Abstract: Molecular mechanism of pathogen recognition by the host innate immune system has become an exciting and growing area of research focus in recent years. It also promotes the development of innate molecular immunology This review mainly introduces the cellular localization, molecular construction and interaction pathway of the multiple pattern recognition receptor (PRR) families, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-Ilike receptors (RLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs) and DNA-dependent activator of interferon-regulatory factors (DAI), contributing significantly to virus detection by sensing viral nucleic acids. And systemically discusses the host defense pathway of innate molecular immunity how to discriminate and eliminate virus infection.