MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small RNA with powerful function, a larger number of studies indicate that miRNA play an important role in the life activities of various species. In this summary, we firstly described the discovery, biogenesis and function of miRNA, and reviewed the developmental history of sequencing technology and the emergence of next-generation sequencing technology. Following, we summarized the application of miRNA microarray and deep sequencing technology in the porcine miRNA researches, and proposed the miRNA research emphasis in the future.

Before and after sperm capacitation, the motion trail and membrane microstructure were changed, and associated physiochemical change events of the metabolic types, enzyme activity and fluidity of related ions. In addition, we also reviewed the mechanism of capacitation from the cholesterol efflux, production of reactive oxygen species (ROX), protein tyrosine phosphorylation (PTP) and variation membrane potential. Meanwhile, the importance of PTP during sperm capacitation was pointed out in current review. We offered that the combined use of bioinformatics tools and proteomic/transcriptomics would be applicated on the study about cholesterol efflux from plasma membranes to acceptors mediated by the transporters, the effect of extracellular Ca²⁺ on capacitation, the inflow turn of extracellular Ca²⁺ and HCO₃^- accompanied with the cholesterol efflux and their relationship, as well as the PTP related to the signaling pathway, which could provide a theoretical guidance for further study on capacitation mechanism.

 This study aimed to investigate the function of adipose triglyceride lipase（ATGL）in chicken fat deposition, and to analyze the effects of adrenaline and glucagon on the gene expression of ATGL in adipose tissue and adipocytes of the fat and lean broilers. The tissue expression pattern of ATGL gene was analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR (SqRT-PCR). The expression of ATGL gene and its activator Comparative gene identification 58 (CGI-58) gene in abdominal adipose tissue and adipocytes in the fat and lean broiler lines of the 16th generation of NEAUHLF at 1-7 week-old was analyzed by Real-time RT-PCR. The results showed that chicken ATGL gene was highly expressed in abdominal fat, subcutaneous fat, crop fat, kidney, liver and gizzard fat. On the whole, the mRNA expression levels of ATGL and CGI-58 genes were higher in the lean broiler lines than that in the fat broiler lines. In particular, the expression of ATGL and CGI-58 genes in the lean broiler lines was significantly higher than that in the fat broiler lines at 2 week-old (P＜0.05). Adrenaline and glucagon up-regulated the expression of ATGL gene in the abdominal adipose tissue and adipocytes of the fat broiler lines and promoted lipolysis, which indicated that the fat broiler lines were more sensitive to the both hormones than the lean broiler lines. This study not only laid the foundation for revealing the difference of the fat phenotype of fat and lean broiler lines, but also offered a basis for clarifying the function of ATGL in fat deposition in broiler.

Fatty acid metabolic products determine the flavor of chicken meat. Mining key genes regulating fatty acid metabolism has very important significance for improving meat quality and breeding new high quality broiler lines. The databases of KEGG and Wikipathway were used to analyze fatty acid metabolic networks, to find the key genes regulating fatty acid metabolism. The differential genes with co-expression of key genes in microarray in thigh muscle of chicken with different ages were filtered by Gene Spring(Pearson correlation coefficient over 0.9), then imported to co-expression network by Cytoscape. Finally, the functions of key regulatory genes were found by across-species retrieval，the node genes and related pathways of fatty acid metabolism were mined in chicken muscle tissue. The results showed that Ep300，Traf2 and Pak1 were node genes affecting fatty acid metabolism, and MAPK signaling pathway, ErbB signaling pathway and Herpes simplex infection pathway were critical pathways regulating fatty acid metabolism in chicken muscle tissue.These results provide basic information for studying the molecular mechanisms about fatty acid metabolism and for further screening quality meats genes in poultry.

Based on the Illumina Ovine SNP50 Breadchip genotyping data of Sunite sheep (n=66), German Mutton sheep (n=159) and Dorper sheep（n=93）, population differentiation index F_ST was adopted to detect the selection signatures, and the genes located in selection signature regions were found by bioinformatics analyses. 343 OUTLIER SNP loci were found, harboring 365 candidate genes. Some of them were related to reproduction, meat quality and growth-related traits, such as IGF2PB3, IGF1R, BMP2, BMPR1B and CAPN3, which validated the results of our previous CNV and GWAS analyses. The result of GO analysis showed that these candidate genes enriched in the GO terms related to metabolic process and demethylation. Population differentiation index F_ST can be used for detecting the genes with selection signatures. These genes identified can be used as candidate genes affecting the economically important traits in sheep. This study can provide theoretical references for sheep breeding.

To understand the genes related to endurance of Mongolia horses, the differential expression of genes related to exercise before and after exercise was detected in this study. The expression changes of 7 genes related with energy metabolism and muscle growth were measured in Mongolian horses skeletal muscle at three stages (pre-exercise (T₀), immediately post 10 000 m endurance exercise (T₁) and 4 h post exercise (T₂)) by using quantitative RT-PCR. And protein expression of the genes which mRNA expression levels were significantly different at the three stages were observed using Western blotting. The results showed that mRNA expression level of two genes（PPARGC1A and PDK4）increased significantly at T₂ stage than that at T₀ stage. Western blotting results also showed the protein expression of two genes after endurance sports had increased. These results reveal that the PPARGC1A and PDK4 are closely related to exercise. The above results provide some data for further study of the Mongolia horse exercise.

The variation trends of somatic cell count (SCC) in 2 093 Chinese Holsteins in Beijing were analyzed using SAS 9.1. According to the SCC data, all of the cows were divided into two groups, mastitis susceptive cows (case) and resistant cows (control). Based on case-control design, genome-wide association study was further performed. The results showed that six SNPs were significantly relevant to mastitis susceptibility or resistance after Bonferroni adjusting on the chromosome level. Three genes (PRKRIP1, ARHGAP23, TBX21) on BTA19 closely related to inflammation response were discovered near the significant SNP (ARS-BFGL-NGS-78516，P=5.20e-05) within 200 kb. The results provide fundamental data for molecular genetics of mastitis resistance in dairy cattle.

The present study was conducted to confirm the role of KiSS-1/GPR54 system in nutrition regulation of puberty onset by analyzing effect of low dietary nutrition on hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1/GPR54 system and relative hormones secretion in ewes.Twelve female Small-tailed Han sheep (native breed), around 16 kg body weigh and three months old, were randomly divided into control and feed restriction group (n=6). Control group was fed with normal nutrition diet and the feed restriction group fed with low nutrition diet (60% of food intake of control group). Thirty days latter, ewes were killed, and hypothalamus and blood were collected for determining hypothalamic expression of KiSS-1/GPR54 system and secretion of LH, insulin and Leptin in ewes. The results showed that low nutrition could significantly decrease expression of KiSS-1 gene and protein in arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus of ewes（P＜0.01）, however, there was no significant difference on the expression of GPR54 between two groups（P＞0.05）.Low nutrition also led to decreasing of LH, insulin（P＜0.05） and Leptin（P＜0.01）in serum of ewes. These results indicated that hypothalamic KiSS-1/GPR54 system may involve in low nutrition regulation of puberty onset by decreasing the expression of KiSS-1 in ewes.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of vitamin E (VE) against the cell apoptosis caused by serum-free culturing in granulosa cells from hen follicle. The granulosa cells were collected from the small yellow follicles of health breeding hens, which were at the egg producing peak within the regular cycle. After pre-incubation in 0.5% FCS medium，the cells were cultured in serum-free medium containing 10 mg·L^-1 vitamin E. The cell apoptosis and the cell cycle distribution of granulosa cells were detected by Flow Cytometry. The results showed that the concentration 10 mg·L^-1 of vitamin E reduced the apoptosis of granulosa cells (P＜0.01), and increased the percentage of S phase (P＜0.05) compared with the control group. The results suggest that vitamin E can promote granulosa cells from G0/G1 phase to S phase and promote granular cells passing through G1/S period limit. Thereby the granulosa cell apoptosis of breeding hens induced by serum-free culture was inhibited.

The objective of the present study is to establish the Cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts cell line that stably expresses Cashmere goat FGF5s. By using RT-PCR technology, the FGF5s gene of Cashmere goat was first cloned from total RNAs which extracted from Cashmere goat skin, and then inserted into the eukaryotic expression vector PB-CMV-Puro-EGFP based on PiggyBac transposon. PB-EGFP-FGF5s plasmid and PB transposase plasmid were used to co-transfect the Cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts by Lipofectamine^TM2000. A stable fibroblast line which expressed green fluorescence was obtained using Puromycin screening. The integration of exogenous DNA and the exogenous mRNA expression of FGF5s were identified through PCR and RT-PCR, respectively. The complete CDS area of FGF5s was cloned and then the PB-EGFP-FGF5s plasmid was constructed successfully. The present results of the transgenic cell clones identification illustrated that the exogenous FGF5s gene was integrated into the Cashmere goat genome. Moreover, mRNA of FGF5s was detected to express in fibroblast cell line according to the RT-PCR data. Collectively, this study provides an effective approach for preparing transgenic cells of Cashmere goat, and a basis for nuclear transplantation in the future.

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharides on the mRNA expression of IFN-γ and STAT1 in peripheral blood lymphocyte in vitro,and to discuss the possible molecular mechanism of its anti-tumor function in sheep. Different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 μg·mL^-1 ) of Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharides were added in sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes cultures, and total RNA in cells was extracted with β-actin as an internal reference real-time PCR was adopt to test. The changes of relative mRNA expressions of IFN-γ and STAT1 in different culrured times (12, 24, 48, 72 h) were tested by real-time PCR and the PCR products of IFN-γ and STAT1 were sequenced and analyzed. The relative mRNA expressions of IFN-γ and STAT1 in Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharides treatment were increased significantly (P<0.05) compared with control group (0 μg·mL^-1), and showed an upward trend with the increase of Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharides concentration. The sequencing analysis proved that the PCR products were IFN-γ and STAT1 gene sequence in sheep. The results suggested that Allium mongolicum Regel polysaccharides could significantly promote the mRNA expression of IFN-γ and STAT1 in sheep peripheral blood lymphocytes of sheep, may thereby play an important role in anti-tumor effect.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of dietary polysaccharides from the submerged fermentation extract of Hericium caput-medusae (Bull.:Fr.) Pers. (HFP) on the contents of cholesterol in serum, muscles, liver, heart, muscular stomach, excreta of broilers. A total of 240 one-day-old AA broilers were divided randomly into 4 groups with 3 replicates of 20 broilers each, and fed diets containing four concentrations of HFP (0, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5%) during the 42 days study. The results showed that, compared with control group, at different age stages (day 14, 28 and 42), dietary supplementation of HFP at the levels of 0.3% and 0.5% significantly decreased serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol contents(P＜0.05), and significantly increased serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol content of broilers compared to the control group(P＜0.05). Cholesterol levels of breast muscle, thigh muscle and liver were significantly reduced in the broilers fed with 0.3% and 0.5% of HFP than those in control group (P＜0.05), and cholesterol content of muscular stomach was lower in the broilers fed with 0.5% of HFP compared to control group(P＜0.05). Dietary supplementation of HFP had no significantly effect on cholesterol content of broilers′ heart (P＞0.05). Compared with the control group, supplementation with HFP at different levels significantly increased bile acid excretion in feces of broilers(P＜0.05), and cholesterol contents of excreta were also higher in the broilers fed with 0.3% and 0.5% of HFP compared to the control group(P＜0.05). The results of this study suggest that the decreased contents of cholesterol in muscles, liver and muscular stomach of broilers may be caused by an increase in the fecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid.

This experiment was conducted to investigate changes of the major mineral contents and distributions in Dorper×Small Tail Han sheep crossbred F₁ male lambs from 20 to 35 kg live weight under ad libitum feeding. Twenty one lambs were randomly assigned to three groups with 7 sheep each and fed with the same diet, the three groups were slaughtered at their average body weight of 20, 28 and 35 kg, respectively, and mineral contents in different tissues were measured. The results showed that the carcass, muscle, leather, viscera and wool weight increased significantly with the slaughter body weight(SBW) gain(P＜0.05). The bone weight of 20 kg group was significantly lower than that of 28 and 35 kg groups but significant difference was not observed between 28 and 35 kg groups，the fat growth was on the contrary with that of bone, the fat weight of 35 kg group was higher than that of 28 and 20 kg groups(P＜0.05); the calcium, phosphorus and magnesium contents in bone of 35 kg group was significantly higher than that of the other two groups, however, the phosphorus, sodium, potassium and magnesium contents in muscle of 20 kg group were the highest in the three groups. Minerals in leather and viscera also increased inordinately with the SBW gain. The result also indicated that bone was the main storage tissue for calcium, phosphorus, sodium and magnesium, accounting for 98.5%, 82.3%, 41.5% and 69.8% of the total contents in body, while potassium was mainly stored in muscle, accounting for 50.1% of the total in body. The results indicate that in the stage of 20~35 kg of lambs, the tissue of bone grow fast before 28 kg but slow down lately, on the contrary, the tissue of fat grow in a low rate before 28 kg but speed up after that, the growth rate of muscle, leather and viscera are nearly maintaining at the same stage. The research also shows that minerals content in muscle goes down with the body weight increase, but it presents the opposite trends in other tissues (bone, viscera, leather, fat and wool).

This aim of the experiment was to investigate whether the external pudic artery blood could be replaced by the caudal artery blood in studies, such as research on amino acids uptake efficiency in mammary gland, through the comparison of the content of amino acids between caudal artery plasma and external pudic artery plasma under three different diets in lactating dairy cows. Thirty Holstein dairy cows in middle lactation ((120±24)d) were randomly assigned to three groups, ten cows each group with similar body weight ((554±21)kg) and milk yield ((24.30±1.47) kg·d^-1). The complete random design was used in this study. The diets were diet 1 (Alfalfa + Whole Corn Silage + Leymus chinensis mixed roughage diet group), diet 2 (proximate nutrients approximately equal to diet 1 straw diet group) and diet 3 (straw substituted the roughage in diet 1 totally). The experiment lasted 28 days, the external pudic artery blood samples and the caudal artery blood samples were collected, and the contents of free amino acids in the external pudic artery blood and the caudal artery blood were tested among the last two days. The result showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in content of the most of the single amino acids between the external pudic artery plasma and the caudal artery plasma under three diets, there was significant difference only in content of Thr (P=0.023 4). It was suggested that the caudal artery blood could substitute the external pudic artery blood in study on amino acids uptake efficiency in mammary gland under certain circumstances.

In this study, Dulac cells were electroporated with the recombinant plasmid pSK-dPCV1-2 constructed in our laboratory to obtain chimeric PCV1-2 virus by passage cultures. The inactivated vaccine of chimeric PCV1-2 virus emulsified with ISA 206 VG adjuvant was vaccinated commercial pigs to evaluate its protective efficacy against PCV2 infection. Twenty 42-day-old conventional pigs were randomly assigned to four groups of five pigs each, and other two pigs served as healthy control. The immune efficacy was evaluated by detecting indirect immunofluorescent assay （IFA）antibody titers, neutralizing antibody titers, growth parameters, viremia post-challenge, gross pathology and histopathology. By 35 days post-vaccination (DPV), all vaccinated pigs had seroconversion to antibody against PCV2 and developed high IFA antibody titers and neutralizing antibody titers at 1/15-1/20. In growth parameters, the average daily weight gain (ADWG) was increased in three immunized groups and the mock group, but there were no gains in challenge control group. Comparison of ADWG of vaccinated pigs with that of challenge pigs revealed statistically significant difference between them (P＜0.05). By 21 days post-challenge, gross and microscopic lesions of lymph nodes and lungs in non-vaccinated but challenged pigs were significantly more severe than those found in vaccinated groups. There were multinucleated giant cells, a number of eosinophilia and lymphocyte depletion in lymph nodes in non-vaccinated but challenged pigs. There were no multinucleated giant cells and less lymphocyte depletion in vaccinated pigs.The log10 of PCV2 viral copy loads detected in lymph nodes in non-vaccinated but challenged pigs were 5.566±0.432, in vaccinated pigs with 10^4.0, 10^5.0, 10^6.0 TCID₅₀·mL^－1were 4.469±1.023, 4.434±0.716，3.521±0.958, respectively. Comparison between pigs vaccinated with 10^5.0, 10^6.0 TCID₅₀·mL^－1and challenging only pigs, the differences were significant (P＜0.05), but there were no clinical syndrome during the whole experiment period. The results illuminated that the inactivated chimeric PCV1-2 could induce protective immunity against PCV2b/1B/Jiangsu/Jingjiang/2012/11/08 infection effectively.

The aim of this study was to study the immune response effect of the recombinant attenuated Salmonella carrying pVAX1-GPV-P32 to goats. The 60 black goats were randomly divided into three groups as recombinant bacteria group, attenuated vaccine group and the control group, which the goats were fed by the recombinant attenuated Salmonella in recombinant bacteria group, and injected by the goat pox attenuated vaccine in the attenuated vaccine group, but without any treatment in the control group. Then the samples of the blood and respiratory/digestive tract secretion and tissue were collected respectively in the different periods after immunization and used for detection and analysis. The results were showed as follows: (1)The contents of the specific SIgA in recombinant bacteria group was significant higher than that in the attenuated vaccine group (P<0.05) in 7, 15, 30 and 45 d post-immunization (PI), and which reached the highest value (18.172±0.122 μg·L^-1) in 45 d; (2) The contents of anti-GPV P32 antibody in the recombinant bacteria group were slightly lower than that in the attenuated vaccine group, but the difference between groups was not significant (P>0.05); (3)The transformation efficiency of the specific lymphocyte in the recombinant bacteria group was slightly lower than that in the attenuated vaccine group from 0 to15 d PI, but higher than that in the attenuated vaccine group in 30 d and 45 d PI, but the difference was not significant (P>0.05). (4)The IL-2 content of the goat serum in the recombinant bacteria group were less than that in the attenuated vaccine group and the difference was very significant (P<0.01), and the IL-5 levels were higher than that in the attenuated vaccine group and the difference was very significant (P<0.01) too, and the TNF-β levels were higher than that in the attenuated vaccine group and the difference was significant (P<0.05), and the content of IFN-γ and TNF-α were not significant with that in the attenuated vaccine group (P>0.05). These results indicated that the recombinant attenuated Salmonella carrying the pVAX1-GPV-P32 made the goat have a better immune responses.

In order to explore the pathogenesis of subgroup J avian leukosis virus(ALV-J), a full-length infectious clone of ALV-J (pSK-AH-J11) was constructed by combining of four fragments using PCR method from AH-J11 isolated from broiler in Anhui province, then the complete genome was cloned into pBluescript Ⅱ SK(+) vector. The recombinant plasmid pBl-AH-J11 was transfected into chicken embryo fibroblast (CEF) cells and the recombinant ALV-J was rescued. The rescued ALV-J (rALV-J) was identified by RT-PCR, Western blot, indirect immunofluorescence assay and sequence comparision of gp85 gene with AH-J11strain, respectively. The results showed that the recombinant rALV-J was rescued in CEF. This study provides a useful platform for investigation of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of ALV-J.

Two NDV strains isolated in ducks, Duck/China/SD03/2009 and JSD0812, were used to evaluate the pathogenicity of genotype Ⅶ NDV in ducks and the potential role of ducks in the epidemiology of NDV. Eighty 20-day-old ducks and sixteen 50-day-old SPF chickens were inoculated with Duck/China/SD03/2009 or JSD0812. Ducks of different groups were challenged with NDV intranasally or intramuscularly at the dose of 0.2 and 0.5 mL, respectively. The SPF chickens were infected with NDV intranasally at a dose of 0.1 mL. All of chickens inoculated with NDV had depression, gasping, oral discharges, and greenish-white soft feces and died in 6 days. However, ducks remained clinically normal throughout the study. Viruses were detected more frequently in the swabs and tissues of chickens than ducks. Gross and histologic lesion patterns supported the different clinical outcome. Ducks had slight inflammation mainly in respiratory and digestive tracts, whereas slight nonpurulent encephalitis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, and serious inflammation in respiratory and digestive tracts were detected in chickens. These results showed that both of the NDV strains are virulent in chickens whereas have no obvious pathogenicity in ducks. However, some measures should be taken to prevent virus transmission between ducks and chickens as viruses were detected in swabs of ducks infected with virulent NDV strains.

The aim of this study was to investigate the infection situations of avian leukosis virus (ALV) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) in 6 unique species of "non-chicken" birds and local chicken breeds including Liuhua pheasant, Dama duck, Xiaoma duck, You-jiang goose, Ling-yun Black chicken, Snow flake Chicken. Totally 593 samples of both sera anal swab from six kinds of poultry were collected and detected with ALV antigen test kit, avian leukosis virus antibody test kits-subgroup A/B and J, and REV antibody test kit respectively. The results showed that: (1) There were significant difference of ALV antigen detection rate between different breeds, some positive case were found in local chicken breeds and pheasant, and the positive rate was 15.4%-43.2% among them, while no positive were found in ducks and gooses; (2) Same as the situation of ALV antigen detection rate, ALV antibody detection rate of chickens was higher than ducks and gooses, the positive rate was 7.7%-71.6% among chickens, while only few positive cases of You-jiang goose, Dama duck, Xiaoma duck, were also founded. (3) The situation of co-infected with ALV-J and ALV-A/B, coexist with ALV antigen and antibody, co-infected with ALV and REV cases were found, especially ALV antigen, ALV-A/B antibody, REV antibody all positive cases were found in Snowflake chicken breeds (9.47%). This is the first report of the ALV and REV infection in various species of "non-chicken" poultry and local chicken breeds. The results showed that some pure local avian breeds were infected by ALV and REV. It can be concluded that the results of the study will be helpful for understanding the emergence and importance of avian leukosis prevention and control in poultry and can be used as an important reference for the further eradication of avian leukosis.

The aim of this study was to develop a new agglutination test for the rapid detection of Salmonella pullorum and Salmonella gallinarum（S. pullorum and S. gallinarum）. In this study, three kinds of organic reactive dye and antibody were used to modify silica nanoparticles to prepare the immune colored silica nanoparticles (ICSN), ICSN were used to build new agglutination test for rapid detection of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. The colored silica nanoparticles (CSN) were synthesized by reverse microemulsion method. The morphology and degree of dispersion of CSN were characterized by SEM. The agglutination test was used to characterize the detection effect of S. pullorum and S. gallinarum. The results showed that the new agglutination test was very sensitive, the aggregation results were prominently, intuitive and easy to distinguish by naked eye, moreover, consumption of antibody in new agglutination test is only 1/500 of that consumed in traditional test, the linear range for S. pullorum and S. gallinarum was from 10² to 10⁹ cfu·mL^-1. It was very stable and repeatable, after being stored at 4 ℃ for 28 days, the aggregation effect showed no significant difference; It also showed specificity and accuracy. The new agglutination test was simple, fast, accurate, sensitive and economic. This new agglutination test could not only be used for detecting S. pullorum and S. gallinarum rapidly, but also provide a basis model for rapid detection of other pathogenic bacterium.

The study objective was to investigate the antibacterial activity and antibacterial mechanism of baicalein on Methicillin-resistant  Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The experiments were carried out by studying baicalein inhibition against MRSA, determining the changes of membrane penetrability, protein synthesis, DNA topoisomerase activities and restriction map. Baicalein has a strong impact on MRSA, and the minimum inhibitory concentration reached 0.04 mg·mL^-1. After treated with Baicalein for 16 h, the total soluble content of proteins was decreased by 44.62%. Moreover, the activities of DNA topoisomerase Ⅰ and Ⅱ were inhibited by 0.025 mg·mL^-1 Baicalein. TaqⅠ restriction enzyme electropherogram appeared to be an obvious change when baicalein was added with DNA after a certain time. We initially speculated Baicalein with DNA binding sites may be between the bases T and CGA or be the T/CGA similar nucleotide positions. The results suggest that Baicalein may be embedded in bacterial DNA molecules, inhibits the activity of DNA topoisomerase and influences the normal DNA replication and transcription, thereby inhibiting protein translation in the downstream process, causing the loss of the bacteria biological function and inhibiting cell growth and reproduction.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anesthetic quality of Shumianning which was injected intravenously and the effect on the hepatic and renal function in clinical surgical Dogs. Shumianning injection was administered intravenously in sixty dogs which were operative in the clinic. The anesthetic onset time (T1), the anesthesia duration of single injection of Shumianning (T2), the time of operation (T3) and awaking(T4) as well as the adding times(N) of Shumianning and the consumption of Shumianning (SUM) were recorded. Physiological parameters, anesthetic and recovery quality were assessed in the period of operation. Blood routine test and biochemical parameters were measured before and after anesthesia. The results showed that T3, T4, N and SUM were dependent on the operation type and the body size. T1 was （32.2±1.4）s, T2 was （25.7±1.6）min, T4 was （32.6±2.6）min, the recovery quality score was 3.8±0.1. Anesthetic quality was classed as excellent (51/60, 85.0%), good (7/60, 11.7%) and fair (2/60, 3.3%). Biochemical parameters of TP, ALB, GLB, WBC, RBC, HGB and HCT were in the normal range, although there were a slight declined (P＜0.05). The clinical anesthesia status of Shumianning administered intravenously in dogs for surgical treatment was satisfying. The duration of anesthesia and recovery was smooth. Shumianning had no significant effect on hepatic and renal function.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a combination of egg yolk immunoglobulins (IgYs) specific for exotoxins (IgY-toxins) and serotypes 5, 8 and 336 capsules of Staphylococcus aureus (IgY-T5, IgY-T8, IgY-T336, respectively) in the treatment of bovine mastitis. A lactate dehydrogenase assay indicated that IgY-toxins prevented mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) from lysing. An internalization assay demonstrated that 5 mg·mL^-1 IgY-T336 markedly blocked the invasion of a GFP-expressing S. aureus RN6390 to MAC-T cells, and a combination of 5 mg·mL^-1 of IgY-T336 and 0.5 mg·mL^-1 of IgY-toxins provided the cells with greater protection and improved growth morphology compared with the IgY-T336 treatment alone. A field trial for clinical mastitis indicated that two doses of a combination of 20 mg each of IgY-T5, IgY-T8 and IgY-T336 plus 20 mg of IgY-toxins daily for six days significantly reduced somatic cell counts (SCC) compared with PBS control (P < 0.001). Treatment with IgY-T5, IgY-T8 and IgY-T336 or IgY-toxins alone produced a slight reduction in SCC compared with PBS control. However, the reduction was much lower than that in IgY combination treatment (P < 0.01). Both surface capsules and secreted exotoxins should be targeted in the treatment of S. aureus-caused bovine mastitis with IgY.

The objective of this study was to screen effective prescription of chemical drug and Chinese herbal medicines against Toxoplasmosis. First, the inhibiting effects of sulfachloropyrazine-sodium (SPZ), sulfadiazine-sodium (SD), scutellariae and glycyrrhizae against Toxoplama gondii (T. gondii) were observed on the Ana-1 cells in vitro. Then mice infected intraperitoneally with tachyzoites of T. gondii were treated separately with each drug and a prescription of SPZ combined with scutellariae and glycyrrhiza on mouse model in vivo. Our results indicated that each of the four drugs could significantly inhibit the proliferation of T. gondii in vitro and could prolong the time of death in mice infected with T. gondii, but Glycyrrhizae, Scutellariae or SD used alone could not protect these mice from death. Mice treated with SPZ alone could have a survival rate of 40%, while SPZ combined with Glycyrrhizae and Scutellariae, the survival rate of mice could be up to 50% and the abdominal cavity of the mice were tachyzoite-free. The results of this study suggest that SPZ have significant role in vitro and in vivo anti-T. gondii, while SPZ was applied with Chinese medicine-Glycyrrhizae and Scutellariae, not only the therapeutic effects could be improved, but also the dose of chemotherapy could be lower to reducing the toxicity of drugs. It can be concluded that the compound of SPZ, Glycyrrhizae andScutellariae will be a better choice against animal Toxoplasmosis in the future.

The aim of this study was to investigate and analyze the recuperative function of Chinese Medicine, Sijunzi decoction, on intestinal flora in spleen-deficient animals. Forty-eight rats were randomly divided into the Control group (n=12), the Spleen-deficient group (n=12), the Sijunzi decoction group (n=12) and the Sulfasalazine group (n=12). Spleen-deficiency rat model was caused by reserpine in all groups other than the Control group. A diarrhea model of rats was conducted followed by treatment of sijunzi decoction or SASP or non-treatment. Intestinal flora was determined at pre-modeling, pre- and post- treatment by a 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The results showed that the Sijunzi decoction improved the diversity of intestinal flora in diarrhea rats though the diversity of intestinal flora differs from that treated with SASP. The Sijunzi decoction is a potential medicine for treatment of intestinal flora disorder induced diarrhea.