冠状病毒S蛋白的结构和功能研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.09.010

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

冠状病毒(coronavirus，CoV)是具有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒，作为人和动物的重要致病原，冠状病毒感染主要导致宿主呼吸系统、肝脏、胃肠道以及神经系统出现急性或慢性症状。冠状病毒可感染人类和多种动物，严重危害人体健康和畜牧业发展。绝大多数冠状病毒的刺突(spike，S)蛋白由S1亚基和S2亚基组成，在病毒感染细胞过程中分别负责受体结合和与细胞膜融合，其在病毒的组织或宿主嗜性和毒力等方面发挥着重要作用，是冠状病毒感染细胞的关键蛋白。本文重点对冠状病毒S蛋白的结构和功能进行综述，以期为冠状病毒的入侵机制研究提供参考。

关键词: 冠状病毒, S蛋白, 结构, 功能

Abstract:

The coronavirus (CoV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus with a lipid envelope, which is an important pathogenic agent of humans and animals. CoV infections mainly cause acute or chronic symptoms of respiratory system, liver, stomach and intestines, and nervous system of host. CoV mainly infects humans and a variety of animals, seriously endangering human health and the development of animal husbandry. Most of the spike (S) protein of CoV is composed of the S1 and S2 subunits, which are responsible for receptor binding and membrane fusion during the virus's infection of cells, respectively. It plays an important role in the virus's tissue or host tropism and virulence, and is a key protein for CoV to infect cells. This review focuses on the structure and function of the S protein of CoV, with the aim of providing a reference for exploring the invasion mechanism of CoV.

Key words: coronaviruses, spike protein, structure, function

中图分类号:

S852.659.6

黎梦帆, 李青阳, 宋艳雯, 宋振辉, 张兴翠. 冠状病毒S蛋白的结构和功能研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(9): 4241-4252.

LI Mengfan, LI Qingyang, SONG Yanwen, SONG Zhenhui, ZHANG Xingcui. Structure and Function of Coronavirus S Proteins[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(9): 4241-4252.

图/表 5

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属 Genera	病毒 Viruses	宿主 Hosts	功能性受体 Functional receptors	辅助性受体 Helper receptors	参考文献 References
甲型冠状病毒属 Alphacoronaviruses	HCoV-229E	Human	APN		[4]
	HCoV-NL63	Porcine	ACE2	HS	[22]
	TGEV		APN	SA	[17]
	PEDV		APN	SA	[8]
	SADS-CoV	Feline		HS、SA	[23]
	FECV		APN	SA	[24]
	FIPV Ⅰ				[25]
	FIPV Ⅱ	Canine	APN
	CCoV Ⅰ				[26]
	CCoV Ⅱ		APN
乙型冠状病毒属 Betacoronavirus	SARS-CoV	Human	ACE2		[27]
	SARS-CoV2		ACE2		[28]
	MERS-CoV		DPP4	SA	[29]
	HCoV-HKU1		TMPRSS2	SA	[30]
	HCoV-OC43			SA	[31]
	BCoV	Bovine	APN		[19]
	MHV	Murine	CEACAM1		[16]
丙型冠状病毒属 Gammacoronavirus	IBV	Avian		SA	[20]
丁型冠状病毒属 Deltacoronavirus	PDCoV	Porcine	APN		[32]

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