The genome of influenza A virus consists of eight gene segments.Among them，genes of haemagglutinin (HA)，neuraminidase (NA)，nucleoprotein (NP) and PB2 (basic polymerase 2) can only encode single viral protein，respectively.Genes encoding M (matrix protein)，PB1 (basic polymerase 1)，PA (acidic polymerase) and NS (nonstructural protein) proteins can encode more than two viral proteins.This has made the total number of proteins encoded by influenza A virus become 17.It has been found that M gene encodes M1，M2 and M42 proteins，and that PB1 gene encodes PB1，PB1-F2 and PB1-N40 proteins，respectively.PA gene encodes PA，PA-X，PA-N155 and PA-N182，respectively，whereas NS gene encodes NS1，NS2 and NS3 proteins，respectively.It was first reported by M.Selman et al.that a novel viral protein NS3 of influenza A virus was encoded by NS3 mRNA.This review will briefly introduce progress in research on NS1，NS2 and NS3 proteins encoded by influenza A virus NS gene.

To investigate the effects of the polymorphisms of Kiss-1 gene on the reproductive traits of Suhuai goats，the mutations of Kiss-1 gene were screened using DNA pool technology，the polymorphism of Kiss-1 gene in 130 Suhuai goats were detected using AS-PCR and PCR-RFLP methods and its correlation with the litter size of Suhuai goats was analyzed.The results showed that 2 SNPs of g.2270C>T and g.2510A>G were found in Kiss-1 gene intron 1 sequence of Suhuai goats.Three genotypes(AA，AG and GG) were found at g.2510A>G locus in Suhuai goats，and the genotype frequency were 0.209，0.496 and 0.295，respectively；at g.2270C>T locus，3 genotypes(CC，CT and TT) were detected in Suhuai goats and the genotype frequency were 0.143，0.750 and 0.107，respectively.Association analysis showed that there was no significant difference among 3 genotypes (AA，AG and GG) of Suhuai goats in each parity litter size and average litter size at g.2510A>G locus；at g.2270C>T locus，the second parity litter size of CC genotype was significantly higher than those of CT (P<0.05) and CC genotypes(P<0.05).Haplotype analysis found 8 haplotypes and the first parity litter size of AGCT haplotype was significantly higher than that of AACT haplotype，and there existed no significant difference in litter size of Suhuai goats among other haplotypes.Therefore，it can be concluded that g.2270C>T locus of Kiss-1 gene may be a candidate molecular marker for reproductive traits selection in Suhuai goats.

The experiment was conducted to study the lncRNA functions in intramuscular adipocytes development in goats.We had identified lncRNA candidates combining CPAT with CPC，and analysed the sequence，structure and function through high-throughput RNA sequencing based on the transcriptome data from intramuscular preadipocytes and mature adipocytes.A total of 1 472 lncRNAs were obtained and 29 lncRNAs represented significant differential expression between intramuscular preadipocytes and mature adipocytes in goats.The data showed the lncRNAs had shorter transcript and ORF length and lower conservation than mRNA.Function analysis found that the nearby protein-coding genes were important to immune system，metabolism of lipids and lipoproteins，fatty acid，triacylglycerol and ketone body metabolism，etc.The differentially expressed lncRNAs are crucial to cell secretion，regulation of growth and cell morphology which have provided a new clue to research the mechanism of intramuscular adipocytes development.

The differential expression of Agouti gene mRNA and its encoding ASIP in goat skin with white，black and brown was detected by SYBR Green real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively in order to investigate the regulation mechanism of Agouti gene on coat color.The results indicated that the expression of mRNA was white>black>brown.There was significant difference of mRNA expression between white and brown (P<0.05)，and between black and brown (P<0.05).No significant difference of mRNA expression was found between white and black (P>0.05).The ASIP expression was white>brown>black，and the significant difference of ASIP expression was detected between white and black (P<0.05)，no significant difference was found between white and brown，and between brown and black.It could be inferred that there might be different regulatory mechanism of Agouti gene in different skin with different coat color.

 The aim of this study was to reveal the lactation characteristics of Chinese Holstein dairy cows in different parities and to construct models for changes of daily milk yield(DMY) and milk composition percentages(milk fat percentage，MFP；milk protein percentage，MPP；milk lactose percentage，MLP；milk solid percentage，MSP) with the days in milk (DIM).The DHI original datasets (of which：the DHI datasets of first parity was 11 901，the second was 13 474 datasets，the third parities was 13 215 datasets)in the First Lactating Holstein Dairy Farm in Tianjin of the northern China(2008-2010 years 1-3 parities)were collected and Wood model was applied，as well as the differences of indexes mentioned above among parities were analyzed.The results showed that Wood model was extremely fitted with lactation curve for Chinese Holstein cows in parity 1 to 3，and the corresponding models were built.Lactation characteristic parameters such as time to peak yield (t_m，d)，peak yield (y_m,kg•d^-1)，relative rate of decline at the point halfway between peak yield and end of lactation(r(t_h)) induced by parameter a，b and c indicated that r(t_h) declines rapidly for cows in the parity 2 and 3，which resulted in their total milk yield reducing.Models for milk fat displayed that average MFP in the second parity of dairy cows(3.93%) was higher than the first parity (3.83%) and the third parity was lowest (3.69%)，and average MPP in the second parity of dairy cows(3.24%) was higher than the third parity (3.18%) and the first parity were lowest (3.10%)，and average MLP declined with the increase of parities (4.87%，4.84%，4.75% for parity 1，2 and 3，respectively).Average MSP in the second parity of dairy cows(12.54%) was higher than the third parity (12.52%) and the first parity were lowest (12.50%)，and the above results indicated that though milk yield in the third parity was lower than the second parity，MSP was not improved as the milk yield decline.Significant differences were observed for DMY，MFP，MPP，MLP and MSP among the 3 parities(P<0.05).In addition，Wood model performed a best fit of DMY，MPP and MSP followed，while the MFP and MLP fitted poorly.In conclusion，Chinese Holstein cows in the second parity have the best milk performance，followed by the primiparous cow，and both milk yield and milk quality like MFP and MPP declined significantly for cows in parity 3.Therefore，it’s urgent for the dairy production to strengthen the management of cows in third parity or higher and to maintain the health and lactation potential of cows.

 In order to determine the imprinting status of Ascl2 in bovines different tissues，and to reveal the possible role of DNA methylation in regulating Ascl2 gene imprinting，we analyzed the expression of Ascl2 in 7 organs (heart，liver，spleen，lung，kidney，muscle and subcutaneous fat) of calves.Single nucleotide polymorphisms were used to identify imprinting by direct sequencing the RT-PCR products，then the DNA methylation status in promoter region of Ascl2 gene were analyzed in lung，liver and kidey tissues of cattle using bisulfite sequencing analysis.The results of RT-PCR showed that Ascl2 gene monoallelic expressed in lung and liver tissues while biallelic expressed in heart，spleen，kidney，muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues.The results of bisulfite sequencing showed that the methylation level of 2 parental strands exhibited extremely significant difference (P<0.01) in lung and liver tissues where Ascl2 was monoallelic expression.The mean methylation levels of A-strands (61.21%，87.28%) showed seriously hypermethylated compared with G-strands (24.70%，25.61%).However，in kidey tissues where Ascl2 was biallelic expression，A-strand (54.70%) and G-strand (49.55%) had no significant difference（P>0.05）.Our results suggest that the differential methylation of CpG island in promoter of Ascl2 regulate the imprinting expression of Ascl2 in lung and liver tissues.

 To study the regulatory mechanism of the relevant genes associated with follicular development，we test the genes expression difference between the dominant follicles (DF) and subordinate follicles (SF) granulose cells of the first follicular wave during estrous cycle in bovine.Bioinformatics methods were used to screen the candidate genes associated with follicular development，and real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR was performed to detect the gene expression pattern between DF and SF granulose cells of the first follicular wave during estrous cycle in bovine.The results showed that 6 candidate genes (SFRP2，CPEB1，PRKAG2，MAPK8,PPP2R2A and PRSS23) related to follicular development were screened.CPEB1 expressed in DF was extremely significantly higher than that in SF (P<0.01)，and PRKAG2 mRNA amounts were significantly greater in DF compared with SF (P<0.05).But the expression levels of SFRP2 and MAPK8 were extremely significantly higher in SF than those in DF (P<0.01).CPEB1 and PRKAG2 may play a crucial role to promote the follicular development，however，SFRP2 and MAPK8 may inhibit the follicular development in bovine.

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular receptor and ligand A1 (EphA1) plays a role in cell migration and adhesion during embryonic development in various mammals.The purpose of the study is to analyze EphA1 methylation effect on its expression during embryo implantation.In this study，the mRNA expression，protein expression and CpG island methylation of EphA1 was investigated in Meishan pigs using real-time quantitative PCR，Western blot and bisulfate sequencing technology.The results showed that EphA1 mRNA expression increased from 13 to 18 d and decreased from 18 to 24 d (P<0.05) in endometrium implantation sites of Meishan pigs，while EphA1 protein expression decreased from 13 to 24 d，and expression in pregnant sows was significantly higher than that of non-pregnant sows (P<0.05) during pre-implantation (13 d)，mid-implantation (18 d) and post-implantation (24 d) period.About CpG island methylation level of EphA1，it had a highest methylation pre-implantation period，followed by mid-implantation and post-implantation，this indicated EphA1 CpG island methylation level was consistent with protein expression level during pre-implantation，mid-implantation and post-implantation period.These findings suggest that CpG island methylation of EphA1 might affect its expression and further affect the regulation of swine embryo implantation.

Porcine epidermal growth factor (EGF) can induce effects on DNA synthesis and stimulation of cellular proliferation in intestine to improve the performance，gut development and immune function of early weaned-piglets.Herein，generation of Neijiang pig EGF-expressing Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae) was beneficial to livestock production and clinical research；pYES2-Mfα-spEGF were originated from synthetic optimized EGF from breast tissue of Neijaing pig (pEGF) and signal peptide (Mfα) fragments of S.cerevisiae were cloned into pYES2/CT.Recombinant S.cerevisiae INVSc1(pYES2-Mfα-spEGF) expressing EGF protein was generated by transforming the plasmid pYES2-Mfα-spEGF into S.cerevisiae INVSc1.The target EGF protein was determined by Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Western blot，meanwhile，its biological activity was also determined in vivo and in vitro.The spEGF-expressing recombinant S.cerevisiae INVSc1(pYES2-Mfα-spEGF) was constructed successfully and expressed in S.cerevisiae.The target protein EGF was identified by Tricine-SDS-PAGE electrophoresis and Western blot.The results of biological activity detection showed that spEGF-expressing protein could stimulate enterocyte proliferation (P<0.05)，improve the growth performance (e.g.，body weight，average daily gain，feed intake，and feed conversion rate) (P<0.05)，gut development (e.g.，villus height，crypt depth，and contents of total protein，DNA，and RNA) (P<0.05)，and immune function (e.g.，IgA，IgG，and IgM) of early-weaned SD rat (P<0.05).The concentration of target protein from the supernatant fluid of INVSc1(pYES2-Mfα-spEGF) is about 30 mg•L^-1，and INVSc1(pYES2-Mfα-spEGF) have some prominent features encompassing biological activity to be directly applied to livestock production and clinical research.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of flavonoids of sea buckthorn leaves on growth performance，slaughter performance and serum biochemical indexes of Altay sheep.A total of 60 6-month-old with average weight of (28±3)kg，health Altay sheep were randomly divided into 4 groups：low doses of flavonoids of Sea buckthorn leaves group，middle dose of flavonoids of Sea buckthorn leaves group，high dose of flavonoids of Sea buckthorn leaves group and the control group (SJHT-1 group，SJHT-2 group，SJHT-3 group and Con group )，with 3 replicates per group and 5 sheep per replicate.The control group(Con) was fed the basal diet，the test groups were fed with different doses of flavonoids of sea buckthorn leaves（0%，0.10%，0.25% and 0.50%）.The experiment lasted for 64 days.The results showed as follow：1) Compared with the Con group，the average daily gain in SJHT-3 and SJHT-2 groups were significantly increased (P<0.05).2) Slaughter rates among all groups were not significantly different (P>0.05); Compared with the Con group，the Net meat rate in SJHT-3 group significantly increased (P<0.01); Fat rate in SJHT-3 group significantly reduced (P<0.01)，SJHT-2 significantly lower (P<0.05); Percentage of abdominal fat in SJHT-3 group significantly reduced (P<0.05).3) Compared with the Con group，TP in SJHT-1 group significantly increased (P<0.01)，SJHT-2 significantly increased (P<0.05); UN in SJHT-3 group significantly reduced (P<0.01); LDL-C in SJHT-1 group significantly increased (P<0.01)，SJHT-2 group improved significantly (P<0.05); ALP in SJHT-3 group significantly increased (P<0.05); LDH in SJHT-2 group significantly increased (P<0.05); Ca in SJHT-1 group significantly increased (P<0.01).ALT，AST，GGT and CK of the trial group were not significantly different (P>0.05) among all groups.It follows that，adding different doses of flavonoids of sea buckthorn leaves in diets of Altay sheep，can improve daily gain and lower feed efficiency and improve Net meat rate and reduce fat rate and percentage of abdominal fat.Flavonoids of sea buckthorn leaves can elevate serum TP and UN of Altay sheep，and decrease ALP，indicating that flavonoids of sea buckthorn leaves can increase protein synthesis of Altay sheep，but also conducive to the amino acid balance，improve the metabolism of calcium，and have no adverse effect on other physiological indexes.

 This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different dietary zinc level on blood serum biochemical indexes and organ indexes during the winter hair period of mink.75 healthy male minks were randomly divided into 5 groups with 15 replicates per group and 1 mink per replicate.0（Ⅰ），50（Ⅱ），100（Ⅲ），300（Ⅳ），600 mg•kg^-1（Ⅴ）of zinc level were added in basical diet.The trial lasted for 75 d with 7 d of pretrial.Organ indexes were calculated by body weight and organ weight.Proteins indices，nitrogen metabolism indices，enzymes，mineral elements of Serum were determined by biochemical kit.The results showed as follows，kidney index were not significantly affected by dietary Zn levels (P>0.05)；liver index，spleen index and heart index of group Ⅲ and Ⅳ were significant higher than that of group Ⅰ and Ⅴ (P<0.05).The content of serum total protein and globulin of group Ⅳ were significantly higher than that of group Ⅰ (P<0.05)，serum albumin were similar among all groups(P>0.05)；The content of IgA in group Ⅳ was significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ，IgG and IgM were similar among all groups(P>0.05).The content of serum AST in group Ⅲ were significantly higher than that in other groups (P<0.05 )，the content of serum ALT in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than that in group Ⅰ and Ⅱ (P<0.05)；Serum UN were similar among all treatments(P>0.05)；The contents of Serum ALP in group Ⅳ were significantly higher than those in group Ⅰ，Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P<0.05)，and LDH were similar among other groups (P>0.05)；Serum Zn increased with dietary zinc level increasing (P<0.05)，serum Ca were similar among all groups(P>0.05)，serum P in group Ⅴ were significantly higher than in other groups (P<0.05).In conclusion，supplementation of 100 and 300 mg•kg^-1 Zn may enhance the organ index of minks .When the dietary Zn level come up to 300 mg•kg^-1，the minks in growing period have the relatively higher immunity，protein synthesis rate and bioavailability of Zn.

To study the interactions between the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) and the host，coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) and subsequent mass spectrometry were used to screen and identify the host proteins interacted with CSFV C protein from PK-15 cells.β-actin was identified as a potential interacting partner of C protein.In addition，the interaction of the two proteins was further confirmed by endogenous Co-IP and GST pulldown.Moreover，laser confocal imaging confirmed that β-actin colocalized with the CSFV C protein in the cytoplasm.These results showed that CSFV C interacted with β-actin which would facilitate further study of interactions between CSFV proteins and host cell proteins.

This study aimed to explore，on the cell level，the possibility of using ASON-Bugle-DNAzyme，as a new genetherapy in inhibiting reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus （PRRSV）.Two novel DNAzymes targeting the PRRSV M gene were designed.MARC-145 cells were infected with PRRSV 10 h after the active ASON-Bulge-DNAzymes were delivered，efficiency of ASON-Bulge-DNAzymes were assayed by RT-PCR，TCID₅₀，CPE and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA).The experiment successfully derived the active ASON-Bulge-DNAzyme inhibition of PRRSV replication procedure in MARC-145 cells and showed that the two interference target sites may be necessary for PRRSV replication.The outcomes from this study will increase our knowledge and lead to the development of DNAzyme in virus diseases control.The results may be used for future study of PRRSV replication，antiviral therapy and prevention of PRRSV.

The study was aimed at establishing a reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) to differentiate swine bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and classical swine fever virus (CSFV) for the investigation of BVDV from swine in Fujian province and combined infection of swine BVDV.According to the conserved gene sequence of BVDV 5′-UTR，a specific RT-PCR was established and then sensitivity，specificity，repeatability were tested for the detection of BVDV in 458 clinical samples from 42 swine farms in 9 regions of Fujian province.Then according to the reference CSFV，porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)，highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV)，pseudorabies virus (PRV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) were detected in BVDV positive samples.The results showed that sensitivity was determined as 0.1 TCID₅₀ BVDV.In addition，all negative controls such as CSFV，PRRSV，HP-PRRSV，PRV，PCV-2 and porcine parvovirus virus (PPV) showed negative detection in the specificity assay.Both sensitivity and specificity were repeated five times with similar results.The BVDV positive rate of swine，swine farm and 9 regions was 10.04% (46/458)，78.57% (33/42) and 100% (9/9) in samples by sequence data，respectively，and the positive rate of 46 BVDV positive samples which infected with CSFV，PRRSV，HP-PRRSV，PRV and PCV-2 were 91.30% (42/46)，50.00% (23/46)，41.30% (19/46)，63.04% (29/46) and 37.00% (17/46).These findings indicated that the method with high sensitivity，specificity and reproducibility could provide an efficient tool for detection of swine BVDV.The BVDV infection in swine was common in Fujian province.And it was combined infection with other pathogens， especially CSFV.

The tumor model of Marek’s disease (MD) was established by means of artificial MDV infection.Relationship between pathological lesion of heart and distribution，expression level of heat shock proteins (HSPs) were studied during the progress of tumor.At the day 7，14，21，28，35，42 and 86 post artificial infection (PI)，chickens were killed and the hearts were sampled.Pathological lesion of heart and distribution，expression level of HSPs were studied during the progress of tumor by the methods of histopathology，immunohistochemistry and ELISA.Results were as follows：At 14 days of age，obvious pathological damage appeared in the hearts of chickens attacked by MDV，and unequal-sized lymphoid cells infiltration was found among myocardial fiber.HSP90 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of tumor cell and HSP70 was mainly located in the cytoplasm of myocardial fiber.Within the course of MD，the content of HSP90 of infected group was always higher than that of blank control group and vaccine control group，which was significantly higher after 28 day’s，and were 4.021 and 3.746 times higher than the control group at the age of 86 days.The content of HSP70 was induced at the age of 35 days.There were no significant difference of HSP90 and HSP70 content between the chickens in the blank control and vaccine control group in the test process.HSP90 was mainly distributed in the cytoplasm of tumor cell and the content of HSP90 was significantly induced in the test process.HSP90 might be a marker to determine the process of tumor caused by MDV.

In order to study the functions of eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) of Eimeria tenella，the genes encoding eIF5 (EteIF5) and eIF5A (EteIF5A) were cloned and detected for evaluating their transcriptional profiling during E.tenella different developmental stages.The primers were designed based on the predicted ORF sequences from E.tenella (Houghton) whole genome data （http://www.eupathdb.org），and the ORFs of EteIF5 and EteIF5A were cloned from Guangdong strain of E.tenella sporulated oocyst total RNA by RT-PCR.The ORF sequences of EteIF5 and EteIF5A were inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pMAL-c2x，and expressed in Escherichia coli，respectively.Five total RNA samples were extracted from 5 developmental stages of E.tenella，i.e.，unsporulated oocysts，sporulating for 7 hours，sporulated oocysts，sporozoites，and 2^nd generation merozoites，and subsequently were transcripted into the first strand of cDNA.The E.tenella β-actin gene was chosen as a control，and the transcriptional levels of EteIF5 and EteIF5A were detected by Real-time RT-PCR method.The sequencing results showed that cloned ORF sequences of EteIF5 and EteIF5A are 1 248 bp and 486 bp in their length，encoding the peptides composed of 315 and 161 amino acids，respectively.The qRT-PCR results revealed that EteIF5 and EteIF5A showed different transcription levels through the E.tenella developmental stages，and both of EteIF5 and EteIF5A in sporozoites were all higher than other stages.The cloning and expression profiling of EteIF5 and EteIF5A genes of E.tenella was studied firstly as we known，and these results will provide an important basis for probing the functions of E.tenella eIFs and be helpful to provide more insights into development of novel anti-coccidials.

The purpose of this study was to develop a novel aqueous or oil-in-water adjuvant for the Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae inactivated vaccine as well as to reduce the side effect of the vaccine.The Kunming mice were used as the animal model to evaluate the immune enhancement effect of different adjuvants to the inactivated vaccine.After immunization，the response of lymphocyte proliferation and the production of serum antibody IgG were evaluated.The experiments were carried out as two individual parts and 11 kinds of adjuvants were tested in total.The results indicated that the carbomer ₉₇₄ + ISCOM-matrix mixture adjuvant and the chitosan + levamisole mixture adjuvant strongly induced high levels of cellular immune and humoral immune response，better than the effect of the carbomer ₉₇₄ + levamisole mixture adjuvant，the carbomer ₉₇₄ + levamisole+ astragalus polysaccharides mixture adjuvant and the ISA 11R VG adjuvant.Animals of the groups of the beta- glucan+ levamisole mixture adjuvant，the DEAE-dextran+ levamisole+ astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant and the beta- glucan+ levamisole+ astragalus polysaccharide mixture adjuvant had obvious cellular immune response，but weak humoral immune response.Additionally，animals of the group of the GEL 01 ST adjuvant had obvious humoral immune response，but weak cellular immune response.The carbomer ₉₇₄ +ISCOM-matrix mixture adjuvant and the chitosan + levamisole mixture adjuvant had the best effect on both cellular and humoral immune response.This data would help in the subsequent research on the inactivated vaccine against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Invariant chain (Ii)，as a chaperone of MHC Ⅱ，plays an important role in antigen presentation by promoting MHC Ⅱ to maturate，capture antigen and guide antigen presentation in vertebrates.Ii isoforms containing a thyroglobulin-like domain (Tg domain) are also expressed by a single Ii gene through alternative splicing transcription.Ii isoforms with Tg domain involve in regulating the antigen presentation of MHC class Ⅱ molecule.The research on function and mechanism of Ii isoforms is more in-depth in mammals.But the main form，expression level and the functional relationship of Ii isoforms in tissues of birds including muscovy duck (Cairina moschata) are not fully clear.The Ii of muscovy duck (MDIi) has two isoforms.To explore the tissue expression patterns of two Ii isoforms of Muscovy duck，the real-time relative quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) assay was established to detect the transcription levels of MDIi-1 and MDIi-2 and the transcription characteristics of MDIi-1 and MDIi-2 were compared in variant tissues or organs.Results showed that the lowest transcription level of MDIi-1 was shown in bursa fundus，therefore used as calibrator.Compared with calibrator，MDIi-1 was found at the highest transcription levels in spleen and intestinal mucosa，and the secondary highest ones in bursa stipe，liver，kidney，thymus，and blood.The rest organs transcribed MDIi-1 at very low levels.For MDIi-2, spleen，bursa stipe，and intestinal mucosa transcribed MDIi-2 at highest levels over the calibrator.The MDIi-2 transcription levels in thymus，lung，and kidney were slightly lower than the calibrator.The MDIi-2 transcription levels of other tissues were far below the calibrator and that of bursa fundus also was the lowest one.But MDIi-1 was transcribed markedly higher than MDIi-2 in the same tissue or organs.However, the transcription of MDIi-1 has a high correlation with the transcription of MDIi-2 in all tested tissues or organs.The correlation coefficient is 0.850 7.Thus two invariant chain isoforms, MDIi-1 and MDIi-2，were co-transcribed in all detected tissues or organs of Muscovy duck，while MDIi-1 was the main form of MDIi isorforms in each tissue or organs.MDIi-1 and MDIi-2 were all high transcribed in the tissues or organs with immune defense functions among detected tissues.The differential transcription patterns of MDIi-1 and MDIi-2 in different tissues or organs of muscovy duck may provide the base for further research on MDIi function mechanism and gene vaccine based on MDIi in the future.

This experiment was conducted to study the histological characteristic of chicken nasal cavity and the distribution of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) by histological method.White Leghorn chickens of 3-day-old were selected and slaughtered on day 10，21，35 and 60，and the whole nasal cavities were isolated.After being fixed in Bouin′s solution for 48 h，a part of nasal cavity tissues were cut consecutively with the vertical section and cross-section and then observed under a stereoscopic microscope for anatomical analysis.The other parts of nasal cavity tissues were used for histological observation：the chick nasal cavities of 10-day-old were embedded in paraffin directly while that of 21-day-old and above were decalcified by formic acid and then embedded in paraffin.Five cross sections of all chicken nasal cavities along vertical axis were selected and stained with hematoxylin-eosin.Results showed that the most space of chicken nasal cavity was occupied by nasal turbinate.The forepart of nasal mucous membrane was covered by stratified squamous epithelium.In the middle part of nasal cavity，a transition to pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium was observed.A large number of secretory glands consisted of goblet cells were located under the nasal mucosal epithelium.The surface of concha nasalis caudalis was covered by simple epithelium consisted of olfactory cells.NALTs were located in the postmedian part of nasal cavity，the bottom of nasal septum and the both sides of choanal cleft.In addition，there were also some diffuse lymphoid tissues located under the epithelium of the concha nasalis media and the walls of nasal cavity.Theses results indicates that chicken has abundant NALTs，suggesting the middle and posterior of nasal cavity are the main delivery site and induction site for chicken nasal immunization.

The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of the benazepril and its metabolite benazeprilat，were investigated in cats.A single intravenous (i.v.) or oral (p.o.) administration of benazepril hydrochloride tablets at a dosage of 5 mg was performed in six healthy cats according to a two-period crossover design.The concentration of benazepril and benazeprilat was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (LC-MS/MS) using ESI.The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by non-compartmental analysis with WinNonlin 5.2.1 software.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of benazepril in cats were as follows：(1) after a single intravenous administration，the elimination half time (t_1/2) was 1.91±0.37 h，area under the curve AUC_0-∞ was 1 177.19±227.28 h•ng•mL^-1，apparent volume of distribution ±V_d) was 3.32±0.74 L•kg^-1，body clearance ±CLB) was 2.38±0.92 L•h-1•kg^-1，mean residence time ±MRT) was 1.91±0.37 h；(2) after a single oral administration，t_1/2 was 1.92±0.31 h，AUC_0-∞ was 624.36±93.15 h•ng•mL^-1，peak time (T_max) was 0.54±0.10 h，peak concentration (C_max) was 565.32±148.33 ng•mL^-1，MRT was 2.43±0.54 h，mean absorb time (MAT) was 0.90(0.64 h，bioavailability (F) was 57.38±18.83 %.The main pharmacokinetic parameters of benazeprilat in cats were as follows：(1) after a single intravenous administration，t_1/2 was 2.89±0.66 h, AUC_0-∞ was 1 595.37±540.37 h•ng•mL^-1，T_max was 0.46±0.10 h，C_max was 687.11±68.74 ng•mL^-1，MRT was 4.17±0.61 h；(2) after a single oral administration，t_1/2 was 2.63±0.19 h，AUC_0-∞ was 594.61±90.75 h•ng•mL^-1，T_max was 1.17±0.41 h, C_max was 124.86±25.67 ng•mL^-1，MRT was 4.99±0.40 h.The results of present studies showed that benazepril hydrochloride tablets have characteristics of rapid absorption，extensive distribution and medium bioavailability in cats，and the recommended clinical regimen of benazepril hydrochloride tablets is 5 mg per day.

Endophyte were isolated from Astragalus variabilis samples from Tengeli of Inner Mongolia to investigate whether endophyte exist in this plant and to assess the diversity and distribution of endophyte.Surface sterilization of plant materials was taken to isolate and purify the endophyte，and species and genus of endophyte were identified by the traditional morphology and rDNA-ITS sequence analysis.The result showed that there were many kinds of endophyte in the Astragalus variabilis samples collected in Tengeli of Inner Mongolia.Under all the conditions of sterilization，the isolation rates of leaf was highest (110.00%)，and the flower was lowest (45.00%).321 strains of endophyte were isolated from 3 different tissues of Astragalus variabilis，which belonged to 17 genera，11 families，7 orders，and 5 classes.Undifilum oxytropis was the dominant species in this plant with the relative frequency 47.98%，followed with Xylaria sp.(16.51%).There was an obviously difference in quantity，species and distribution of the endophyte between different parts of Astragalus variabilis.Leaf was the most vulnerable to infection and colonization by the endophyte，and the diversity was the maximum in stem of Astragalus variabilis.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between 5-HT level and antioxidant function in the weaning stress-diarrhea intestine and further revealed the role of 5-HT in the gastrointestinal tract function.Forty 21-day-old weaned mice were divided into four treatment groups：Control，PCPA Control (block the synthesis of 5-HT)，Stress-diarrhea and PCPA+ stress-diarrhea.Plasma 5-HT was determined using ELISA kit.Intestinal oxidation products and antioxidant enzyme activity were determined by spectrophotometry.The results showed：(1) Weaning stress-diarrhea significantly increased plasma 5-HT concentration by 23.42% (P=0.009) compared with control group.Pretreated with PCPA decreased，plasma 5-HT concentration which had no significant difference in normal mice (P=0.200)，yet totally prevented the increase in 5-HT levels in weaning stress-diarrheal mice (P=0.006).(2) Oxidative product (MDA) level was significantly increased in intestine of stress-diarrhea group，and it increased by 2.70 time and 3.06 time than that of control group especially in duodenum and jejunum (P=0.000)；GSH-PX，CAT，SOD and T-AOC activities appeared decrease in a different extent in intestine of stress-diarrhea group.GSH-PX，SOD and T-AOC activities in duodenum were respectively reduced by 70.59% (P=0.000)，59.15% (P=0.001) and 53.01% (P=0.000).SOD activity in jejunum was significantly reduced by 71.05% (P=0.000) compared with that of control group.GSH-PX，CAT and SOD activities in ileum were respectively reduced by 72.33% (P=0.000)，50.82% (P=0.000)，73.86% (P=0.000).CAT activity in colon decreased significantly to 0.46±0.09 U•mg^－1 (from 0.85±0.06 U•mg^－1).(3) Pretreated with PCPA in the weaning stress-diarrheal mice could promote the intestinal antioxidant function，but this did not bring the mice to recovery.The results suggested that weaning stress-diarrhea could cause serious injury of intestinal antioxidant function，while blocking the synthesis of 5-HT could effectively improve its antioxidant function and relieve diarrhea symptom.

 This study was conducted to investigate the antagonistic effect of atipamezole and following anaesthesia with the Combined Anaesthetic for Miniature Pigs (XFM) and its pharmacokinetics in minipigs.Fourteen pigs were randomly divided into control group and atipamezole group.All experiment pigs were anesthetised with XFM intramuscularly.Pigs in atipamezole group were administrated with atipamezole (0.12 mg•kg－1) intramuscularly and pigs in control group were administrated with saline.Baseline physiological parameters of respiration and heart rate were recorded and blood sample were collected from cranial vena cava and detected by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for drug analysis in different phases.Results showed that the recovery time in the atipamezole group was significantly shorter than control group (P<0.05)，values of HR were significantly higher than control group from 5 to 60 min after administration of atipamezole (P<0.05)，values of RR were significantly higher than control group from 10 to 15 min after administration of atipamezole (P<0.05)，the total scores of analgesia，sedation，skelaxin，posture，and auditory response were significantly higher than control group from 10 to 15 min after administration of atipamezole (P<0.05)，and pharmacokinetic parameters were as follows: T_1/2α was 11.0569±3.0934 min，T_1/2β was 875.421 8±159.375 3 min，AUC was 797 958.836 0±96 783.124 1 pg•(min•mL)^－1，T_peak was 9.544 0±0.484 4 min，C_max was 1 107.0652±121.620 1 pg•mL^－1.These results indicated that atipamezole is characterized by rapid drug action，slow metabolism，its best pharmacokinetic model was two-compartment open model，and atipamezole was effective for antagonizing the anaesthesia with XFM in minipigs.

The aim of this study was to investigate the expression patterns of Myf5 gene at the levels of mRNA and protein.The expression patterns of Myf5 gene at the levels of mRNA and protein in longissimus dorsi at 7 developmental stages (1-，30-，60-，90-,120-，150-，and 180-day-old) of Mashen and Large White pigs were studied by quantitative real-time PCR and Western-blot.The results showed that the highest mRNA relative expression of Myf5 gene in longissimus dorsi was at 1-day-old，then at 30-day old both in Mashen and Large White pigs.The mRNA relative expression of Myf5 gene decreased sharply at 60-day-old，then keep stable lower levels afterwards.The expression of Myf5 protein in longissimus dorsi of Mashen pig at 1-day-old was the highest and the lowest at 30-day-old.During the stages from 60- to 180-day-old，the relative expression of Myf5 peotein in Mashen pig was in waves with trend of increase and decrease.In Large White pig，the relative expressions of Myf5 protein at the stages before 60-day-old were significant greater than those at the stages after 60-day-old，wherease the expressions at detected stages before 60-day-old or after 60-day-old were not significant different.At the same stages，the relative expression of Myf5 protein in Mashen pig was always greater than that in Large White pig at all detectd stages apart from that at 60-day-old.The expression patterns of Myf5 at the levels of mRNA and protein were associated with the genetic background and the developmental stages of invididuals.

With the climate and environment changes，and the immune selective pressure，the animal diseases are tangled in a complicated situation，which involves frequent virus variation，virulence enhancement，increased cross-species infection，as well as coexistence of both the existing and emerging diseases. All these troubles represented the new challenge to animal disease control. Accordingly，National Natural Science Foundation of China established an important program，pathogenesis study of important pathogens in livestock and poultry，to enhance the technique innovation in the disease control and prevention. Professor ZHANG Gai-ping′s project，study on pathogenic mechanism of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus，was funded at last after several rounds of scrutinies，such as open application，peer review，oral defense at meeting for review and argumentation，discussion and vote by exports，examine and approve by the National Natural Science Found Committee meeting.