具有抗球虫作用的植物提取物

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.08.013

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

球虫病是常见的动物肠道寄生虫病之一，严重危害动物生产和畜牧业健康发展，每年造成巨大的经济损失。过去对于球虫病的防治主要是依赖化学药物和免疫方法，但随着球虫的耐药性不断增强以及“减抗替抗”政策的持续推进，植物提取物作为绿色高效的抗球虫替抗物受到广泛关注。本文对常见的具有抗球虫活性的植物提取物以及植物提取物抗球虫的作用机制进行综述，同时阐述现阶段植物提取物在抗球虫领域研究存在的不足，以期为植物提取物在球虫病防治中的应用提供基础信息。本综述提出了植物提取物作为抗球虫功能型饲料添加剂的申报是未来的主要发展方向之一，为抗球虫植物提取物产业的健康发展奠定基础。

关键词: 球虫病, 植物提取物, 饲料添加剂, 作用机理

Abstract:

Coccidiosis is one of the common intestinal parasitic diseases in animals, seriously threatening animal production and the healthy development of the livestock industry, causing huge economic losses every year. In the past, the prevention and control of coccidiosis mainly relied on chemical drugs and immunization methods, but with the continuous increase of coccidia′s drug resistance and the continuous promotion of the "reduction and replacement of antibiotics" policy, plant extracts, as a green and efficient alternative to antibiotics, have attracted widespread attention. This review summarizes the common plant extracts with anticoccidial activity and the anticoccidial mechanisms of plant extracts, in addition, it elaborates on the shortcomings of plant extract research in the field of anti-coccidiosis. These results provide basic informations for the application of plant extracts in the prevention and control of coccidiosis. This review proposes that the application of plant extracts as functional feed additives for anti-coccidiosis is one of the main development directions in the future, which will lay a solid foundation for the healthy development of anti-coccidiosis plant extracts industry.

Key words: coccidiosis, plant extracts, feed additives, action mechanism

中图分类号:

S855.9

甄奥宁, 李森阳, 陈龙飞, 李娟锋, 菅复春. 具有抗球虫作用的植物提取物[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(8): 3690-3700.

ZHEN Aoning, LI Senyang, CHEN Longfei, LI Juanfeng, JIAN Fuchun. Plant Extracts with Anti-Coccidial Properties[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(8): 3690-3700.

图/表 5

表 1

具有抗球虫活性的单一植物提取物及其有效成分"

植物 Plant	有效成分 Active components	球虫虫种 Coccidia species	参考文献 Reference
甜菜 Beta vulgaris	甜菜碱	堆型、柔嫩、巨型艾美耳球虫	[8]
木瓜 Pseudocydonia sinensis	木瓜蛋白酶、维生素A	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[9]
姜黄 Curcuma longa	酚类化合物(姜黄素、二阿魏酰甲烷)	堆型、柔嫩、巨型艾美耳球虫	[10]
余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica	没食子酸、奎宁酸、槲皮素	毒害、堆型、柔嫩、巨型艾美耳球虫	[11]
橄榄 Olea europaea	葡萄糖酸钙、齐墩果酸	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[12]
牛至 Origanum vulgare	黄酮、酚类(百里香酚和香芹酚)	堆型、柔嫩、巨型艾美耳球虫	[13]
芦荟叶 Aloe Vera leaf	芦荟苷A、芦荟苷B、芦荟大黄素、芦荟糖苷A、B等	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[14]
黄芪 Astragalus membranaceus	黄芪多糖	乳突状艾美耳球虫	[15]
川楝子 Melia toosendan	川楝素、异川楝素	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[16]
常山 Dichroa febrifuga Lour.	常山酮	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[17]
石榴 Punica Granatum	石榴多酚和安石榴苷	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[18]
桑叶 Morus alba	桑叶黄酮、桑叶多酚、桑叶多糖、桑叶生物碱等	乳突状艾美耳球虫	[19]
辣木叶 Moringa oleifera Lam.	γ-氨基丁酸	乳突状艾美耳球虫	[20]
桑葚 Fructus Mori	桑葚多酚、桑葚多糖	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[21]
核桃 Juglans regia	α-氧化胡桃叶醌、β-氧化胡桃叶醌	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[22]
芦荟 Aloe vera	芦荟苷、芦荟大黄素、异芦荟苷、大黄素等	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[23]
万寿菊 Tagetes erecta	槲皮万寿菊素	猪蒂氏艾美耳球虫	[24]
迷迭香 Rosmarinus officinalis	鼠尾草酸、鼠尾草酚、迷迭香酸	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[25]
翅荚决明 Senna alata	大黄素、橙黄决明素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚、决明素	乳突状艾美耳球虫	[26]
蒲公英 Taraxacum mongolicum	蒲公英甾醇、胆碱、菊糖、果胶等	堆型、柔嫩、巨型、和缓艾美耳球虫	[27]
柴胡 Radix Bupleuri	皂苷	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[28]

表 1

表 2

图 1

图 2

表 3

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复方名称 Compound	组成成分 Constituent	球虫虫种 Coccidia species	参考文献 Reference
常青复方 ChangQing compound	常山300 g、青蒿250 g、黄芪100 g、柴胡150 g、厚朴100 g、地榆150 g、白茅花提取物100 g、陈皮100 g、仙鹤草150 g、甘草100 g	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[29]
苦参九煎散 Kushen Jiujian Powder	苦参、苦楝皮、仙鹤草、柴胡、茯苓、枳实、炒白术、炙甘草、升麻	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[30]
姜黄素复方制剂 Curcumin compound preparation	姜黄素2 g、仙鹤草20 g、青蒿20 g、常山5 g、黄芪5 g	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[31]
厚朴复方 Houpu compound	厚朴、葫芦茶、鬼针草、地榆炭	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[32]
中药复方 Traditional Chinese medicine compound(TCmc)	水飞蓟素、黄芪多糖、常山酮、蒙脱石散	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[33]
中药复方TCmc	常山、青蒿、仙鹤草、黄柏、白头翁、苦参	堆型、柔嫩、巨型艾美耳球虫	[34]
复合植物提取物 Complex plant extract(Cpe)	丁香酚、大蒜酊剂	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[35]
复合植物提取物Cpe	天竺葵、百里香酚	乳突状艾美耳球虫	[36]
复合植物提取物Cpe	石榴提取物、车前子提取物、鬼针草提取物、铁苋菜提取物、凤尾草提取物、马齿苋提取物、艾草提取物、山茶花提取物	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[1]
复合植物提取物Cpe	香芹酚、单宁酸、皂苷等	自然感染球虫	[37]
中药联合复合益生菌 Chinese medicine combined with compound probiotics	复合益生菌(植物乳杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、鼠李糖乳杆菌比例为1∶1∶1)+复方中药(常山、白头翁、地榆、黄连比例为4∶2∶1∶1)	柔嫩艾美耳球虫	[38]

名称 Name	有效成分 Active components	有无球虫研究/活性 Coccidia research/activity	试验动物 Test animal	参考文献 Reference
苜蓿提取物 Alfalfa extract	苜蓿多糖、苜蓿黄酮、苜蓿皂苷	有，对羔羊和山羊幼崽体内的球虫和胃肠道线虫有一定的控制作用。	羔羊、山羊幼崽	[61]
杜仲叶提取物 Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract	绿原酸、杜仲多糖、杜仲黄酮	暂无。具有增强免疫力、促进生长发育、改善肉质品质、抗菌、抗病毒等作用。	家禽	[62]
淫羊藿提取物 Epimedium extract	淫羊藿苷	暂无。具有抗氧化、改善生殖功能、调节骨骼代谢、增强免疫力等功能	多种动物	[63]
紫苏籽提取物 Perilla frutescens extract	α-亚油酸、亚麻酸、黄酮	无。其可通过减少炎症反应以及改善肠道菌群来减轻大鼠肠炎病变。	大鼠、小鼠	[64]
绿原酸 Chlorogenic acid	-	有，可改善球虫感染肉鸡的生长性能、免疫力、抗氧化状态和肠道屏障功能。此外，绿原酸存在于多种植物中，如咖啡豆、金银花、杜仲等，现代医疗中还可用于抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎、治疗代谢类疾病等。	肉鸡	[65]
万寿菊提取物 Tagetes erecta extract	槲皮万寿菊素	有，5% 万寿菊提取物显著抑制卵囊孢子形成。	猪	[24]
红三叶草提取物 Trifolium pratense extract	刺芒柄花素、鹰嘴豆芽素	有，具有良好的抗球虫活性并有助于提升鸡的生长性能。	家禽	[66]

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