中国奶山羊9分制体型线性评定方法学理论构建

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.018

Abstract

Abstract:

This study aimed to construct a methodological framework for the 9-point linear type evaluation system of dairy goats and provide technical support for dairy goat breeding practices in China. The study based on the type evaluation systems of dairy goats in Europe and the United States. Scoring traits were selected according to their heritability (h²≥0.15) and economic importance. Using 36 720 phenotypic records from 1 530 Saanen dairy goats, the biological extreme range of scoring traits were determined through normal distribution analysis. A phenotypic-linear score-functional score conversion model was developed. According to China's production systems and breeding objectives, the weight allocation for body regions and scoring traits was quantified, the deduction rules for defective traits, and a scoring model with a standardized grading method, as well as the fundamental conditions for linear type evaluation of Chinese dairy goats were established and clarified, and the map of each scoring trait was drawn by Adobe Illustrator 2022 software. Twenty scoring traits, covering four body regions—udder system (42%), legs and feet (28%), dairy strength (20%), and rump (10%)—were selected, defined, and quantified with their respective weights, meanwhile, 20 defective traits and their corresponding deduction values were proposed. By determining the biological extreme ranges of the 20 scoring traits, a 9-point linear scoring system was established based on their normal distribution frequency, accompanied by 60 illustrative diagrams. This study will provide a scientific technical framework for the linear evaluation of conformation traits of Chinese dairy goats. It will also hold significant theoretical and practical importance for establishing a genetic evaluation system for dairy goats and promoting genetic improvement in the seed industry in China.

Key words: dairy goat, conformation traits, linear appraisal, methodological

CLC Number:

S827.2

MA Yannan, LI Zhengjie, ZHANG Xiao, GUO Beibei, FANG Hua, LIU Zijia, CHEN Shiwei, HE Pengjia, WANG Xiaolong, CHEN Yulin, LEI Zhaomin. Methodological Theory of Linear Appraisal for Conformation Traits of Dairy Goats in China[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4341-4354.

Figures/Tables 6

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Fig. 1

Table 4

Table 5

References 31

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部位 Part	线性评分性状 Linear scoring trait	缺陷性状(扣分值) Defective trait (Deduction score)
乳用强度 Dairy strength	体高Stature	面部/下颌歪斜	(1)
	胸宽Chest width	头部不理想	(1)
	体深Body depth	背腰左右一致	(1)
	棱角性Dairy form	肋骨开张不良	(1)
	棱角性Dairy form	体态均衡性极差	(1)
尻部 Rump	尻角度Rump angle	斜尻	(1)
	尻宽Rump width	短尻	(1)
	腰强度Loin strength
肢蹄 Feet and legs	后肢侧视Rear legs, side view	卧系	(1)
	后肢后视Rear legs, rear view	关节粗大	(1)
	骨质地Bone quality	蹄叉严重张开	(1)
	蹄角度Foot angle	前蹄外向	(1)
	蹄踵深度Heel depth	前肢弓形	(1)
		后肢弓形	(1)
泌乳系统 Mammary system	乳房深度Udder depth	乳房形状差	(2)
	中央悬韧带Medial suspensory ligament	乳区后部隆起	(1)
	前乳区附着Fore udder attachment	乳房扭曲变形	(2)
	后乳区附着高度Rear udder attachment height	左右乳区不平衡	(2)
	后乳区附着宽度Rear udder attachment width	有瞎乳区	(3)
	乳头位置后视Teat placement, rear view	前乳区短	(1)
	乳头直径Teat diameter	乳头异常	(2)
	乳头长度Teat length

部位 Part	评定性状 Trait	美国 USA	西班牙 Spain	法国 France	加拿大 Canada	中国 China
乳用强度 Dairy strength	体高	√	√	-	√	√
	前段	-	-	-	√	-
	胸宽	√	√	-	√	√
	胸深	√	-	-	-	-
	体深	√	-	-	√	√
	胸围	-	-	√	-	-
	背部	-	-	√	-	-
	体况评分	-	-	-	√	-
	棱角性	√	√	-	√	√
尻部 Rump	尻角度	√	√	√	√	√
	尻宽	√	√	-	√	√
	腰强度	-	-	-	√	√
	髋关节位置侧视	-	-	-	√	-
肢蹄 Feet and legs	后肢侧视	√	√	-	√	√
	后肢后视	-	-	-	√	√
	骨质地	-	-	-	√	√
	步态步长	-	-	-	-	-
	蹄角度	-	-	√	-	√
	蹄踵深度	-	-	-	√	√
	系部	-	-	√	√	-
	飞节间距	-	-	√	-	-
泌乳系统 Mammary system	乳房深度	√	√	√	√	√
	中央悬韧带	√	√	√	√	√
	乳房质地	-	-	-	√	-
	前乳区附着	√	√	√	√	√
	后乳区附着高度	√	√	√	√	√
	后乳区附着宽度	√	√	-	√	√
	乳头位置后视	√	√	√	√	√
	乳头直径	√	√	√	-	√
	乳头长度	-	-	√	√	√
	乳头形状	-	-	√	-	-
	乳头角度侧视	-	-	√	-	-
	乳头朝向后视	-	-	√	-	-
	乳房形状	-	√	√	-	-
评分体系Scoring system		50分制	50分制	9分制	9分制	9分制

部位 Part	线性评分性状 Linear trait	线性分Linear score									单位 Unit
部位 Part	线性评分性状 Linear trait	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	单位 Unit
乳用强度 Dairy strength	体高	≤61	65	68	71	75	78	81	85	≥88	cm
	胸宽	≤13.5	15.5	17.0	19.0	20.5	22.0	24.0	25.5	≥27.0	cm
	体深	≤41%	43%	46%	49%	52%	54%	57%	60%	≥63%
	棱角性	极粗糙	-	粗糙	-	中等	-	明显	-	极明显
尻部 Rump	尻角度	3.0	5.5	8.5	11.0	13.5	16.0	19.0	22.0	24.5	cm
	尻宽	≤13.0	14.5	16.5	18.0	19.5	21.5	23.0	24.5	≥26.0	cm
	腰强度	极弱	-	弱	-	中等	-	强	-	极强
肢蹄 Feet and legs	后肢侧视	≤115	120	125	130	135	145	150	155	≥165	°
	后肢后视	极X型	-	较X型	-	平行	-	较O型	-	极O型
	骨质地	粗圆疏松膨大松弛	-	-	-	中等	-	-	-	扁平紧致细致坚实
	蹄角度	≤35	40	45	50	60	65	70	75	≥80	°
	蹄踵深度	≤1.0	1.3	1.6	2.0	2.3	2.6	2.9	3.2	≥3.5	cm
泌乳系统 Mammary system	乳房深度	≤-6.0	-3.0	0.0	2.5	5.5	8.0	11	13.5	≥16.5	cm
	中央悬韧带	≤1.0	2.0	3.0	4.0	5.0	6.0	7.0	8.0	≥9.0	cm
	前乳区附着	≤60	75	85	100	110	125	135	145	≥160	°
	后乳区附着高度	≥9.5	9.0	8.0	7.0	6.0	5.0	4.0	3.0	≤2.5	cm
	后乳区附着宽度	≤6.5	8.0	9.5	11.0	12.5	13.5	15.0	16.5	≥18.0	cm
	乳头位置后视	极外	-	偏外	-	中间	-	偏内	-	极内
	乳头直径	≤1.0	1.5	2.0	2.5	3.0	3.5	4.0	4.5	≥5.0	cm
	乳头长度	≤1.0	2.0	3.5	4.5	5.5	6.5	7.5	9.0	≥10.0	cm

部位(权重) Part (Weight)	线性评分性状 Linear scoring trait	权重 Weight	线性分Linear score
部位(权重) Part (Weight)	线性评分性状 Linear scoring trait	权重 Weight	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
乳用强度 Dairy strength (20%)	体高	20%	55	65	75	85	90	95	100	95	90
	胸宽	30%	55	65	75	80	85	90	95	90	85
	体深	20%	55	65	75	80	85	90	95	90	85
	棱角性	30%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
尻部 Rump (10%)	尻角度	47%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55
	尻宽	31%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	腰强度	22%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
肢蹄 Feet and legs (28%)	后肢侧视	17%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55
	后肢后视	31%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55
	骨质地	12%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	蹄角度	20%	55	65	75	85	95	90	85	80	75
	蹄踵深度	20%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
泌乳系统 Mammary system(42%)	乳房深度	14%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55
	中央悬韧带	20%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	前乳区附着	20%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	后乳区附着高度	14%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	后乳区附着宽度	12%	55	60	65	70	75	80	85	90	95
	乳头位置后视	8%	55	65	75	85	90	95	90	85	75
	乳头直径	6%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55
	乳头长度	6%	55	65	75	85	95	85	75	65	55

鉴定等级 Evaluation grade	体型总分 Final score	分值定义 Scoring range definitions
优秀Excellent	95~100	包括线性性状在内的所有体型表现近乎完美，运动轻松、步态流畅，需经生产性能验证。
	94	无体型缺陷且3个及以上部位评分达到95分以上。
	93	无体型缺陷且2个部位评分达到95分以上。
	92	无体型缺陷且2个及以上部位评分达到90分以上，其中1个部位评分达到95分以上。
	91	无明显的体型缺陷且2个及以上部位评分达到90分以上。
	90	无明显的体型缺陷且1个部位评分达到90分以上。
非常好 Very good	85~89	伴有轻微的体型缺陷，具有表现优良终生性能的体型结构。
良好Good plus	80~84	有一些对长寿性和生产性能影响较小的体型缺陷，具有表现良好终生性能的体型结构。
好Good	70~79	中度体型结构缺陷，是维持利用年限和和发挥生产性能的最低体型标准。
一般Fair	60~69	有严重的体型结构缺陷，严重限制利用年限和生产性能的发挥。
差Poor	≤59	在多个部位有严重的体型结构缺陷，抑制利用年限和生产性能的发挥。

Methodological Theory of Linear Appraisal for Conformation Traits of Dairy Goats in China

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