猫食物不耐受的研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2025.01.008

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

猫作为广受欢迎的宠物伴侣，成为无数家庭中不可或缺的一员，其饲养量日益提高。食物不耐受是机体对不具有免疫性食物或食物添加剂的非免疫性异常生理反应，可影响任何年龄、性别与品种的猫，其临床特征多表现为消化道、呼吸道与皮肤症状。食物不耐受引起的消化系统性疾病最为常见，可导致猫出现消瘦、食欲不振和精神萎靡等症状，具有治疗周期长和易反复的特点。目前，鉴于临床上猫食物不耐受诊断技术的局限性以及对该问题关注度不足的情况，其检出率与实际流行情况存在显著偏差，这一现象为猫食物不耐受的准确诊断和及时治疗带来巨大挑战。因此，本文综合考虑猫的生理特征、营养需求和喂食策略，结合食物不耐受的临床表现、免疫学机制、诊断方法及治疗策略，概述了猫食物不耐受的当前状况和处理方法。本文以期引起广大临床宠物医师的关注，并为食物不耐受的临床诊疗提供思路与参考。

关键词: 食物不耐受, 食物过敏, 发病机制, 饮食管理, 宠物

Abstract:

As a popular pet companion, cats have become an indispensable member of countless families, and their feeding number is increasing. Food intolerance is a non immune abnormal physiological reaction of the body to non immune food or food additives, which can affect cats of any age, sex and breed. Its clinical characteristics are mainly gastrointestinal, respiratory and skin symptoms. Digestive system diseases caused by food intolerance are the most common, which can lead to wasting, loss of appetite and mental depression in cats. It has the characteristics of long treatment cycle and easy to repeat. Recent, in view of the limitations of the diagnostic technology of cat food intolerance in clinical practice and the lack of attention to this problem, there is a significant deviation between its detection rate and the actual prevalence, which brings great challenges to the accurate diagnosis and timely treatment of cat food intolerance. Therefore, this review comprehensively considered the physiological characteristics, nutritional needs and feeding strategies of cats, combined with the clinical manifestations, immunological mechanisms, diagnostic methods and treatment strategies of food intolerance, summarized the current situation and treatment methods of food intolerance in cats. This review aims to attract the attention of clinical pet physicians and provide ideas and references for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of food intolerance.

Key words: food intolerance, food allergies, pathogenesis, dietary management, pet

中图分类号:

S858.293

解静菲, 张义博, 赵阳, 刘凯莉, 黄淑成. 猫食物不耐受的研究进展[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2025, 56(1): 82-94.

XIE Jingfei, ZHANG Yibo, ZHAO Yang, LIU Kaili, HUANG Shucheng. Research Progress of Food Intolerance in Cats[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2025, 56(1): 82-94.

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猫的养分需求 Nutrient requirements of cats	最低需求量 (g·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Appropriate intake	适宜采食量 (g·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Appropriate intake	推荐量 (g·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Recommended amount	安全上限 (g·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Safe upper limit
粗蛋白Crude protein	167.472		209.34
氨基酸Amino acid
精氨酸Arginine		8.08	8.08
组氨酸Histidine		2.72	2.72
异亮氨酸Isoleucine		4.52	4.52
蛋氨酸Methionine	1.42		1.8
蛋氨酸和胱氨酸Methionine and cysteine	2.85		3.56
亮氨酸Leucine		10.67	10.67
赖氨酸Lysine	2.85		3.56
苯丙氨酸Phenylalanine		4.19	4.19
苯丙氨酸和酪氨酸Phenylalanine and tyrosine		16.04	16.04
苏氨酸Threonine		5.44	5.44
色氨酸Tryptophan		1.38	1.38
缬氨酸Valine		5.36	5.36
牛磺酸Taurine	0.33		0.42
总脂肪Total fat		94.2	94.2	345.41
脂肪酸Fatty acid
亚油酸Linoleic acid		5.86	5.86	57.78
α-亚油酸Alpha linoleic acid
花生四烯酸Arachidonic acid		0.105	0.105	2.09
二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA) Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)		0.025	0.025

猫的矿物质与维生素需求 Mineral and vitamin requirements of cats	最低需求量 (Amt·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Minimum demand	适宜采食量 (Amt·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Appropriate intake	推荐量 (Amt·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Recommended amount	安全上限 (Amt·1 000 kJ^-1 ME) Safe upper limit
矿物元素Mineral elements
钙/g Calcium	1.674		3.014
磷/g Phosphorus	1.465		2.68
镁/mg Magnesium	711.756		418.68
钠/mg Sodium	669.888		711.756
钾/g Potassium		5.443	5.443
氯/mg Chloride		1 004.832	1 004.832
铁/mg Iron		83.736	83.736
铜/mg Copper		5.024	5.024
锌/mg Zinc		77.456	77.456
锰/mg Manganese		5.024	5.024
硒/μg Selenium		314.01	314.01
碘/μg Iodine	1 339.776		1 465.38
维生素Vitamin
维生素A(视黄醇)/μg Vitamin A (Retinol)		837.36	1 046.7	104 670
胆钙化醇/μg Vitamin D (Cholecalciferol)		5.861	7.327	787.118
维生素E(α-生育酚)/mg Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)		31.401	41.868
维生素K(甲荼醌)/mg Vitamin K (Phylloquinone)		1.047	1.047
硫胺素/mg Thiamine		4.605	5.861
核黄素/mg Riboflavin		3.349	4.187
吡哆醇/mg Pyridoxine	2.093		2.617
烟酸/mg Niacin		33.494	41.868
泛酸/mg Pantothenic acid	4.814		6.029
钴胺酸素/μg Cobalamin		18.84	23.446
叶酸/μg Folate	628.02		787.118
生物素/μg Biotin		62.802	78.503
胆碱/mg Choline	2 135.268		2 666.991

检测方法 Diagnostic methods	诊断疾病 Disease diagnosis	说明 Explanation
食物排除和饮食激发	食物不耐受	金标准：先食物排除达到症状改善，后逐步重新引入食物诱导症状
唾液诊断	食物不耐受	免疫试剂检测24种常见食物的唾液反应
呼吸测试	乳糖不耐受	氢和/或甲烷呼吸测试
	果糖不耐受
血液检测	乳糖不耐受	测定血液中乳糖浓度
	组胺不耐受	测定血液中组胺水平
	组胺不耐受	测定血液中二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平
粪便酸度试验	乳糖不耐受
内镜成像技术	食物不耐受	共聚焦激光显微镜(CLE)可视化显示肠黏膜对食物抗原的实时反应

名称 Names	评估类别 Assessment types
猫体格评估	体重、BCS、MCS、体检、实验室和其他诊断结果
饮食评估	完整的饮食历史(包括治疗和补充剂)，包括最近饮食评估的任何变化、饮食评价
饲养管理评估	饲养方式和饲养管理、可能有助于营养需求的环境因素

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