饲粮钙磷水平对伊犁马初乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成、产后血液钙磷及激素的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2020.02.012

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 旨在研究妊娠后期饲喂不同钙磷水平饲粮对产后伊犁马初乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成、血液钙磷及钙磷代谢激素、繁殖及生长代谢激素等生理生化指标的影响，为明确伊犁马在妊娠后期对钙磷的适宜需要量提供参考。本试验选取健康、无亲缘关系、12~13周岁、体重为（380±32）kg、胎次为4~5胎、处于第10妊娠月左右的伊犁马25匹，随机分为5组，每组5个重复。各组饲粮钙饲喂水平分别为36.00、39.00、42.00、45.00和48.00 g·d^-1，磷饲喂水平分别为26.30、28.30、30.30、32.30和34.30 g·d^-1。试验预试期10 d，正试期从第11天至母马分娩后第2天结束。母马分娩后12 h内采集初乳用于测定乳成分和乳脂脂肪酸含量，空腹血液用于测定Ca、P、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）、骨钙素（OC）、胎盘催乳素（PL）、垂体催乳素（PRL）、雌酮（E₁）、雌二醇（E₂）、血清孕酮（PROG）、甲状腺素（T₄）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T₃）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（IGF-1）等激素浓度。结果表明：1）饲粮钙磷水平对初乳中钙、磷、乳脂率、乳糖率均无显著影响，组间乳蛋白率、总固形物、体细胞数、乳脂中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）比例存在显著差异（P<0.05）。随着饲粮钙、磷水平的增加，乳磷浓度、乳蛋白率和UFA比例呈显著线性增加（P<0.05），总固形物呈显著二次增加（P<0.05），而乳糖率、SFA及肉豆蔻酸比例呈显著线性降低（P<0.05）。2）饲粮钙磷水平显著影响血液中OC和PROG浓度（P<0.05），随着饲粮钙磷水平的增加，血液中离子钙、CT和OC浓度呈显著的线性降低（P<0.05），而PTH和PROG水平呈显著的线性升高（P<0.05）。饲粮钙、磷水平对PL、PRL、E₁、E₂等生殖激素以及T₃、T₄、GH和IGF-1等生长代谢激素浓度均无显著影响。由此可见，在本试验条件下，饲粮钙磷通过提高初乳中乳蛋白率和总固形物来改变乳脂中饱和脂肪酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸比例影响初乳成分；通过降低血液中OC浓度影响钙磷代谢；通过提高血液中PROG浓度影响繁殖状况。

关键词: 伊犁马, 妊娠后期, 钙, 磷, 产后, 初乳, 脂肪酸, 骨钙素, 孕酮

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to study the effects of diets with different calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) levels on colostrum composition, fatty acid composition of colostrum fat, the plasma physiological and biochemical indexes including plasma Ca and P and hormones related with Ca and P metabolism, growth and reproduction in Yili mares after delivery, and to provide reference for defining the appropriate Ca and P requirement of Yili mares during the late gestation period. Twenty-five healthy Yili mares without kinship, and with the age of 12-13 years old, body weight of (380±32) kg, parity of 4-5 births and about in the 10 th gestational month were selected and randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates in each group. Ca feeding levels of the 5 groups were 36.00, 39.00, 42.00, 45.00 and 48.00 g·d^-1, respectively and P feeding levels were 26.30, 28.30, 30.30, 32.30 and 34.30 g·d^-1, respectively. The pre-test period was 10 days, and the experimental period lasted from the 11th day of the trial to the 2nd day after delivery. Samples of colostrum and fasting blood were collected within 12 hours after delivery to determine the milk composition, fatty acids content in milk fat, and plasma concentration of Ca, P, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin (CT), osteocalcin (OC), placental prolactin (PL), pituitary prolactin (PRL), estrone (E₁), estradiol (E₂), progesterone (PROG), thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ (IGF-1). The results showed that:1) Dietary Ca and P levels had no significant effect on the Ca, P, milk fat percentage and lactose percentage in colostrum, but there were significant differences in milk protein percentage, total solids, somatic cell counts, total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) percentages in milk fat among groups (P<0.05). With the increase of dietary Ca and P levels, the concentration of P, milk protein percentage and UFA percentage in colostrum significantly increased linearly (P<0.05), total solids significantly increased quadraticly (P<0.05), and lactose, SFA and myristic acid percentage significantly decreased linearly (P<0.05). 2) Plasma concentrations of OC and PROG were significantly affected by dietary Ca and P levels (P<0.05). With the increase of dietary Ca and P levels, the concentration of plasma ionic Ca, CT and OC significantly decreased linearly (P<0.05), while the concentration of PTH and PROG significantly increased linearly (P<0.05). Dietary Ca and P levels had no significant effect on the concentration of reproduction hormones such as PL, PRL, E₁, E₂, and growth and metabolism hormones such as T₃, T₄, GH and IGF-1. In this experiment, it can be concluded that dietary Ca and P levels affect colostrum compositions by increasing the milk protein percentage and total solids content, changing the saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid content in milk fat, affect Ca and P metabolism by reducing OC concentration, and affect fertility status by increasing PROG concentration.

Key words: Yili mares, late gestation period, calcium, phosphorus, postpartum, colostrum, fatty acid, osteocalcin, progesterone

中图分类号:

S821.5

漆雯雯, 臧长江, 方美烟, 陈勇. 饲粮钙磷水平对伊犁马初乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成、产后血液钙磷及激素的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2020, 51(2): 311-319.

QI Wenwen, ZANG Changjiang, FANG Meiyan, CHEN Yong. Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phosphorus Levels on Colostrum Components, Milk Fatty Acids Composition, and Postpartum Plasma Calcium, Phosphorus and Hormones of Yili Mares[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2020, 51(2): 311-319.

参考文献 33

[1]	MCDONALD P,GREENHALGH J F D,MORGAN C A,et al.Animal nutrition[M].7th ed.New York:Pearson Education,2011.
[2]	National Research Council.Nutrient requirements of horses[M].5th ed.Washington DC:National Academy Press,1989.
[3]	National Research Council.Nutrient requirements of horses[M].6th ed.Washington DC:National Academy Press,2007.
[4]	王贤东,于全平,方美烟,等.饲粮不同营养水平对伊犁马妊娠后期体重、消化代谢及分娩后初乳成分的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2017,48(2):272-279.WNG X D,YU Q P,FANG M Y,et al.Effects of dietary nutrient levels on body weight,nutrient digestion and metabolism,and colostrum composition of Yili mares during late pregnancy period[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2017,48(2):272-279.(in Chinese)
[5]	HINTZ H F.Macrominerals:calcium,phosphorus and magnesium[C]//Proceedings Kentucky Equine Research Nutrition Conference for Feed Manufacturers.Versailles,KY:Kentucky Equine Research Inc,2000:121-131.
[6]	PAGAN J D.Nutrient digestibility in horses[M]//PAGAN J D.Advances in Equine Nutrition.Nottingham:Nottingham University Press,1998:77-87.
[7]	方美烟,漆雯雯,唐伟,等.饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对妊娠后期伊犁马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(9):2761-2770.FNG M Y,QI W W,TANG W,et al.Effects of feeding different levels of calcium and phosphorus diets on nutrient digestion and metabolism,plasma physiological-biochemical indices of Yili mares during late pregnancy[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(9):2761-2770.(in Chinese)
[8]	于全平,王贤东,方美烟,等.饲粮钙、磷水平对泌乳期伊犁母马营养物质消化代谢和血浆生理生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2017,29(8):2716-2724.Y Q P,WANG X D,FANG M Y,et al.Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on nutrient digestion and metabolism,plasma physiological-biochemical indices of Yili mares during lactation period[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2017,29(8):2716-2724.(in Chinese)
[9]	National Research Council.Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle[M].7th ed.Washington,DC:National Academies Press,2001.
[10]	于全平,王贤东,漆雯雯,等.饲喂不同钙、磷水平饲粮对泌乳期伊犁马乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成和马驹生长发育、血浆生理生化指标的影响[J].动物营养学报,2016,28(8):2619-2629.Y Q P,WANG X D,QI W W,et al.Effects of feeding different levels of calcium and phosphorus diets to Yili mares during lactation period on milk composition and fatty acid composition of milk fat,and growth development and plasma physiological-biochemical indices of foals[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2016,28(8):2619-2629.(in Chinese)
[11]	张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].4版.北京:中国农业大学出版社,2016.ZANG L Y.Feed analysis and quality test technology[M].4th ed.Beijing:China Agricultural University Press,2016.(in Chinese)
[12]	LEWIS L D.Equine clinical nutrition:feeding and care[M].Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins,1995.
[13]	DONOGHUE S,MEACHAM T N,KRONFELD D S.A conceptual approach to optimal nutrition of brood mares[J].Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract,1990,6(2):373-391.
[14]	HUNTINGTON P J,OWENS E,CRANDELL K,et al.Nutritional management of mares-the foundation of a strong skeleton[M]//PAGAN J D.Advances in Equine Nutrition Ⅲ.Nottingham:Nottingham University Press,2005:193-218.
[15]	MORSE D,HEAD H H,WILCOX C J.Effects of phosphorus and calcium on feed intake and yield and composition of milk of Holstein cows[J].Asian-Australas J Anim Sci,1994,7(2):231-237.
[16]	LIESEGANG A,LOCH L,BVRGI E,et al.Influence of phytase added to a vegetarian diet on bone metabolism in pregnant and lactating sows[J].J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl),2005,89(3-6):120-128.
[17]	TAN F P Y,KONTULAINEN S A,BEAULIEU A D.Effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on reproductive performance and markers of bone turnover in stall-or group-housed sows[J].J Anim Sci,2016,94(10):4205-4216.
[18]	SHIDFAR F,MOGHAYEDI M,KERMAN S R J,et al.Effects of a calcium supplement on serum lipoproteins,apolipoprotein B,and blood pressure in overweight men[J].Int J Endocrinol Metab,2010,8(4):194-200.
[19]	YASUDA M,OKAMURA Y,YOSHIKAWA M,et al.Effect of dietary calcium on growth,calcium,magnesium and phosphorus contents and fatty acid composition of individual tissues in rats[J].Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo),1983,31(11):4152-4156.
[20]	TORIBIO R E.Disorders of calcium and phosphate metabolism in horses[J].Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract,2011,27(1):129-147.
[21]	GRANDHI R R,STRAIN J H.Dietary calcium-phosphorus levels for growth and reproduction in gilts and sows[J].Canad J Anim Sci,1983,63(2):443-454.
[22]	NICODEMO M L,SCOTT D,BUCHAN W,et al.Effects of variations in dietary calcium and phosphorus supply on plasma and bone osteocalcin concentrations and bone mineralization in growing pigs[J].Exp Physiol,1998,83(5):659-665.
[23]	TANIMOTO H,LAU K H W,NISHIMOTO S K,et al.Evaluation of the usefulness of serum phosphatases and osteocalcin as serum markers in a calcium depletion-repletion rat model[J].Calcif Tissue Int,1991,48(2):101-110.
[24]	CARTER S D,CROMWELL G L,COMBS T R,et al.The determination of serum concentrations of osteocalcin in growing pigs and its relationship to end-measures of bone mineralization[J].J Anim Sci,1996,74(11):2719-2729.
[25]	VARLEY P F,SWEENEY T,RYAN M T,et al.The effect of phosphorus restriction during the weaner-grower phase on compensatory growth,serum osteocalcin and bone mineralization in gilts[J].Livest Sci,2011,135(2-3):282-288.
[26]	PAN L C,PRICE P A.The effect of transcriptional inhibitors on the bone γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein response to 1,25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in osteosarcoma cells[J].J Biol Chem,1984,259(9):5844-5847.
[27]	NAPOLI N,THOMPSON J,CIVITELLI R,et al.Effects of dietary calcium compared with calcium supplements on estrogen metabolism and bone mineral density[J].Am J Clin Nutr,2007,85(5):1428-1433.
[28]	JONSSON N N.The effects of subclinical hypocalcaemia on postpartum fertility[J].Cattle Pract,1999,7(3):255-260.
[29]	KURAN M,ONAL A G,ROBINBSON J J,et al.A dietary supplement of calcium soaps of fatty acids enhances luteal function in sheep[J].Anim Sci,1999,69(2):385-393.
[30]	ALILA H W,DAYIS J S,DOWD J P,et al.Differential effects of calcium on progesterone production in small and large bovine luteal cells[J].J Steroid Biochem,1990,36(6):687-693.
[31]	CHAKURKAR E B,DEOPURKAR V L,CHINCHKAR S R,et al.Effect of phosphorus supplementation on progesterone output in Gir and its crossbred cows[J].Anim Nutr Feed Technol,2003,3(1):83-86.
[32]	CHANDRA A K,GOSWAMI H,SENGUPTA P.Dietary calcium induced cytological and biochemical changes in thyroid[J].Environ Toxicol Pharmacol,2012,34(2):454-465.
[33]	HARVEY S,HUYBRECHTS L M,SCANES C G.Growth hormone secretion in chicks during dietary calcium deficiency[J].Domest Anim Endocrinol,1984,1(4):269-277.