 马亚宾, 倪俊卿, 孙东晓. 河北省中国荷斯坦牛产奶和体型性状遗传参数分析[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2021, 52(1): 42-51.
[13]	何琪富, 王宇飞, 张康, 康健, 张涌, 权富生. 性控奶山羊精液X和Y精子分离比例检测方法的建立[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2021, 52(1): 107-115.
[14]	胡永林, 张祥胤, 毋程飞, 李贤, 穆杨, 丛日华. 高精料日粮对奶山羊肝、脾炎性因子表达的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(7): 1646-1655.
[15]	姚大为, 马静, 陈丽丽, 王添祯, 孙欢, 宋文芹, 马毅. 干扰PTEN基因对奶山羊乳腺上皮细胞脂质合成相关基因的转录及脂肪酸组成的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(4): 851-860.