脂滴在病毒感染中的功能研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.02.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

脂滴是从内质网膜形成的一种独特的动态细胞器，主要负责细胞内中性脂质的储存。脂滴还与其它细胞器相互作用，参与脂质代谢、膜生物合成、细胞信号转导、免疫反应等生物学过程。近年来越来越多的研究表明，脂滴在病原微生物感染，尤其是病毒感染过程中发挥着重要作用。本文综述了脂滴与病毒之间的相互作用，包括脂滴对病毒复制周期的影响以及脂滴在调节抗病毒免疫反应中发挥的作用。了解脂滴在病毒感染中的功能对于深入揭示病毒的致病机制、研发新型抗病毒药物以及预防病毒传播具有重要意义。

关键词: 脂滴, 病毒, 感染, 复制, 天然免疫

Abstract:

Lipid droplets (LDs) are unique and dynamic organelles formed from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, primarily responsible for storing neutral lipids within cells. Additionally, LDs interact with other organelles and participate in biological processes such as lipid metabolism, membrane biogenesis, cell signaling, and immune responses, etc. In recent years, a growing body of evidence has shown that LDs play a critical role in pathogen infection, particularly in the process of viral infection. This review summarizes the interaction between LDs and viruses, including the impact of LDs on viral replication, and on their regulation of innate immune responses. Understanding the role of LDs in viral infection is of great importance for uncovering the pathogenic mechanisms of viruses, developing novel antiviral drugs, and preventing viral transmission.

Key words: lipid droplets, virus, infection, replication, innate immunity

中图分类号:

S855.3

毛亚楠, 高铭, 周欣霓, 尤冬雪, 彭本群, 王松. 脂滴在病毒感染中的功能研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(2): 513-522.

MAO Yanan, GAO Ming, ZHOU Xinni, YOU Dongxue, PENG Benqun, WANG Song. Research Progress on the Function of Lipid Droplets in Virus Infection[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(2): 513-522.

图/表 2

图 1

表 1

脂滴与病毒之间的调控关系"

病毒科属 Virus family	病毒名称 Virus	病毒蛋白 Viral proteins	宿主因子 Host factors	作用机制 Mechanism	参考文献 Reference
黄病毒科 Flavivirdae	丙型肝炎病毒 HCV	NS5A	TIP47	NS5A与TIP47相互作用，将脂滴招募到内质网膜上	[40]
		NS5A Core	DGAT1	DGAT1与NS5A和Core蛋白相互作用，促进二者转运到脂滴表面	[48]
		NDRG1、CE	NDRG1通过降低CE水平抑制脂滴的形成，从而限制HCV的组装	[49]
	登革热病毒 DENV		TAG、FFA	DENV感染诱导脂滴自噬，导致TAG的分解，释放FFA	[50]
		NS3	Rab18、FASN	Rab18参与FASN与NS3蛋白的相互作用，并将FASN定位到内质网和脂滴	[52]
		C蛋白	K⁺	DENV抑制Na⁺/K⁺-ATP酶导致C蛋白与脂滴解离	[38]
	猪瘟病毒 CSFV	NS4B	Rab18、FASN	Rab18调控NS4B与FASN的相互作用，并促进FASN的表达	[2]
	寨卡病毒 ZIKV		EGFR信号通路、IFN-β、IFN-λ	病毒感染早期，通过激活EGFR信号通路诱导脂滴生成，上调IFN-β和IFN-λ的表达	[75]
	寨卡病毒 ZIKV		DGAT1、ADRP、FASN、ATGL、HSL	病毒感染后期，通过调控DGAT1、ADRP、FASN、ATGL、HSL的表达，促进脂滴的积累	[56]
冠状病毒科 Coronavirdae	严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型 SARS-CoV-2		DGAT1、PPAR-γ、SREBP1	SARS-CoV-2感染上调DGAT1、PPAR-γ、SREBP1的表达，促进脂滴的形成	[3]
			DGAT、ADRP	病毒核衣壳蛋白利用DGAT和ADRP调控脂滴的形成	[58]
		ORF6	BAP31、USE1	ORF6与BAP31和USE1结合促进脂滴的形成，并调节脂滴与ER的相互作用	[59]
		M蛋白	STX18、ATG14、Viperin	M蛋白劫持STX18，抑制STX18-ATG14的相互作用，诱导ATG14介导的脂滴自噬降解Viperin蛋白	[5]
	猪肠道α冠状病毒 PEAV		NF-κB信号通路、IL-1β、IL-8	PEAV感染促进脂滴的形成，并激活NF-κB信号通路，促进IL-1β和IL-8的产生	[60]
疱疹病毒科 Herpesviridae	马立克病病毒 MDV		FAS、ACC、FASN	MDV感染激活FAS途径，上调ACC和FASN表达，促进脂滴的积累	[61]
	人类疱疹病毒8型 HHV-8		CE	HHV-8促进脂滴的形成和CE的积累	[63]
	单纯疱疹病毒1型 HSV-1		EGFR信号通路、IFN-β、IFN-λ	HSV-1感染早期激活EGFR信号通路诱导脂滴形成，脂滴增加上调IFN-β和IFN-λ的表达	[75]
动脉炎病毒科 Arterividae	猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒 PRRSV		NDRG1	PRRSV下调NDRG1表达，诱导脂滴发生自噬(脂噬)，增加细胞中FFA含量	[66]
动脉炎病毒科 Arterividae	猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒 PRRSV		TC、TAG、FFA	EGCG通过抑制PRRSV感染所上调的TC、TAG和FFA的表达来抑制脂滴的形成和脂质合成	[68]
小核糖核酸病毒科 Picornaviridae	脊髓灰质炎病毒 PV		RC、FA	病毒蛋白与RC和脂滴相互作用，使脂滴分解释放FA	[69]
弹状病毒科 Rhabdoviridae	狂犬病病毒 RABV	RABV-M RABV-G	NDRG1、DGAT1/2	NDRG1上调DGAT1/2的活性，促进脂滴的形成。RABV-M和RABV-G则利用脂滴作为载体运输到细胞膜	[41]
呼肠孤病毒科 Reoviridae	轮状病毒 RV	NSP2 NSP5	PLIN1、ADRP	非结构蛋白NSP2和NSP5通过PLIN1和ADRP与脂滴相互作用	[72]
正黏病毒科 Orthomyxoviridae	甲型流感病毒 IAV		ROS	IAV感染激活ER应激反应，促进ROS的产生、诱导自噬并促进脂滴的形成	[74]

表 1

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