牛奶中A1和A2 β-酪蛋白的结构、功能和检测方法研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.12.011

Abstract

Abstract:

Casein is the main protein in milk, and β-casein is one of the casein proteins. A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein are two different genotypes of β-casein. Due to the difference in the position 67 of the amino acid sequence, the structure of the two proteins are different, which leads to the difference in physiological functions that are related to human health. This article introduces the differences between the structure of A1 and A2 β-casein in milk, as well as the differences in micelle assembly, chaperone activity and product gel. Simultaneously, some of the links between A1 and A2 β-casein in milk and human health are reviewed, mainly reflected in gastrointestinal symptoms, type I diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and mental diseases. In addition, the existing detection methods of A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein in milk were summarized to strengthen the understanding of A1 β-casein and A2 β-casein in milk and provide theoretical basis for the subsequent study of other manifestations in nutrition.

Key words: A1 β-casein, A2 β-casein, structural differences, β-casomorphin-7, human health, detection methods

CLC Number:

TS252.1

XIAN Ge, LIU Huimin, WANG Jiaqi, ZHENG Nan. Structures, Functions and Detection Methods of A1 and A2 β-casein in Milk[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(12): 5440-5451.

Figures/Tables 4

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Table 1

Effect of milk A1 and A2 β-CN in lactose intolerant individuals"

研究对象 Research object	样本量/人 Sample size	试验周期 Test period	测试参数 Test parameters	结论 Findings	局限性 Limitation	参考文献 References
25~68岁乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 25-68	45	14 d	乳制品消化不适症状、胃肠功能、微弱认知功能障碍测试、血清和粪便标志物	饮用普通牛奶引起胃肠道炎症增加、乳制品消化不适症状恶化、在胃肠道的转运速度变慢以及认知处理速度和准确性下降	/	^[25]
乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person	600	8 d	胃肠道症状(胀气、腹胀、腹痛、大便次数和大便稠度)评分、尿半乳糖	与A2牛奶相比，普通牛奶降低了乳糖酶活性，增加了胃肠道症状	/	^[26]
男性和女性 Male and female	41	14 d	胃肠道症状(腹胀、腹痛、胀气)大便黏稠度升高和排便频率	一些成年人食用普通和A2牛奶的胃肠道反应存在差异	需对普通牛奶不耐受的参与者进行更大规模的研究	^[23]
5~6岁学龄前儿童 Pre-school children aged 5-6	80	/	胃肠道症状(腹胀、腹痛、胀气、胃部沉重或饱胀)评分、血清免疫、炎症、粪便标志物、大便频率和稠度、认知障碍测试	用A2牛奶代替普通牛奶，可减轻中国学龄前儿童与牛奶不耐受相关的胃肠道症状，改善认知能力	干预期短，受试者主观影响	^[27]
19~50岁乳糖不耐受者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 19-50	25	/	胃肠道症状(腹痛、腹胀、胀气和腹泻症状)评分、呼出的氢气浓度	饮用A2牛奶后腹痛减轻	样本量较少	^[28]
25岁乳糖不耐的女性 Lactose-intolerant female aged 25	40	/	消化症状差异、症状持续时间、排便频率、粪便评分	饮用A2牛奶改善临床确诊的乳糖不耐个体的乳糖消化不良和不耐受的急性症状	需进一步探究非乳糖制品不耐受者出现消化不良的症状	^[29]
12~36个月幼儿 Infant in 12-36 months	387	14 d	肠道舒适度总分、粪便特征	A2牛奶可以在一周内改善轻微胃肠道不适的健康幼儿的整体消化舒适度和胃肠道相关症状	未在不同类型人群中进行研究	^[30]
乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant	10	/	胃排空速度和转运量、腹痛总症状评分	与A2牛奶相比，普通牛奶的胃排空转运速度更快	样本量较少	^[31]
不同种族和性别的乳糖消化不良者 Lactose dyspepsia by race and gender	16	20 d	粪便紧迫性、腹胀、氢气、血清炎症标志物、谷胱甘肽水平	普通牛奶会增加饮用牛奶期间的急性粪便紧迫感。与A2牛奶相比，长期食用普通牛奶都会增加乳糖消化不良患者在牛奶激发后腹胀和胀气	/	^[32]
18~65岁乳糖不耐者 Lactose-intolerant person aged 18-65	16	14 d	症状(腹痛、腹胀、胀气、腹泻和便急)评分、呼吸样本中的氢含量、血清指标	与普通牛奶相比，连续两周每天饮用A2牛奶可显著降低排便急迫感，并在干预后减少乳糖摄入后的腹胀和胀气	样本量较少，没有进行多样化的人群研究	^[22]

Table 1

Table 2

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检测品种 Testing varieties	等位基因频率 Allelic frequency		基因型频率 Genotype frequency			参考文献 References
检测品种 Testing varieties	A2	A1	A2A2	A1A2	A1A1	参考文献 References
荷斯坦-弗里斯牛Holstein Friesian cattle	/	/	17%	50%	33%	^[49]
娟姗牛Jersey cattle	/	/	14%	18%	68%
萨希瓦尔×弗里斯奶牛Sahiwal×Friesian	/	/	18%	26%	56%
娟姗×Achai牛Jersey×Achai	/	/	78%	15%	7%
Achai牛Achai cattle	/	/	100%	/	/
罗哈尼牛Lohani	/	/	100%	/	/
波兰红牛Polish Red	0.47	/	//	/	/	^[50]
西门塔尔牛Simmental cow	0.645	/	42%	45%	13%	^[51]
塞尔维亚荷斯坦-弗里斯牛Serbian Holstein-Friesian Cow	/	/	33.2%	54.72%	12.26%	^[52]
信德牛Sindhi cattle	0.94	0.06	90%	9%	1%	^[53]
古泽拉特牛Guzerat indicine cattle	0.9	/	80%	/	/	^[54]
高原娟姗牛Plateau jersey cattle	0.7195	/	51.43%	41.04%	7.53%	^[55]
印度牛Indian cattle	/	/	80%	19%	未检出	^[56]

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Structures, Functions and Detection Methods of A1 and A2 β-casein in Milk

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