Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9) constituted the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system，which provides a more efficient way for gene targeting than zinc finger endonuclease (ZFN) and transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN).It is becoming a hot spot in the field of genome editing，and successfully applied to gene targeting of bacteria，human cells，zebra fish，mouse，pig，cynomolgus monkey and several plants.However，the high off-target rate and poor specificity of CRISPR/Cas9 technology hindered its application in medical treatment.Here，the research progress in the structure，classification，function，and mechanism of the CRISPR/Cas9 system is reviewed.

A simple and effective technique of early pregnancy diagnosis could help to pick out nonpregnant cows in time and re-inseminate as early as possible，thereby lead to the improvement of reproductive efficiency，which was the basic requirement of efficient livestock breeding management and reproductive performance improvement.For this reason，pregnancy diagnoses were explored and many early pregnancy diagnoses had been established: the clinical diagnostics methods such as rectal palpation and ultrasonography，immunologic diagnosis such as progesterone and early pregnancy factor detection，and other methods such as serum acid titration and coulter thrombocytometry.We analyzed and compared all these methods from the technical difficulty，complexity，cost，and accuracy.These analysis results showed that with the development of the technology，the dairy industry were becoming large-scale and intensive，and the existing pregnancy diagnoses were not adapt to the situation of industrial development.The combination of information and sensor technology had become an inevitable trend.It was necessary to extensively studied the physiological characteristics of cows in estrus for the combination of technique and industry，and the fine degree of breeding management would be greatly improved.

The high incidence of pain in animals is often overlooked by the feeders and veterinarians，however，the adverse effects caused by the pain are widely existed，which are not only reflected in intense stress response to the animal’s body，but also seriously affect the quality of animals’ life and even fatal.And then，this will affect human social life.On the other hand，the pain to experimental animal would cause deviation of scientific data and low accuracy.Therefore，how scientific evaluate pain to animals and develop individualized interventions are key factors to achieve effective pain management，which is very important to not only animals but also human society.By literature searches，we reviewing the status of animal pain research，analyzes future trends，and this project intends to provide a foundation to minimize the pain in animals，eliminate pain adverse effects，develop animal pain interventions and improve animal welfare.The project also provides a theoretical basis to better fulfill the rights and obligations of OIE，for eliminating barriers to international trade，improve human life and even improve study of human pain medicine.

To enrich the number of imprinted genes and to provide a basis for future imprinting research in swine，the candidate imprinted genes Slc22a18 and Slc22a3 were identified.In this study，657 bp cDNA sequence of Slc22a18 and 1 077 bp cDNA sequence of Slc22a3 cDNA were obtained and their imprinting status were identified by using a single nucleotide polymorphisms-based sequencing method in 16 tissues.Imprinting analysis showed that Slc22a18 was biallelically expressed in all the tissues of 1-month-old piglet and maternally expressed in the 45 d placenta.And the expression pattern of Slc22a3 prefered to maternal allele.The expression level of Slc22a18 was significantly different among tissues and higher in the liver，kidney and small intestine.Slc22a3 was widely expressed in various tissues.The results indicated that imprinting status of Slc22a18 and Slc22a3 were polymorphic in different tissues，and Slc22a18 and Slc22a3 were maternal expressed genes in pigs.

Attack experiment of Meishan piglets caused by E.coli F18 strain will attain individuals of the resistance and susceptibility to E.coli F18，which will provide good material for analyzing the molecular mechanism of the resistance to E.coli F18 by high throughput technology，and provide theoretical reference for further establishing bacterial disease model in Chinese native pig breeds.In the study，the Meishan piglets were used as model animals to test their susceptibility to E.coli F18 by challenging with the pathogens through feeding F18ab and F18ac strains，which was tested and verified by a series of experiments，such as E.coli F18 bacteria detection，bacteria counting and adhesion test of the pathogens to the epithelial cells of small intestine in vitro.The results showed that there were 3 phenotypes of severe diarrhea，mild diarrhea and normality after artificial attack experiment in Meishan piglets.The number of bacteria in the intestinal contents of diarrhea piglets was more than that of normal piglets.Moreover，the adhesion test further showed that most bacteria had adhered to the epithelial cells of the small intestine of diarrhea piglets.The result of pathological tissue section showed that the villus height of pathological intestinal mucosa became shorter，congestion phenomenon appeared in the clearance of ileum tissue，and the villus of ileum tissue mucous layer fell off.These results speculated that E.coli F18 mainly affected the integrity of small intestinal villus when it combined with intestinal epithelial cell receptors，thus E.coli F18 settled in breeding and caused diarrhea in piglets.The above test results further showed that the piglets diarrhea was indeed caused by E.coli F18 attack，and we obtained several individuals of the resistance and susceptibility to E.coli F18 in Meishan piglets，which provided effective ways and methods for obtaining basic material on the genetic mechanisms of pig bacterial diarrhea and disease-resistant breeding base group.

In this study，one hundred chickens including 60 hens and 40 roosters were sampled for the evaluation of genetic diversity on Wenshang Barred chicken breed by using 27 pairs of primers recommended jointly by FAO (Food and Agriculture) and ISAG (the International Society for Animal Genetic).The genetic diversity at DNA level were analyzed in this study.Totally 86 alleles were detected，the number of alleles varied from 2 to 6，giving a mean value of 3.185 alleles per locus.The average heterozygosity and polymorphism information content of 27 microsatellite loci were 0.465 5 and 0.402 3，respectively.The genetic distances between 3 populations distributed in different areas vary from 0.05 to 0.10.The results indicated that Wenshang Barred chicken breed had low heterozygosity and polymorphism information content，which imply that effective methods should be taken to protect this breed.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the expression of copper zinc superoxide dismutase and its cellular localization in testis and epididymis of ram lambs from different levels of Nano-zinc supplementation groups.Sixteen 9-month-old Jinzhong ram lambs with approximately weight and good healthy were randomly divided into 4 treatments，fed with a basal diet with supplementation of 0，50，100 and 150 mg•kg^-1 DM Nano-zinc respectively.Experimental period was 90 d.At the end of test，the samples of testis and epididymis were collected.Expression of Cu-ZnSOD mRNA and protein was detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and Western blotting.Cellular localization of Cu-ZnSOD in testis was examined by immunohistochemistry.The quantitative real-time PCR results showed the rank order of Cu-ZnSOD mRNA expression was caput ≥testis > corpora >cauda.The mRNA and protein expression of Cu-ZnSOD in testis and epididymis were higher in the group with supplementation of 50 and 100 mg•kg^-1 Nano-zinc than those in control group（P<0.05）.The strong positive signals of Cu-ZnSOD protein were detected in spermatogenic cells of testis，and weak signals in interstitial tissue.The expression of Cu-ZnSOD was different among testis，caput，corpora and cauda of epididymidis.The optimal supplementation of Nano-zinc in diet could improve the expression of Cu-ZnSOD in testis and epididymis of rams.And the mechanisms needs to be further researched.

In order to screen different expressed genes for 4-day-old rex rabbit with different wool density.The Agilent’s rabbit gene expression microarray was used to determine the differentially expressed genes.The expression patterns of selected differentially expressed genes were further indentified by quantitative real-time PCR.The results showed that a total of 188 differentially expressed genes associated with rex rabbit wool density were screened out.These genes included 72 up-regulated genes which contained 24 known function genes，and 116 down-regulated genes which contained 38 known function genes.GO analysis results revealed that the expression levels of most differentially expressed genes were related to cell proliferation，apoptosis，oxidation-reduction，lipoprotein metabolic ect.KEGG pathway analysis revealed that these differential genes were mainly involved in the signaling pathways of Wnt and PPAR，and vitamin synthesis and metabolism.In addition，the results of qRT-PCR were consistent with the results of microarray hybridization，indicating that the data collected from microarray hybridization were reliable.The results suggest that the genes，such as insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)，vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP2)，may be related to the formation of wool in rex rabbit skin.And the pathway Wnt，PPAR，synthetize and metabolism of vitamin might be participate in the process of wool development in rex rabbit skin.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentration of neuropeptide Y on expression of NaPi-Ⅱb protein and absorption of inorganic phosphorus through culturing porcine small intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.To interpret the regulation mechanism of inorganic phosphorus absorption in small intestine affected by neuropeptide Y，and provide experiment basis for further study on molecular mechanism of animal phosphorus absorption and regulation pathways.Six treatments were designed according to different concentrations of neuropeptide Y，and the control group without neuropeptide Y，other treatments of adding different concentrations of neuropeptide Y (10^-11，10^-10，10^-9，10^-8 and 10^-7 mol•L^-1)，respectively，with 6 or 8 repetition for each treatment.Proliferation of porcine small intestinal epithelial cells was determined by MTT assay.Phosphorus content in the cell supernatant fluid was detected by phosphorus detection kits.The relative expression quantity of NaPi-Ⅱb mRNA in porcine small intestinal epithelial cells was detected by RT-PCR.The relative expression levels of NaPi-Ⅱb protein was detected by Western blotting.The results showed that there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in cell proliferation in each treatment group，stimulating intestinal epithelial cells with different concentration of neuropeptide Y after 24 h；Phosphorus content in the cell supernatant fluid declined on the form of significant linear (P<0.01) and quadratic curve(P<0.01) over time.Neuropeptide Y and phosphorus content in IEC were very significantly correlated (P<0.01) after stimulated 24 h by NPY.Compared with the control group，the treatment group of 10^-10 ，10^-9 ，10^-8 and 10^-7 mol•L^-1 very significantly (P<0.01) decreased phosphorus content，and the amount of phosphorus uptake in small intestinal epithelial cells increased by 161%，171%，168% and 139%，respectively than that of the control group.There were significant quadratic correlations between relative expression quantity of NaPi-Ⅱb mRNA and NaPi-Ⅱb protein and neuropeptide Y adding concentration (P<0.01，P<0.05，respectively).We concluded that the appropriate concentration of neuropeptide Y can stimulate NaPi-Ⅱb gene transcription，increase expression levels of NaPi-Ⅱb protein，and then induce inorganic phosphorus in the extracellular fluid to transport across the membrane into the intracellular fluid，so as to promote porcine small intestinal epithelial cells to absorb inorganic phosphorus，and the optimum concentration of neuropeptide Y in the cell culture fluid between 10^-10 and 10^-8 mol•L^-1.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of diets supplemented with probiotic on growth performance，gastrointestinal pH and meat quality of Suhuai pigs.Two hundred and ten healthy Suhuai pigs were collected by similar parity and similar body weight((30.29 ± 3.00) kg)，then randomly divided into 3 groups (with 5 replications per group and 14 pigs in each replication) according to 3 different kinds of diets processing：basal diet group (basal diet)，probiotic group (basal diet with probiotic)，and antibiotic group (basal diet with antibiotic).The experiment lasted 98 days.The results showed that：(1) Suhuai pigs in probiotic group had 13.30% higher average daily gain (ADG) (P<0.01) and 9.04% higher average daily feed intake (ADFI) (P<0.05)，and 70.29% lower diarrhea rate (P<0.01) than basal diet group；compared with antibiotic group，Suhuai pigs in probiotic group had 7.48% lower ADG (P<0.01) and 10.56% higher average daily feed intake/average daily gain (F/G) (P<0.05)，and no significant differences in ADFI and diarrhea rate (P>0.05).Antibiotic group had 22.46% higher ADG (P<0.01)，13.04% lower F/G (P<0.01) and 67.36% lower diarrhea rate (P<0.01) than basal diet group.(2) There were no significant differences among the 3 groups (P>0.05) in gastrointestinal pH.(3) Probiotic group and basal diet group had 1.72% and 1.96% higher dressing rate，40.42% and 36.17% lower drip loss (P<0.05)，7.28%（P<0.05）and 2.60% lower muscle moisture content than antibiotic group.Suhuai pigs in probiotic group had 43.15% and 29.81% higher IMF than basal diet group and antibiotic group，but not significant (P>0.05).This study indicated that diets supplemented probiotics could improve the growth performance effectively，at the same time，decrease the drip loss，improve the IMF content，and improve meat quality of Suhuai pigs.

In this study，the experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of beta-1,3/1,6-glucan on anti-oxidative functions of Caco-2 cells infected by Salmonella enteritidis.In the experiment，Caco-2 cell line was used as an in vitro model.Caco-2 cells were treated by MEM(group A)，beta-1,3/1,6-glucan(group B)，Salmonella enteritidis(group C)，respectively；Caco-2 cells in group D were pre-incubated with β-1,3/1,6-glucan and then infected with SE.The results showed that the T-AOC concentration significantly increased in group C at 3 and 12 h in cell culture supernatant(P＜0.05).Compared with the control group，the MDA concentration decreased after Caco-2 cells treated 3 h，while enhanced at 12 h(P＜0.01) in cell culture supernatant in group C.Pre-treated with beta-1,3/1,6-glucan increased significantly the total antioxidative capacity of T-AOC in cultured supernatant of Caco-2 cells at 12 h（P＜0.01）and had the tendency to decrease the MDA concentration and increase the SOD activity in cultured supernatant.And the GSH concentration decreased in group D in cell lysate at 12 h.These results suggested that beta-1,3/1,6-glucan can enhance the anti-oxidative function of Caco-2 cells challenged with SE by increasing the T-AOC activity and cutting down the MDA concentration.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hydrocortisone (HYD) on growth，expressions of κ-casein (CSN3) and hydrocortisone receptor (NR3C1) genes and the relative quantities of κ-casein and total casein in bovine mammary epithelial cells.Bovine mammary epithelial cells from Chinese Holstein were used in an in vitro cultivation.Cells were cultured in a growth culture medium (without serum and hormone，control group)，and the growth culture medium supplemented with 0，1，10，100 and 1 000 ng•mL^-1 HYD，respectively.Changes of expression levels of CSN3 and NR3C1 genes and relative content of CSN3 and total casein were determined.The results showed as follows: 1) The cells proliferation in 1 000 ng•mL^-1 group was lower than these in the others in numerical value before 20 h，but significant difference was found in cell proliferation between groups after 20 h (P<0.05).2) The expression of CSN3 and NR3C1 gene were increased in 1-100 ng•mL^-1 HYD significantly (P<0.05).The relative quantities of κ-casein and total casein in 1 and 10 ng•mL^-1 groups were significantly higher than these in the other groups (P<0.05).3) A certain dose-response relationship existed between HYD and casein.That meant，small dose of HYD (1 ng•mL^-1) was more advantageous to promote the milk protein synthesis，but with the increase of HYD concentration，the promoting effects were gradually weakened and even reverse with the increase of HYD concentration (1 000 ng•mL^-1).The results indicated that with the increase of HYD concentration，the expression levels of CSN3 and NR3C1 genes and the relative quantities of CSN3 and total casein tended to be decreased，the optimal level was 1 ng•mL^-1.

In order to investigate the prevalence and the molecular evolutionary characteristics of canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in Henan province during 2011-2013，573 suspected CPV samples were collected from 10 different areas，such as Zhengzhou，Luoyang，Kaifeng，Xinyang，etc.Partial of the VP2 fragments (462-1 023 bp) of CPV were amplified by national standard method (NSM).Based on the sequenced results and phylogenetic tree analysis，the representative strains were selected and complete VP2 genes were cloned，sequenced and analyzed.The results showed that the positive rate was 88.48% by NSM，and the positive strains were divided into 7 branches.According to the VP2 gene characteristics，6 branches were CPV-2a type，and 1 branch of CPV was CPV-2b type.Sequence analysis for VP2 gene between CPV isolates and 30 CPV representative strains accessed in GenBank showed that the homology of nucleotides and amino acids were 98.4%-99.9% and 97.6%-100.0%，respectively.Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the 7 CPV isolations were divided into two groups，only one strain (No.KJ438801) was far from the other 6 isolates.The comparison of amino acid sequence showed that 12 mutated sites were found，of which，the 267，297，324，440，555 amino acid sites were easiest to mutate，and there were at least 2-3 sites of amino acid mutated in each strain.These results indicated that the CPV-2a and CPV-2b were coexisted and the CPV-2a was the primary pathogen in Henan province.More importantly，the VP2 gene showed multiple variations in different strains.The results of this study provide a scientific basis for improving the vaccine design and the control of CPV.

This experiment was designed to study the transcription of NRAMP1 and TNFSF13B genes in chickens infected with Marek’s disease virus (MDV)，and reveal the disease resistance mechanism of different breeds.The excellent local breeds，Jining Bairi chicken，Wenshang Luhua chicken and Shouguang chicken in Shandong province were selected as the materials，at the same time，the SPF White Leghorns were selected as control.One hundred chicken embryos were randomly selected，hatched，brood.Artificially MDV inoculation was conducted at the age of 7 days.Then the liver and spleen of the survivors were picked up after raised for 90 days for quantitative PCR detection.At the spleen tissues，the mRNA transcription of NRAMP1 gene of Wenshang Luhua chicken was significantly higher than that of Shouguang chicken and SPF chicken (P<0.05)；at the liver tissues，mRNA transcription of TNFSF13B gene of Jining Bai’ri chicken was significantly higher than that of the other three breeds (P<0.05).These results indicated that NRAMP1，the resistance candidate gene，was significantly transcripted at 90 days post MDV challenge，and can be the important factor for enhancing resistance；TNFSF13B，as the tumor suppressor gene，was significantly transcripted in Jining Bai’ri chicken which was the most capability tumor incidence breed and showed the highest level of TNFSF13B in the survivors.

 In order to evaluate the hygiene quality of different swine houses，air samples from five swine farms was collected using ANDERSEN-6 and the AGI-30 (All Glass Impinger，AGI)，and microbial concentration and air constituents of the breeding environment were measured.The results showed that swine airborne aerobic content ranged from 0.466×10⁴ to 2.585×10⁴ CFU•m^－3 air，airborne anaerobic content ranged from 0.060×10⁴  to 2.025×10⁴ CFU•m^－3 air，airborne fungal content ranged from 0.265×10³ to 1.490×10³ CFU•m^－3 air，the airborne endotoxin content ranged from 0.114×10³ to 0.533×10³ EU•m^－3 air，airborne gram-negative bacteria content ranged from 0.014×10³ to 0.840×10³ CFU•m^－3 air，and on average only 0.30% to 3.2% of the total number of culturable aerobic bacteria were identified as gram-negative bacteria.In the airborne gram-negative bacterial flora the following bacterial families dominated：the Enterobacteriaceae，the Pseudomonadaceae and Morexella.Within the family of the Enterobacteriaceae the species Escherichia coli，Enterobacter agglomerans and Klebsiella were predominant.Stenotrophomonas maltophilia is primary in airborne genus Pseudomonas; only Moraxella osloensis detected in each pig farm environment.In addition，Acinetobacter and Rhizobium were only strains isolated from farm C and D.The results of this study will provide more information about microbial content and composition of the breeding environment and lay the foundation for environmental quality assessment，which is significant and instructive for environment hygiene control.

This study was aimed to establish a Bovine IFN-γ Release Method in vitro，which could provide a new，rapid，effective detection technology for the immunological diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.The bovine IFN-γ release method based on the double antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) was established，in which，Bo-mAb₁ against bovine IFN-γ was used as the capture antibody and HRP-labeled Bo-mAb₂^H as the detection antibody．Our results showed that the detection limit of this ELISA was 3.12 ng•mL^－1.This method could specifically detect bovine IFN-γ both from blood plasma and recombinant protein，showing no cross-reaction with porcine，canine as well as chicken IFN-γ.The intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variability were both within 5.11%.When compared with the tuberculin skin test，and the Bovigam^TM kit，our preliminary clinical results showed that the coincidence rate was 88.7% and 95.3%，respectively.As a result，a conclusion can be made that this DAS-ELISA method shows good sensitivity，specificity and accuracy，and could apply to processing large quantities of clinical samples.Our research contributes to the early detection of bovine tuberculosis.

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) belong to a growing family of neurodegenerative disorders that is characterized by the generation of toxic protein aggregates in affected brains (PrP^Sc and Aβ in TSEs and AD，respectively).At present，clinical and experimental evidence indicates the coexistence of PrP and Aβ amyloid deposits in affected brain tissues.Based on these pathological and mechanistic similarities，relationship between TSEs and AD should be further investigated.In this study，we examined the activation of BV-2 microglial chemotaxis and proliferation as well as BV-2 cell secretion of MCP-1 and TGF-β1 after treatment with aggregated forms of PrP^106-126 and Aβ_1-42 (separately and together) in vitro in an attempt to understand how protein aggregates can modulate microglial processes in TSEs and AD.We treated BV-2 microglia with PrP^106-126 or Aβ_1-42 peptides individually at thee different concentrations (25-100 μmol•L^－1 PrP^106-126 and 2.5-10 μmol•L^－1 Aβ_1-42) or with a mixture of PrP^106-126 and Aβ_1-42 peptides at specified concentrations for 6-24 h.BV-2 microglia chemotaxis，proliferation，and MCP-1 and TGF-β1 secretion were measured and compared between treatments.The results demonstrate that PrP^106-126 and Aβ_1-42 peptides induce increases in all four parameters from 6-12 h.However，the measured indices plateaued beyond 12 h in BV-2 cells treated >50 μmol•L^－1 PrP^106-126 or >5 μmol•L^－1 Aβ_1-42，with the exception of TGF-β1 secretion，which continued to increase gradually.Overall，the results of this study indicated that PrP^106-126 and Aβ_1-42 peptides induce increases in all four parameters from 6-12 h and these two peptides have obviously antagonistic effects in inducing microglial chemotaxis and proliferation simultaneously at the protein level.

The current study was undertaken to analyze the distribution and expression of Avian β-defensin 6 (AvBD6) and chicken TLR15 (ChTLR15) in the small intestine of the chicks infected with Salmonella pullorum.Salmonella pullorum were used to infect chicks at the age of 14 days，and the small intestine (duodenum，jejunum and ileum) of the infected and control chicks were collected at different time points post infection.Fluorescence real-time quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization method were used to detect the positioning and transcription level changes of AvBD6 and ChTLR15 mRNA in the small intestine tissue.The results showed that after the infection of S.pullorum，AvBD6 and ChTLR15 were both transcribed in each bowel tissues of the chicks，and the relative transcription in the duodenum was the highest，the relative transcription levels showed a rising trend in the 0-24 h，the relative transcription levels decreased in 24-48 h，the level of AvBD6 and ChTLR15 transcription in 24 h was significantly higher than that of the o h and 6 h (P<0.01)，and the transcription of AvBD6 in 24 h was significantly higher than that of the 12 h (P<0.05).AvBD6 and ChTLR15 mRNA were distributed in the intestinal tissue，which were mainly distributed in the central lacteals of the intestinal villus，fluorescence signal in the duodenum was the strongest.These results indicated that chicks infected with S.pullorum，the transcription and distribution of AvBD6 and ChTLR15 mRNA in chicks’ intestine has certain regularity，and participate in the intestinal immune regulation function.

This paper was undertaken to investigate fungi species which cause facial eczema (FE) of grazing sheep from pastures with high incidence of FE on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains，and analyze their diversity，then identify the relationship among disease occurrence grazing location，and community distribution of fungal correlation.After investigating the features of geographical environment in the FE incidence area，forage and soil samples were cultured from incidence areas and non epidemic areas during FE season.Fungi were isolated and cultured for further studies，such as morphological observation，species and distribution analysis.Total fungal DNAs were extracted，and then PCR，denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA sequencing of 18S rDNA were used to explore fungal diversity.The results showed that the FE incidence area located at inclined plains of piedmont alluvial fan，N44.016-44.022，E85.792-85.800，and altitude of 925-1 039 m，where expressing typical temperate continental arid climate.They are important local spring- and autumn pastures.Fungal cultivation，PCR-DGGE and sequencing analysis of 18S rDNA showed that there found 10 kinds of fungi in above areas.Separation rates of Alternaria，Pithomyces chartarum，Fusarium，Aspergillus，Penicillium were higher，and that of Pithomyces chartarum was the highest，these results were identical with the isolated fungi in digestive tract of FE sheep.Our research indicated that Alternaria spp.，pithomyces chartarum spp., Fusarium and aspergillus maybe the responsible pathogens of hepatogenic light allergic FE.There were the correlation among grazing location，fungi distribution and FE incidence，which provides a basis for revealing the pathogenesis and the influence factors of FE in grazing sheep.

This experiment was conducted to determine effects of molybdenum under stress of cadmium on red blood cell membrane antioxidation and XOD gene transcription of liver in goat.Thirty-six goats weighing approximately 20 kg each were randomly allocated into 4 groups of 9 goats each (three replicates every group).Goats of experiment group were drenched the same amount CdCl₂ and the different amount ［(NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄•4H₂O］，and goats of control group were drenched corresponding quantitative deionized water.Groups consisted of control group (0Cd+0Mo)，experiment groupⅠ(Cd 0.5 mg+Mo15 mg，per kg of body weight)，experiment group Ⅱ(Cd0.5 mg+Mo30 mg，per kg of body weight)，experiment group Ⅲ(Cd0.5 mg+Mo45 mg，per kg of body weight).Blood was collected on the 0th，10th，20th，30th，40th and 50th day and liver were collected on the 0th，25th and 50th day in experiment period from every group，then related indexes were determined.Results showed that XOD，LDH in red cell membrane of each experiment group were significantly raised，reduced ATPase，ALP activity were observed following the increase of experiment time，in addition，compared with control group，levels of XOD，LDH from each group were significantly higher while ATPase，ALP were lower on 50th day (P<0.01)，T-AOC had no statistical significance (P>0.05)；XOD transcription of liver in each experiment group showed a time-dependent effect，in addition，compared with control group，transcription of XOD significantly descend on 50th day (P<0.05).These results showed that red blood cell antioxidation decreased and XOD transcription of liver downregulated with the increasing of molybdenum under stress of cadmium in goats，and there was synergistic relationship between molybdenum and cadmium.

Based on the 16S rDNA，specific primers and probe were designed，and a TaqMan quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay (TaqMan-PCR) was developed to determinate Lawsonia intracellularis.The results showed that the correlation equation of this TaqMan-PCR method was Ct=-3.318×log(conc)+38.840，and had a good linear relativity (R²=0.998).The TaqMan-PCR prove to be a sensitive，specific，reproducible，and accurate method，and can detecting as little as 5.55 copies•μL^－1 standard plasmid with 16S rDNA of L.intracellularis. The new TaqMan-PCR could be applied for qualitative and quantitative detection of L.intracellularis from clinical sample and the evaluation of treatment effect.