生乳酸度分析及影响因素研究进展

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2024.07.006

Abstract

Abstract:

Acidity is one of the most important indicators for the freshness of raw milk in recent years. The level of acidity directly affects the freshness of raw milk, which in turn reflects the quality of raw milk. Acidity in raw milk is affected by natural acidity and fermentation acidity. Natural acidity originates from the acidity formed by the inherent ingredients in raw milk, such as casein, whey protein, phosphate, citrate, carbonate and other acidic substances. Fermentative acidity is the part of the acidity that the microorganism in raw milk makes use of and decomposes the nutrient substance in milk, and produces organic acid and makes the acidity increase. Species, variety, lactation stage, lactation parity, milking frequency, maternal health status, season, feeding level, and storage time and temperature of raw milk can all affect the acidity of raw milk, thereby affecting the quality of raw milk. This article mainly introduces the concept and expression of acidity, analysis the acidity components, and the factors of acidity of raw milk. It aims to provide theoretical basis and new ideas for the mechanism of acidity production and composition.

Key words: raw milk, acidity, source and composition, influence factors

CLC Number:

S823.91

Yaxin YANG, Huimin LIU, Lu MENG, Qiaoyan YE, Boxue SI, Jiaqi WANG, Nan ZHENG. Research Progress of Acidity Composition Analysis and Its Influencing Factors in Raw Milk[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2024, 55(7): 2836-2845.

Figures/Tables 6

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References 61

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酸Acid	pK₁	pK₂	pK₃
柠檬酸Citric acid	3.08	4.74	5.4
磷酸Phosphoric acid	1.96	6.83	12.32
碳酸Carbonic acid	6.37	10.25

标准名称 Standard name	类型 Type	限量值 Limit value
GB 19301—2010食品安全国家标准生乳 National food safety standard Raw milk	国家标准	荷斯坦牛乳12~18；羊乳6~13
T/CAAA 057—2021生驴乳 T/CAAA 057—2021 Raw donkey milk	团体标准	≤8
T/CAAA 007—2019生驼乳 T/CAAA 007—2019 Raw camel milk	团体标准	16~24
RHB 701—2012生水牛乳 RHB 701—2012 Raw buffalo milk	行业标准	13~19
RHB 801—2012生牦牛乳 RHB 801—2012 Raw yak milk	行业标准	16~22
DBS 15/011—2019食品安全地方标准生马乳 DBS 15/011—2019 Local standards for food safety Raw horse milk	地方标准（内蒙古自治区）	≤18
DBS 65/015—2017食品安全地方标准生马乳 DBS 65/015—2017 Local standards for food safety Raw horse milk	地方标准（新疆维吾尔自治区）	≤10

物种 Species	酸度 Acidity	参考文献 References
牛乳 Cow milk	（0.180±0.057）%	Ibrahim等^[37]
	（0.13±0.01）%	Rafiq等^[35]
	（0.12±0.04）%	Nelios等^[38]
山羊乳 Goat milk	（0.16±0.01）%	Mahmood和Usman^[36]
山羊乳 Goat milk	（0.12±0.02）%	Rafiq等^[35]
绵羊乳 Sheep milk	（0.23±0.01）%	Mahmood和Usman^[36]
绵羊乳 Sheep milk	（0.14±0.01）%	Rafiq等^[35]
马乳 Horse milk	（2.65±0.2）°SH	Cais-Sokolińska等^[39]
马乳 Horse milk	（5.7±3.14）°T	Guo等^[40]
驴乳 Donkey milk	（0.03±0.01）%	Garhwal等^[41]
驴乳 Donkey milk	（0.049~0.054）%	Nayak等^[42]
牦牛乳 Yak milk	（23.04±1.31）°T	Jiang等^[43]
牦牛乳 Yak milk	（11.42~12.49）°T	席斌等^[44]
骆驼乳 Camel milk	（0.226±0.018 5）%	Ibrahim等^[37]
	（13.5~19.7）°T	Zhao等^[45]
	（0.12±0.02）%	Rafiq等^[35]
水牛乳 Buffalo milk	（0.21±0.03）%	Mahmood和Usman^[36]
水牛乳 Buffalo milk	（0.12±0.01）%	Rafiq等^[35]

畜奶 Livestock milk	品种 Breed	酸度 Acidity	参考文献 References
牛乳 Cow milk	荷斯坦牛(Holstein)	(0.12±0.04)%	Nelios等^[38]
牛乳 Cow milk	娟姗牛(Jersey)	(0.14±0.03)%	Nelios等^[38]
山羊乳 Goat milk	萨能奶山羊(Saanen)	(5.82±0.39)°SH	Kljajevic等^[47]
	萨能杂交山羊(Crossbred Saanen)	(5.72±0.87)°SH	Barlowska等^[46]
	印度Surti山羊(Indian Surti)	(0.164±0.03)%	Prajapati等^[48]
	未知来源杂交羊(Crossbred of unknown origin)	(6.19±1.08)°SH	Barlowska等^[46]

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Research Progress of Acidity Composition Analysis and Its Influencing Factors in Raw Milk

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