混贮原料对全株玉米青贮粗蛋白质含量及发酵品质的影响

doi:10.11843/j.issn.0366-6964.2023.11.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 随着规模化、标准化养殖场的快速发展,青贮饲料的需求也相应增加。全株玉米是我国重要的青贮饲料原料。农业生产副产物因含有较为丰富的蛋白质、维生素和氨基酸等营养物质也具有较高的饲喂价值,但由于其水分含量通常较高、高温时易腐败等原因导致综合利用水平低。混合青贮可通过原料间成分的互补性以及微生物的互作效应实现青贮饲料营养品质的均衡与提升,从拓宽饲料来源渠道、缓解饲料紧缺和提高农副产品的附加值等角度来说,混合青贮十分必要。但是,不同类型的混贮原料对全株玉米粗蛋白质含量及发酵品质的改善效果并不一致。因此,本文综述了全株青贮玉米与豆科牧草、禾本科牧草以及农业副产物等混合青贮的国内外研究进展,分析不同混贮类型对青贮饲料发酵品质的影响,以明确不同混贮组合的适宜混贮比例及特点,为我国饲料资源的高效利用和青贮饲料品质提升提供理论依据。

关键词: 全株玉米, 青贮饲料, 混合青贮, 发酵品质

Abstract: With the rapid development of large-scale and standardized farms, the demand for silage has increased accordingly. Whole corn is an important silage raw material in China. Agricultural production by-products also have high feeding value because they are rich in nutrients such as proteins, vitamins and amino acids, but the level of comprehensive utilization is low due to their usually high moisture content and they are easy to rot at high temperatures. Mixed silage can realize the balance and enhancement of silage nutrient quality through the complementarity of ingredients and microbial interactions, which makes mixed silage necessary from the perspectives of broadening feed source channels, alleviating feed scarcity and improving the added value of agricultural by-products, etc. However, different types of mixed silage have different nutrient values, thus the improvement effects of different types of mixed silage ingredients on the crude protein content and fermentation quality of whole-plant corn are not consistent. Therefore, this paper reviewed the domestic and international research progress of mixed silage of whole plant silage maize with leguminous forage, grass forage and agricultural by-products, analyzed the effect of different mixed silage types on silage fermentation quality, in order to clarify the appropriate mixed silage ratio and characteristics of different mixed silage combinations, and to provide theoretical basis for the efficient utilization of feed resources and silage quality improvement in China.

Key words: whole corn, silage, mixed ensiling, fermentation quality

中图分类号:

S816.53

任红阳, 郑林峰, 王自立, 王红亮. 混贮原料对全株玉米青贮粗蛋白质含量及发酵品质的影响[J]. 畜牧兽医学报, 2023, 54(11): 4526-4536.

REN Hongyang, ZHENG Linfeng, WANG Zili, WANG Hongliang. Effects of Mixing Materials on Crude Protein Content and Fermentation Quality of Whole Corn Silage[J]. Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica, 2023, 54(11): 4526-4536.

参考文献 66

[1]	李思妍,王建发,武瑞.解决当前我国奶牛蛋白饲料资源紧缺的方法与建议[J].中国奶牛,2020(1):10-14.LI S Y,WANG J F,WU R.Methods and suggestions for solving the shortage of milk protein feed resources in China[J].Feed & Feeding,2020(1):10-14.(in Chinese)
[2]	朱慧森,邹新平,玉柱,等.青贮玉米生产性能对收获期的响应及收获指数的探讨[J].畜牧兽医学报,2015,46(8):1375-1382.ZHU H S,ZOU X P,YU Z,et al.Response of productive qualities of corn silage to harvest time and exploration of harvest index of corn silage[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2015,46(8):1375-1382.(in Chinese)
[3]	汤晓洁,张文盛,冯广垚,等.全株青贮玉米利用技术[J].养殖与饲料,2021,20(4):46-47.TANG X J,ZHANG W S,FENG G Y,et al.Whole plant corn silage utilization technology[J].Feed and Livestock,2021,20(4):46-47.(in Chinese)
[4]	耿爽,王斯佳.非常规饲料资源开发的思路与方法[J].饲料研究,2020,43(5):97-100.GENG S,WANG S J.Research ideas and methods on development of unconventional feed resource[J].Feed Research,2020,43(5):97-100.(in Chinese)
[5]	原现军,闻爱友,郭刚,等.添加酶制剂对西藏地区青稞秸秆和黑麦草混合青贮效果的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报,2013,44(8):1269-1276.YUAN X J,WEN A Y,GUO G,et al.Effect of adding cornzyme on fermentation and nutritive quality of mixed silage of hullessbarley straw and perennial ryegrass in tibet[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2013,44(8):1269-1276.(in Chinese)
[6]	马雪亭,廖结安,赵劲飞,等.青贮技术研究与应用现状及问题分析[J].中国饲料,2022(15):5-12.MA X T,LIAO J A,ZHAO J F,et al.Research and application status and problem analysis of silage technology[J].China Feed,2022(15):5-12.(in Chinese)
[7]	顾雪莹,玉柱,郭艳萍,等.全株玉米与秣食豆单贮混贮效果的研究[J].草地学报,2011,19(1):132-136.GU X Y,YU Z,GUO Y P,et al.Fermentation quality and chemical composition in the mixed silage of whole crop corn and soybean[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(1):132-136.(in Chinese)
[8]	苏嘉琪,辛杭书,张广宁,等.国内外青贮饲料原料来源、品质评价及影响因素的研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2022,34(12):7585-7594.SU J Q,XIN H S,ZHANG G N,et al.Research progress on sources,quality evaluation and influencing factors of silages feed at home and abroad[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition,2022,34(12):7585-7594.(in Chinese)
[9]	张养东,杨军香,王宗伟,等.青贮饲料理化品质评定研究进展[J].中国畜牧杂志,2016,52(12):37-42.ZHANG Y D,YANG J X,WANG Z W,et al.Progress assessment of chemical indicators of silage[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2016,52(12):37-42.(in Chinese)
[10]	石子墨,肖晴,玉柱.全株玉米青贮有氧稳定性研究进展[J].饲料工业,2022,43(23):14-19.SHI Z M,XIAO Q,YU Z,et al.Advances in aerobic stability of whole plant corn silage[J].Feed Industry,2022,43(23):14-19.(in Chinese)
[11]	WILKINSON J M,CHAPMAN P F,WILKINS R J,et al.Interrelationships between pattern of fermentation during ensilage and initial crop composition[M]//SMITH J A,HAYS V M.Proceedings of the XIV International Grassland Congress.Boca Raton:CRC Press,1983:631-634.
[12]	CHIOU P W S,CHANG S H,YU B.The effects of wet sorghum distillers’ grains inclusion on napiergrass silage quality[J].J Sci Food Agric,2000,80(8):1199-1205.
[13]	耿娟,张立阳,付彤,等.我国全株玉米青贮质量评定分级研究进展[J].中国奶牛,2022(8):9-13.GENG J,ZHANG L Y,FU T,et al.Research progress on quality evaluation and grading of whole corn silage in China[J].Feed & Feeding,2022(8):9-13.(in Chinese)
[14]	李竞前,闫奎友,柳珍英,等.我国优质高产苜蓿发展状况及对策建议[J].中国饲料,2021(11):95-98.LI J Q,YAN K Y,LIU Z Y,et al.Development status and countermeasures of high quality and high yield alfalfa in China[J].China Feed,2021(11):95-98.(in Chinese)
[15]	WANG M S,FRANCO M,CAI Y M,et al.Dynamics of fermentation profile and bacterial community of silage prepared with alfalfa,whole-plant corn and their mixture[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2020,270:114702.
[16]	BOLSON D C,JACOVACI F A,GRITTI V C,et al.Intercropped maize-soybean silage:Effects on forage yield,fermentation pattern and nutritional composition[J].Grassl Sci,2022,68(1):3-12.
[17]	ZHU Y,BAI C S,GUO X S,et al.Nutritive value of corn silage in mixture with vine peas[J].Anim Prod Sci,2011,51(12):1117-1122.
[18]	MUCK R E,MOSER L E,PITT R E.Postharvest factors affecting ensiling[J].Silage Science and Technology,2003,42:251-304.
[19]	ALBRECHT K A,BEAUCHEMIN K A.Alfalfa and other perennial legume silage[J].Silage Science and Technology,2003,42:633-664.
[20]	MAO K,YU Z,HUANG S,et al.Effect of storage period on the fermentation profile and bacterial community of silage prepared with alfalfa,whole-plant corn and their mixture[J].Fermentation,2022,8(10):486.
[21]	赵苗苗,王显国,玉柱.苜蓿与全株玉米的混合青贮[J].中国畜牧杂志,2015,51(21):20-24.ZHAO M M,WANG X G,YU Z.Silage scoring of mixed alfalfa and corn silages[J].Chinese Journal of Animal Science,2015,51(21):20-24.(in Chinese)
[22]	ZHANG Q,ZHAO M M,WANG X G,et al.Ensiling alfalfa with whole crop corn improves the silage quality and in vitro digestibility of the silage mixtures[J].Grassl Sci,2017,63(4):211-217.
[23]	辛鹏程,黄建华,原现军,等.紫花苜蓿和全株玉米混合青贮研究[J].畜牧与兽医,2019,51(4):39-42.XIN P C,HUANG J H,YUAN X J,et al.Research on mixed ensiling of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and whole plant corn (Zea mays L.)[J].Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine,2019,51(4):39-42.(in Chinese)
[24]	TAO Y,SUN Q Z,LI F,et al.Comparative analysis of ensiling characteristics and protein degradation of alfalfa silage prepared with corn or sweet sorghum in semiarid region of Inner Mongolia[J].Anim Sci J,2020,91(1):e13321.
[25]	王凤欣.全株玉米与紫花苜蓿拉伸膜裹包混合青贮的研究[J].现代畜牧兽医,2019(10):25-30.WANG F X.Study on mixed ensiling of whole-crop maize and alfalfa by stretch film wrapping[J].Modern Journal of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine,2019(10):25-30.(in Chinese)
[26]	KIZILSIMSEK M,OZTURK C,YANAR K,et al.Associative effects of ensiling soybean and corn plant as mixtures on the nutritive value,fermentation and methane emission[J].Fresenius Environ Bull,2017,26(10):5754-5760.
[27]	GüLüMSER E,MUT H,BAŞARAN U,et al.An assessment of ensiling potential in maize x legume(soybean and cowpea)binarymixtures for yield and feeding quality[J].Turkish J Vet Anim Sci,2021,45(3):547-555.
[28]	HTET M N S,SOOMRO R N,BO H J.Effect of different planting structure of maize and soybean intercropping on fodder production and silage quality[J].Curr Agric Res J,2016,4(2):125-130.
[29]	ZENG T R,LI X L,GUAN H,et al.Dynamic microbial diversity and fermentation quality of the mixed silage of corn and soybean grown in strip intercropping system[J].Bioresour Technol,2020,313:123655.
[30]	ZENG T R,WU Y S,XIN Y F,et al.Silage Quality and output of different maize-soybean strip intercropping patterns[J].Fermentation,2022,8(4):174.
[31]	ERDAL S,PAMUKCU M,CUREK M,et al.Silage yield and quality of row intercropped maize and soybean in a crop rotation following winter wheat[J].Arch Agron Soil Sci,2016,62(11):1487-1495.
[32]	BAGHDADI A,HALIM M R A,OTHMAN R,et al.Fermentation characteristics and nutritive value of corn silage intercropped with soybean under different crop combination ratios[J].J Anim Plant Sci,2016,26(6):1710-1717.
[33]	CONTRERAS-GOVEA F E,MUCK R E,ARMSTRONG K L,et al.Nutritive value of corn silage in mixture with climbing beans[J].Anim Feed Sci Technol,2009,150(1-2):1-8.
[34]	CONTRERAS-GOVEA F,MARSALIS M,ANGADI S,et al.Fermentability and nutritive value of corn and forage sorghum silage when in mixture with lablab bean[J].Crop Sci,2011,51(3):1307-1313.
[35]	连露,胡国富,李冰,等.青贮玉米种植密度及与秣食豆混播比例对青贮品质的影响[J].草地学报,2017,25(1):178-183.LIAN L,HU G F,LI B,et al.Effects of planting densities and mixed sowing ratios of silage corn and fodder soybean on silage quality[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2017,25(1):178-183.(in Chinese)
[36]	柳茜,孙启忠,刘晓波,等.白三叶与全株玉米混合青贮的效果研究[J].四川畜牧兽医,2017,44(1):20-22.LIU Q,SUN Q Z,LIU X B,et al.Study on the effect of mixed silage of trifolium repens L.and whole corn[J].Sichuan Animal & Veterinary Sciences,2017,44(1):20-22.(in Chinese)
[37]	柳茜,孙启忠,刘晓波,等.红三叶与全株玉米混合比例对青贮品质的影响[J].草学,2018(3):22-26.LIU Q,SUN Q Z,LIU X B,et al.The impacts of the mixture of Ttifoliumpratense L.and maize on the quality of ensiling[J].Journal of Grassland and Forage Science,2018(3):22-26.(in Chinese)
[38]	倪洪权.全株玉米青贮技术要点[J].当代畜牧,2019(5):18-20.NI H Q.Key points of whole plant corn silage technology[J].Contemporary Animal Husbandry,445(5):18-20.(in Chinese)
[39]	米筱.压实密度和二次发酵对全株玉米青贮品质的影响[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2022:1-64.MI X.Effects of packing density and aerobic deterioration on the quality of whole plant corn silage[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2022:1-64.(in Chinese)
[40]	ERGUN A,TUNCER S D,COLPAN I,et al.Feeds,feed hygiene and technology[M].3rd ed.Ankara:Positive Press,2007.
[41]	李光耀,张力君.苜蓿青贮添加剂及其应用进展[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2013,34(10):32-34.LI G Y,ZHANG L J.Alfalfa silage additives and their applying progress[J].Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2013,34(10):32-34.(in Chinese)
[42]	刘长全,韩磊,李婷婷,等.大食物观下中国饲料粮供给安全问题研究[J].中国农村经济,2023(1):33-57.LIU C Q,HAN L,LI T T,et al.The security of feed grains supply in China from the perspective of a big food concept[J].Chinese Rural Economy,2023(1):33-57.(in Chinese)
[43]	蒋剑春.林源饲料和添加剂技术现状及展望[J].林产化学与工业,2023,43(1):1-14.JIANG J C.Technical development and policy suggestions of feed and additives from forest sources[J].Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products,2023,43(1):1-14.(in Chinese)
[44]	王晓春,杨春莲,何志军,等.半干旱区不同品种的青贮玉米与饲用高粱的生产性能及营养价值评价[J].饲料研究,2022,45(5):96-100.WANG X C,YANG C L,HE Z J,et al.Evaluation on production performance and nutritional value of silage maize and forage sorghum varieties in semi-arid region of Ningxia[J].Feed Research,2022,45(5):96-100.(in Chinese)
[45]	刘伟,贾玉山,格根图,等.燕麦青贮研究进展[J].草地学报,2022,30(12):3175-3183.LIU W,JIA Y S,GE G T,et al.Research advance of oat silage[J].Acta Agrestia Sinica,2022,30(12):3175-3183.(in Chinese)
[46]	郑美,李娟,孙峰成,等.不同品种和青贮方式对玉米青贮品质影响的研究进展[J].北方农业学报,2020,48(5):43-48.ZHENG M,LI J,SUN F C,et al.Research progress on the effects of different varieties and silage methods on the quality of corn silage[J].Journal of Northern Agriculture,2020,48(5):43-48.(in Chinese)
[47]	郭婷,杨雪娇,张越利,等.燕麦品种及其与全株玉米质量比对青贮效果的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(09):27-32.GUO T,YANG X J,ZHANG Y L,et al.Effects of oat cultivars and their mass ratios to whole corn on mixed silage[J].Journal of Northwest A & F University(Nat.Sci.Ed.),2014,42(09):27-32.(in Chinese).
[48]	梁龙金,董晓君,董长江.糯玉米的特点及其栽培技术[J].现代化农业,2002(8):16.LIANG L J,DONG X J,DONG C J.Characteristics of waxy corn and its cultivation techniques[J].Modernizing Agriculture,2002(8):16.(in Chinese)
[49]	那亚,陶雅,渠晖,等.糯玉米和普玉米混贮效果研究[J].中国饲料,2020(5):75-78.NA Y,TAO Y,QU H,et al.Fermentation quality and chemical composition in the mixed silage of waxy corn and common corn[J].China Feed,2020(5):75-78.(in Chinese)
[50]	柳茜,程晓,孙启忠,等.玉米与高粱混合青贮的研究[J].中国奶牛,2016(5):1-4.LIU Q,CHENG X,SUN Q Z,et al.Study of corn mixed with sorghum silage[J].China Dairy Cattle,2016(5):1-4.(in Chinese)
[51]	胡远彬,梁小玉,易军,等.混合比例和添加剂对象草和全株玉米混合青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2022,39(4):778-786.HU Y B,LIANG X Y,YI J,et al.Effects of mixing ratio and additives on the quality of napier grass and whole-plant corn mixed silage[J].Pratacultural Science,2022,39(4):778-786.(in Chinese)
[52]	王思伟,刘高坤,李魁英,等.不同比例全株玉米与高粱混贮对青贮发酵品质的影响[J].饲料研究,2022,45(17):111-114.WANG S W,LIU G K,LI K Y,et al.Effect of different proportions of whole corn and sorghum mixed storage on fermentation quality of silage[J].Feed Research,2022,45(17):111-114.(in Chinese)
[53]	于杰,郑琛,李发弟,等.向日葵秸秆与全株玉米混合青贮饲料品质评定[J].草业学报,2013,22(5):198-204.YU J,ZHENG C,LI F D,et al.An evaluation of mixed-ensiling sunflower straw and whole corn on silage quality[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(5):198-204.(in Chinese)
[54]	司丙文.开发农副饲料资源助力草食畜牧业快速发展[J].中国畜牧业,2021(17):23-24.SI B W.Develop agricultural and sideline feed resources to promote the rapid development of grass-fed animal husbandry[J].China Animal Industry,2021(17):23-24.(in Chinese)
[55]	农业部农产品加工局. 农产品及加工副产物综合利用问题研究报告[J].农业工程技术(农产品加工业),2014(11):36-39.Agricultural Products Processing Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture. Research report on the comprehensive utilization of agricultural products and processing by-products[J].Agricultural Engineering Technology (Agro-Processing Industry),2014(11):36-39.(in Chinese)
[56]	MJOUN K,KALSCHEUR K F,GARCIA A D.Fermentation characteristics and aerobic stability of wet corn distillers grains with solubles ensiled in combination with whole plant corn[J].J Sci Food Agric,2011,91(7):1336-1340.
[57]	MOYO R M,VAN NIEKERK W A,HASSEN A,et al.Ensiling quality of maize as influenced by the addition of wet distillers grains with soluble[J].South Afr J Anim Sci,2016,46(1):21-28.
[58]	俞建良,熊强,张俊奇,等.玉米湿酒糟及可溶物和浓缩可溶物在肉牛生产上的应用[J].中国饲料,2023(5):126-131.YU J L,XIONG Q,ZHANG J Q,et al.Feeding value of corn wet distiller’s grains with solubles and concentrated solubles for beef cattle[J].China Feed,2023(5):126-131.(in Chinese)
[59]	蒋金娟,王鸿发,马向丽,等.全株玉米与甘蔗梢不同混合比例青贮效果研究[J].养殖与饲料,2022,21(2):16-21.JIANG J J,WANG H F,MA X L,et al.Study on the effect of silage in different mixing ratios of whole maize and sugarcane tips[J].Animals Breeding and Feed,2022,21(2):16-21.(in Chinese)
[60]	李艳军,谷子林,刘亚娟.中药渣饲料资源的开发利用[J].饲料博览,2010(4):25-26.LI Y J,GU Z L,LIU Y J.Development and utilization of herb residues feed resources[J].Feed Review,2010(4):25-26.(in Chinese)
[61]	刘广,龚成燕,牛凯敏,等.连花清瘟药渣及发酵产物的生物活性研究[J].畜牧兽医学报,2023,54(3):1281-1299.LIU G,GONG C Y,NIU K M,et al.Study on biological activity of the residue and fermentation products of Lianhua Qingwen[J].Acta Veterinaria et Zootechnica Sinica,2023,54(3):1281-1299.(in Chinese)
[62]	蒋苏苏,金丽娜,敬淑燕,等.添加中药渣对全株玉米青贮感官和发酵品质及营养成分的影响[J].草业科学,2017,34(9):1947-1954.JIANG S S,JIN L N,JING S Y,et al.Effect of herbal medicine residues addition on the sensory evaluation,fermentation quality,and nutritional composition of whole corn silage[J].Pratacultural Science,2017,34(9):1947-1954.(in Chinese)
[63]	王思伟,李魁英,张海娜,等.花生秧、全株玉米不同混合比例及添加剂对青贮发酵品质和营养价值的影响[J].草业科学,2019,36(9):2413-2422.WANG S W,LI K Y,ZHANG H N,et al.Mixed ratios and additives affect the quality of peanut vines and whole-plant corn in mixed silages[J].Pratacultural Science,2019,36(9):2413-2422.(in Chinese)
[64]	王洋,姚权,孙娟娟,等.玉米与花生秧混合青贮饲料发酵品质和营养成分评定[J].中国奶牛,2018(3):5-9.WANG Y,YAO Q,SUN J J,er al.Evaluation of fermentation quality and nutritional component of mixed silage of peanut seedling and whole corn[J].China Dairy Cattle,2018(3):5-9.(in Chinese)
[65]	CARVALHO W G,DE PINHO COSTA K A,EPIFANIO P S,et al.Silage quality of corn and sorghum added with forage peanuts[J].Rev Caatinga,2016,29(2):465-472.
[66]	VLGER [AKI·3],BEYZI S B,KALIBER M,et al.Chemical,nutritive,fermentation profile and gas production of citrus pulp silages,alone or combined with maize silage[J].South Afr J Anim Sci,2020,50(1):161-169.