The mtDNA Cytbsequences(415 bp) were analyzed in four native sheep and one goat breeds (Little Tail Han sheep, Large Tail Han sheep,Wadi sheep,Tan sheep and Lubei White goat) in China.Base compositions and genetic distances among these regions were calculated and the homologous sequences were compared.Based on their Cytbsequences the molecular phylogenetic tree was constructed by NJ and UPGMA method with the MEGA software.Furthermore,the phylogenetic relationship among the four sheep was discussed.The sequence alignment revealed considerable variation in 44 nucleotide sites.The value of average sequence variation in sheep population (π) is 0.85%.Our results suggest that the genetic diversity within the sheep is remarkably scarce and these sheep breeds may have originated from a late common ancestor. According to the phylogenetic tree,we suggest that Wadi sheep be more closely related with Tan sheep than other two sheep breeds.

PCR-RFLP technique was used to analyze the polymorphisms of CSN1S2^F loci in 69 Xinong Saanen dairy goats. 310 bp fragment of CSN1S2^F gene digested with Alw26I demonstrated polymorphisms, namely, allele F with only one 310 bp band and allele N with 179 bp, 131 bp bands. Correspondingly, it showed that genotype FF of individuals had 310 bp band, genotype NF of individuals had 310 bp, 179 bp and 131 bp bands, and genotype NN of individual had 179 bp and 131 bp bands. In this Xinong Saanen goat population, gene frequencies of allele F and N were 0.087 0 and 0.913 0, respectively, which was at HardyWeinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05). Analyzing correlation between different genotypes of CSN1S2 gene and average milk yield, we could find that different genotypes had significantly effect on average milk yield. In average milk yield index, milk yield of individual with genotype NN was the highest, and genotype NN were prior to FF genotype (P＜0.05). Association different genotypes of CSN1S2 gene with body size indexes indicated that individual with genotype NF was better than those of genotype NN in body weight and stature (P＜0.05), and individuals with genotypes NF and NN had no significant difference in other indexes (P＞0.05), such as body size, shank girth and body weight.

The mature region DNA for Myostatin in Jinhua pig, Xianju chicken, Shao duck were cloned and sequenced. Comparing with the corresponding species’ sequence that reported in GenBank, we found that there had one base mutation（T²⁶¹→A²⁶¹）in Jinhua pig and two base mutation（T²¹⁸→C²¹⁸，C²¹⁹→T²¹⁹）in Xianju chicken. The duck’s sequence has not been reported in GenBank. We analyzed the homology of the sequences in all species. The results showed that Myostatin has highly conservation of heredity. The homologies in DNA level are all above 81% (except fish). We also discussed the possible Myostatin signaling pathway and the evolution relationship between all species.

To investigate the effects of different zinc sources on Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 mRNA expression, dexamethasone was used to make the apoptosis model of thymocytes. Zinc sulfate and zinc methionine was added to the medium at the level of 1 000 μmol/L, the percentage of apoptosis nuclei were determined by flow cytometric analysis, Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 mRNA were measured by RT-PCR. The results showed that both ZnSO4 and Zn-Met can modulate apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, they inhibited apoptosis (P＜0.01) and decreased DNA ladder happening; no difference was shown of modulating apoptosis between the two kinds of zinc (P＞0.05). Both kinds of zinc could inhibit the upregulating of Bcl-2, Bax, Caspase-3 mRNA induced by dexamethasone (P＜0.01). Cell availability and Caspase-3 mRNA expression of cells cultured with Zn-Met were higher than those cultured with ZnSO4 (P＜0.05). The percentage of apoptosis nuclei， Bcl-2, Bax mRNA expression were similar within two groups (P＞0.05). We draw the conclusion that both kinds of zinc could modulate apoptosis of thymocytes induced by glucocorticoid; the mechanism may involve the regulating ability of zinc on genes expression, and the two forms of zinc may go different ways in the regulations.

In order to conduct the effect of inulin on the performance, pH and the populations of Escherichia coli,Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium and total bacteria in the digestive tracts and feces in the weaning piglets, 90 28-day-old weaned piglets were randomly assigned to five diets containing antibiotics (Ⅰ)，0.5% inulin＋antibiotics (Ⅱ),1% inulin＋antibiotics (Ⅲ),1.5% inulin＋antibiotics (Ⅳ) and 1% inulin (Ⅴ) with three repeats in each treatment and six piglets in each repeat for 28d, respectively. When the feeding ended, the samples of instestinal content and feces were collected from the piglets fed the diets Ⅰ,Ⅲ,Ⅴ to measure pH and Escherichia coli,Lactobacillus,Bifidobacterium and total bacteria by 16S rDNA PCR method. The results showed that pH in caecum, colon, rectum decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the populations of Lactobacillus in caecum and Bifidobacterium in ileum, caecum, rectum increased when the piglets were fed the diet containing 1% inulin. No consistent effects of inulin were found on the performance and frequency of diarrhea in the piglets. There was a trend to have better performance in the piglets fed the diet containing 1% inulin +antibiotics than containing 1% inulin by itself.

In 3×3 Latin square design, three wethers of Inner Mongolian White Cashmere (IMWC) goats (25~30 kg) with the same father, fitted with permanent cannulas at the proximal duodenum, and with carotid artery, mesenteric and portal venous catheters were used to investigate the effect of absorbable amino acid pattern in the small intestine, which were M, M90+C10 and M80+C20, on absorption and metabolism of amino acids in IMWC goats. The results showed absorbable amino acid pattern had significantly effect on MDV and PDV net flux of SAA, and Met net flux were significantly increased with increasing of the ratio of cashmere pattern in the target pattern (P＜0.05). MDV net flux of Cys was significantly greater than its disappearance in the small intestine (P＜0.05). Large BCAA amounts were extracted in the gastrointestinal tract, especially for Leu. It was suggested that absorbable amino acid pattern had significantly effect on amino acid metabolism in IMWC goats, and the ideal amino acid pattern should be between M90+C10 and M80+C20

Effects of Ligustrum Lucidum (LL), Schisandra Chinensis (SC), mannanoligosaccharides(MOS) and flavomycin on growth performance and immunity of broilers were studied. 180 broilers of 1-day old were randomly assigned to six groups. The blank was provided with basal diet, the antibiotic group was provided with basal diet with addition of 5mg/kg flavomycin. Other trial groups were provided with basal diet plus 1%LL, 1%SC, 1%LL+MOS, 1%SC+MOS. The broilers were fed their respective diets from 1day to 56 days old. The results showed that SC+MOS can significant improve performance of broilers in middle and later period. LL increased antibody level significantly. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to ConA were greater (P＜0.05) in all of trial groups. Chinese herb additive can improve growth performance and immunization of broilers.

Soybean was prepared with the method of alkali extraction and acid precipitation. It was hydrolyzed for 2 h with pepsin. Then the degree of hydrolysis ( DH ) was measured with the method of triketohydrindene hydrate. The results showed that the nitrogen concentration of soybean in hydrolyzate was (2.15±0.04) mg/mL. The DH of soybean hydrolysates was 14.49%. The average length of peptides of the hydrolysates was 6.9. Fifty SD rats were randomly assigned to control group and treatment group, every group including 15 male rats and 10 female rats. The two groups had been fed soybean (control group, control), soybean hydrolysates (treatment group, treatment) respectively, for 21 days successively. On the base of general diet the feeding dose is 1 mL hydrolyzate, and the concentration of protein is 5 mg/mL. The results showed that the relative weight of thymus and relative spleen weight of treatment were 24% (P＜0.01) and 32% (P＜0.01) higher than those of control respectively. The results of the MTT showed that soybean hydrolysates can enhance the phagocytosis significantly. The A570 value increased 67% (P＜0.01) than in control. The results of lymphocytic transformation test (LTT) showed that soybean hydrolysates can accelerate lymphocytic transformation， the stimulated index (SI) of treatment was greatly higher than that of control (P＜0.01). Soybean hydrolysates can promote humoral immunity. Compared with that of control, HI (hemagglutination inhibition) titer of treatment was increased by 33.3% (P＜0.01). Soybean hydrolysates can increase intestinal mucosal sIgA secretion in SD rats. sIgA of intestinal contents in tratment was 34.3% (P＜0.01) higher than in control. Serum IL-2 in treatment was 38.1% (P＜0.01) higher than in control. Compared with that of control, Leptin of treatment was improved by 13.9% (P＜0.01). These experiments showed that hydrlysates from soybean with pepsin can significantly improve the cellular and humoral immunity of rats, which were attributed to bioactive peptides from soybean, not to nutrition acts of soybean.

1-day-old chicks fed with commercial probiotics or home-made probiotics 3 days, the experimental chicks were taken to collect thymus, spleen, bursa of fabricius, tear, trachea fluid, bile and intestinal fluid to detect the dynamic changes of immune organs index and the relative content of immunoglobulin(Ig)A,IgG,IgM by application of indirect enzyme-linked immunoassay(ELISA) test after administration probiotics 1,4,7,10,18 days. The results were as follows: immune organs index of chicks after administration probiotics 7 days was enhanced compared with those of without probiotics, the relative content of IgA,IgG,IgM in local humor of chicks after administration commerical probiotics 7~10 days was enhanced compared with those of without probiotics, the content of IgA,IgG,IgM in local humor of chicks after administration home-made probiotics 4~7 days was enhanced compared with those of without probiotics.The results showed that probiotics have effect on mucosal immune and immune system of chicks.

ATRA has widely biological effects, which can regulate the proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of cells. Therefore, the purpose of the experiment is to investigate the function of ATRA on the proliferation and differentiation of rat preadipocytes. In the present study, the effects of ATRA on proliferation and differentiation of preadipocytes was detected by MTT and quantitation of Oil Red O staining respectively; the morphologic changes of preadipocytes differentiation were analyzed by Oil Red O staining and Acridine Orange staining. The results of MTT show that the low concentrations （10^-8~10^-7 mol/L） of ATRA accelerate the proliferation of preadipocytes, but the high concentrations（10^-6~10^-4 mol/L）of ATRA inhibit it（P＜0.01）. The results of quantitation of Oil Red O staining show that the high concentrations（10^-6~10^-4 mol/L）of ATRA block the differentiation of preadipocytes, but the low concentrations（10^-8~10^-7 mol/L） of ATRA promote it（P＜0.01）. The staining pictures of Oil Red O and Acridine Orange demonstrate that when preadipocytes differentiate into adipocytes, they become oval and fill with lipid.

Quantative analysis of DNA fragmetation assay and alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis test were used to detect DNA damage of chicken splenic lymphocytes, cultured in vitro, which was induced by cadmium. The results showed that cadmium with the concentration of 10 μmol/L can induce DNA damage of chicken splenic lymphocytes obviously, which showed timedependent model. It demonstrated that DNA damage of lymphocytes induced by cadmium may be one of important mechanisms of avian immunotoxicity on cadmium.

11 otter rabbits that spontaneously infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi and 5 healthy white rabbits with long ears were used in this experiment for studying the apoptosis of renal cells. The results showed that apoptotic cells mainly occurred in the renal cells of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Under transmission electron microscope, in the early stage of cell apoptosis, chromatins were highly condensed and became marginal, rough endoplasmic reticulum increased in number and expanded in shape till showing vacuolated; in the final stage, cytoplasm became shrank, membranes occurred blebs, nuclei were coagulation of mass, finally apoptotic bodies which were surrounded by wrinkled membranes formed. The TUNEL staining of renal tissues showed that nuclei were concentrated and nuclear membranes became thicken and shrank in the early stage; finally apoptotic bodies with wrinkled membranes formed. The results of flow cytometer tests were as follows: sub “G1” apparently appeared in the sick rabbits, there was statistical significance about the numbers of apoptotic cells between sick rabbits and control rabbits (P=0.01) and the renal cell cycles of sick rabbits also changed. The above results manifested that the numbers of apoptotic cells in sick rabbits were higher than that of control rabbits.

210 one-day-old Tianfu ducklings were divided into three groups, and fed on diets as follow: controls (Cu 12.16 mg/kg)，copper toxic I (Cu 850 mg/kg) and copper toxic Ⅱ ( Cu 1 050 mg/kg)， the effect of copper toxicity on lymphocytes apoptosis of lymphoid organs in duckling were studied by the methods of ultrastructural pathology and Flow Cytometry (FCM). Ultrastructurally, the mitochondria of lymphocytes of lymphoid organs were swelled, and its crista were broken or / and disappeared. The apoptotic lymphocytes showed that the chromatin become condensed and marginated, and the shape of nuclei were crescent, “C”shaped, petallike, or dark round. Also, apoptotic bodies were observed. Statistical analyses by FCM indicated that the percentage of apoptotic cells of the lymphoid organs is higher in copper toxic groups I and II than that in control group. The aforementioned results demonstrated that copper toxicity can induce apoptosis in lymphocytes of lymphoid organs.

Minor core protein σC gene of MDRV MW9710 strain was amplified by RT-PCR with the primers designed by the reported muscovy duck reoviruses. The PCR products were cloned into pMD18-T vector and identified by enzyme cutting analysis. The sequence results showed that σC gene is 810 bp. It contains one open reading frame between 280-1089 that encodes a protein of 269 amino acids with a molecular mass of 29.4 ku. Nucleotide analysis by the DNASTAR(6.0) software showed that MDRV MW9710 σC is highly related to the MDRV 89026, with 93.0% homology, but only shared 21%～25% homology to the avian reoviruses. It indicates MDRV is possible to be a new revirus that different from ARV.The DNA fragment of σC was subcloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET32a and the specific fusion protein with molecular weight 50 ku was expressed. Western blotting assay indicated that the polyclonal antibody against DRV could recognize the recombinat σC protein. It also provided technical support for developing an advanced gene engineering vaccine against muscovy duck reovirus.

An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for differentiating infected animals from vaccinated animals was established by using foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) nonstructural protein (NSP) 3ABC antigen,which was expressed in E.coli. Serial experiments were performed using sera from cattle. A formula {value=（ODsam－ODneg）÷（ODpos－ODneg）}was developed to calculate sample values, critical values were determined by optical density (OD) of naive cattle sera, and values below 0.2 were considered as negative, values between 0.2 and 0.3 as ambiguous and values above 0.3 as positive. The sensitivity of the assay was 100%,as all the experimental postinfection sera gave values greater than 0.3. In contrast, 97.06% of sera from vaccinated animals were negative. A high degree of specificity was also confirmed by the finding that 98.39% of sera from naive animals gave negative results. The 3ABC specific antibodies were detectable at least 1 year postinfection. The described 3ABC-I-ELISA can differentiate infected from vaccinated animals and can perform in large scale serological surveys.

In order to clone the H11 gene, the total RNA of Haemonchus contortus ZJ strain was extracted and used as template of RT-PCR. A pair of primers was designed according to the published data. After RT-PCR, the cloned H11 was ligated to the vector pUCm-T and transformated DH5α competent cell. The positive clones were verified by sequencing. Sequence analysis showed that the gene obtained was 99.5% identical to the H11 gene in the database. According to the sequence analysis, the deduced protein of H11 may has the function similar to aminopeptidase which make parasites dead from lack of necessary amino acids.

The cDNA expression library of the Oncosphere development stage was constructed in order to avoid involved in large genome of Teania solium. The results showed that the transformation efficacy and recombinant rate of library were 5.0×10⁶ and 100%, respectively. The genes of 10 ku, 18 ku and A, B, C types of 45W were cloned from the cDNA library, which approved the library possessed a good quality and high representation. The library was screened with antiserum, and gene of TsO1 was cloned and sequenced. ORF size of TsO1 was 393 bp. The sequance of TsO1 was submited to GenBank， and the number AY327451 was given. It has been proved the TsO1 is a novel gene of the Oncosphere development stage by analysis of BLAST.

The β₂-agonist, salbutamol (SAL) was linked to bovine serum albumin(BSA) using the mixed anhydride method and the anti-SAL serum was acquired in rabbits against the conjugate. The optional dilution of the anti-SAL serum was 1∶6 400 by the indirect enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the anti-SAL serum has the cross-reactivity of 110% with Clenbuterol (CL). Then an indirect competitive ELISA, which can detect SAL and CL simultaneously, was developed. The limit of detection for SAL was 0.48 ng/mL with the range of detection 0.48 ng/mL~8.0 μg/mL and the limit of detection for CL was 0.43 ng/mL with the range of detection 0.43 ng/mL~7.3 μg/mL. The recovery rates ranged from 72.2% to 84.8% for detecting SAL fortified level of 1~50 ng/g (ng/mL) in swine liver and swine urine, the coefficients of variation was 4.2%~28.3%; the recovery rates ranged from 84.3% to 103.4% for detecting CL fortified level of 1~50 ng/g (ng/mL) in swine liver and swine urine, the coefficients of variation was 0.3%~35.5%.

Basing on five kinds of Chinese herb medicine (the dandelion, the honeysuckle, the forsythia, the root of large-flowered skullcap and the root of red-rooted salvia), the combination injection of dandelion was developed. In the study on the physical stability and quality control experiment, it showed that the color, clarity, pH were steady to the light and temperature, further more the quality was also fit the demands. The safety of the preparation was also studied. No mouse was dead in the acute oral toxicity test at a dose of 40 mL/kg b.w. to 30 mice, the LD₅₀ of enterocoelia injection in mice was 51.20 mL/kg and the 95% confidence was from 44.19 to 59.24 mL/kg. There was no local tissue irratation in the local irratation test. The injection had some repression to staphylococcus aureus and the MIC was 1/40.The result of pharmacodynamics studies showed that the injectable solution can be effectivly against the swelling of the auricle caused by xylene compared with the control group (P＜0.05). The injectable solution had a good effect to the clinical mastitis (cure rate was 48.39%, effective rate was 77%)；it also had an excellent effect to the subclinical mastitis, when the infected cow were checked on the 8th day, the natural cure rate was 12.5% of the control group, and the infected rate was 16.7%；while the cure rate was 7096% in the injection group, the newly infected rate was 0.

Effect of two histamine receptor antagonists, chlorphenamine maleate and cimetidine, on pulmonary hypertension (PH) induced by low ambient temperature in broiler chickens were investigated. One hundred and forty 17-day broiler chickens were randomly divided into four groups.(1) normal temperature group(NT): forty birds were reared at 22 ~23 ℃ and normal saline was given twice by intramuscular injection each day.(2)Low ambitent temperature group(LT) : forty birds were reared at 9~11 ℃ and normal saline was given twice by intramuscular injection each day.(3)Chlorphenamine maleate group in low ambient temperature (CMLT): forty birds were reared at 9~11 ℃ and chlorphenamine maleate was given twice by intramuscular injection each day.(4)Cimetidine group in low ambient temperature (CLT):twenty birds were reared at 9~11 ℃ and cimetidine was given twice each day by intramuscular injection from 24 to 38 days of age. At 24, 31, 38, 45 days of age， 10 birds were randomly taken from each group except CLT.At 31, 38 days of age，10 birds were randomly taken from CLT. The following three parameters were measured : the pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) by right cardiac catheter，the ascites heart index(AHI) and the packed cell volume (PCV).The results were as follows:(1)At 24， 31, 38 days of age， the pulmonary artery systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of LT were significantly higher than that of NT (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01). The pulmonary artery systolic pressure of CMLT was significantly lower than that of LT at 24 days of age (P＜0.05). The pulmonary artery systolic pressure and diastolic pressure of CLT were significantly lower than that of LT at 38 days of age (P＜0.01). (2) The PCV of LT was significantly greater than that of NT ( P＜0.01) at 24， 31, 38, 45 days of age.At 24 days of age， the PCV of CMLT was significantly lower than that of LT (P＜0.05). At 31 days of age， the PCV of CMLT was significantly higher than that of LT (P＜0.01).(3) The AHI of LT was significantly greater than that of NT (P＜0.05) at 45 days of age.The AHI of CMLT was significantly less than that of LT (P＜0.05) at 45 days of age. The PAP was decreased at the early stage of treatment with chlorphenamine maleate, and was decreased at the late stage of treatment with cimetidine.These results indicated that histamine promote the development of PH induced by low ambient temperature in broiler chickens. The PAP was decreased at the different stage of treatment with two histamine receptor antagonists， so right ventricular hypertrophy was inhibited.

Horse is a worldwide industry with a long history. Modern horse industry represented by horse race is the developing tendency of this traditional industry. In this paper, research developments about horse in hereditary improving,nutrition,reproduction and disease control were discussed mainly,and training and management of horse were reviewed.