The study of bovine embryonic stem (ES) cells have shown that they have potential application in livestock industry.For instance，bovine ES cells could be used to study bovine early embryo development and would contribute to new varieties of bovine breed.Although it has been reported that many bovine embryonic stem cell-like cell lines have been got both in China and abroad，no validated bovine ES cell lines has been generated up to now.Researchers have achieved great progress in the study of mouse and human ES cells in recent years，and the culture conditions of the ES cells are relatively mature.But when used the same culture condition in bovine ES cells，the result is not so good.The generation of bovine ES cell lines could be affected by many factors，such as cytokines，pluripotent genes and surface markers，passage methods and feeder cells.This paper aims to summarize the current research progress of bovine ES cells at home and abroad，analyze some important factors affecting the generation of bovine ES cell lines and discuss its developing trends.

The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between yak NOBOX gene expression and oocytes，embryogenesis and fetal ovaries.RT-PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of NOBOX gene in yak fetal ovaries，granulose cells and various tissues；Real-time PCR was chosen to analyze the dynamic changes of NOBOX gene expression during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development (GV，MII，2-cell，4-cell，8-cell，16-cell，MO and BL).The results showed that NOBOX gene was expressed in various tissues of yak，and highest in kidney.At GV-stage ovarian follicle，the expression of NOBOX gene was detected only in oocytes not in granule cells.Moreover，NOBOX gene was expressed regularly during early embryonic development，which has a highest level at GV-stage (P<0.05)，decreasing with the embryonic development，and attained a steady level at 16-cell stage.However，it’s noteworthy that the expression of NOBOX gene in ovary increased with yak fetal growth and development.The different expression pattern of NOBOX gene in different stages of early embryonic development may be associated with embryonic development and various physiological activities.

The aim of this study was to accurately evaluate comprehensive meat quality characteristics of Chinese Laiwu pigs and western Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire (DLY) three-way crossed pigs，and to estimate the effects of breed，sex and muscle tissues on meat quality traits.In this study，a total of 264 Laiwu pigs and 610 DLY pigs with similar slaughter weight were slaughtered in the same abattoir，and were then phenotyped for different meat quality traits including loin eye area(LEA)，pH，meat color，intramuscular fat content (IMF) content，marbling，moisture content and drip loss.The data showed that the coefficients of variation in IMF content and drip loss within either breed were above 30%，implying that the two characteristics could be improved to some extent by within-bred selection.Except LEA，Laiwu had better meat quality characteristics than that of DLY (P<0.01)，especially with regard to IMF and drip loss.The average IMF of Laiwu was 6-fold higher than that of DLY，and the average drip loss of Laiwu was only one-third of that of DLY.It suggested that introducing desirable genes from Laiwu into commercial pigs might greatly improve the meat quality of them.Compared to sows，castrated boars had higher IMF content (P<0.05).Sex had no significant effect on the other traits (P>0.05).Longissimus muscle (LM) showed higher marbling score and lower ultimate pH than semimembranosus muscle (SM).In addition，IMF was positively correlated with ultimate pH (P<0.05) and negatively associated with drip loss (P<0.05).In conclusion，the results of this study contributes to the further understanding of meat quality characteristics of Laiwu and DLY，and can be used as an important reference for future breeding programs for enhancing meat quality of these breeds.

In the present study，Dapulian piglets (n=124)，one indigenous breeds with higher disease resistance of North China，and Landrace (n=187)，one commercial breed with lower disease resistance were used，routine blood traits and T-lymphocyte subpopulation traits of these piglets were determined by automatic blood cell analyzer and flow cytometry.Additionally，we performed analyses of breeds and litter effect on these traits in piglets.The results indicated that the most of the blood routine traits had small variation range，with the average variation coefficient of 22.92%，while the variation coefficient of mature T-lymphocyte cells (with average of 44.5%) were smaller than those of immature ones (with average of 112.77%).Comparison between the two breeds，except for RBC，HGB，LY，MID and PLT，the other 14 traits of routine traits were significantly different at 0.01 level.As respective for the T-lymphocyte subpopulation traits，except for CD4+CD8-CD3-，CD4+CD8+CD3- and CD3+，the other 7 traits were significantly different at 0.05 or 0.01 level.The piglets used in the study were sampled from 13 brood Dapulian sows and 28 brood Landrace sows，and analyses indicated that the sow effects on all the hematological traits were all significant at 0.05 or 0.01 level.To our knowledge，this is the first study aimed at determining and analyzing the routine blood traits and T-lymphocyte subpopulation traits of Dapulian and Landrace piglets at population level.Results of the study may provide important information for understanding the difference between the indigenous and commercial breeds and mining the characteristic of indigenous breed.

In this study，using the PCR-SSCP method，the genetic variations in exon 3 of TLR4 were detected among 5 pig populations including Wannan Black，Wei，Anqing Liu White，Huoshou Black and Landrace pigs，the total individual number was 354.This study was conducted to analyze the polymorphisms of exon 3 of TLR4 in Anhui native pig breeds and aimed to provide a theoretical foundation for further research on the role of TLR4 in immune and defense system.Two SNPs were found，including G417A and C1027A.G417A was a synonymous SNP site，2 genotypes (GG，GA) were detected only in Wannan Black，Wei and Anqing Liu White pigs，the 3 populations were all in low polymorphism situation，and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05).C1027A was a nonsynonymous SNP site and changed the character of amino acid，3 genotypes (CC,CA，AA) were detected in Wannan Black，Wei，Anqing Liu White，Huoshou Black and Landrace pigs，the 5 populations were all in average polymorphism situation，and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P>0.05).The χ² test results of independence for the genotypes distribution of each SNP locus showed that the genotype frequencies for Landrace and Wannan Black，Wei，Anqing Liu White，Huoshou Black pigs were significantly different (P<0.01) at G417A and C1027A loci.These results indicated that the exon 3 sequences of TLR4 were relatively conservative in Anhui native pig breeds，and these populations had low polymorphism and genetic variation.In addition，the association between the differential genotypes distribution of C1027A locus in multiple pigs and the different disease resistance capability for pig breeds was worthy of further research.

To identify susceptibility genes susceptible for pig inguinal/scrotal hernia and further reveal the pathogenesis mechanisms of the disorder，734 commercial purebred pigs(237 cases in 220 trio families) containing Landrace and Large White breeds were collected and genotyped with Illumina Porcine 60k SNP chips.The genome-wide association studies (GWAS) based on the single-marker case-control model was used to identy SNPs related to pig inguinal/scrotal hernia.Four significant SNPs in a region of 19.31-19.59 Mb on SSC1 and a SNP at 17.05 Mb on SSC7 which showed significant association with pig inguinal/scrotal hernia.The UST gene within the susceptible region on SSC1 was responsible for biosynthesis of dermatan sulfate glycosaminoglycan that had been shown to be associated with human mucopolysaccharidosis accompanying several type of hernia.CDKAL1 corresponding to the SSC7 locus might affect the occurrence of hernia through the function on cell death.Only MARC0077275 in CDKAL1 was verified using transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in an expanded population including 1 134 individuals containing 367 individuals with inguinal/scrotal hernia.In summary，this study identified 5 susceptible loci and 2 candidate genes for pig inguinal/scrotal hernia by GWAS，one of which was also verified in a larger population by TDT analysis.These findings provide novel insight into the molecular and genetic basis of inguinal/scrotal hernia in pigs.

 The DNA methylation extent and pattern was assessed in genomes in muscle and ovary tissues from the 17-week-old Beijing You chicken using a methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) approach in this study.We analyzed different DNA methylation levels in different tissues.A total of 4 297 clear bands were obtained using 12 pairs of selective amplification primers，about 10-20 bands per sample with a pair of primers.The degree of methylation was approximate 35.86% in muscle and 31.50% in ovary in Beijing You chickens，and a significant difference was found between 2 tissues at the methylation levels (P<0.01).Further analysis indicated that no significant relationship was detected in ovary tissue between the methylation levels and individual weight (P>0.05)，but strongly negative correlation was depicted in muscle tissue (P<0.01).Five tissue-specific MSAP fragments were isolated and verified.Overall results reveal that there is a significant difference at the methylation levels between muscle and ovary tissues，and the methylated state of muscle tissue may play an important role in the body weight of Beijing You chicken.

To construct the shRNA vector（pRNAT-shRNA） for Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat fibroblast growth factor 5（FGF5）.Total RNA as templates was extracted from Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat fetal fibroblasts（GFb） cells，FGF5 CDs was amplified by PCR.Three shRNA sequences targeting FGF5 were designed and linked with interference vector pRNAT-U6.1/Neo，labeled as pRNAT-shRNA1，pRNAT-shRNA2 and pRNAT-shRNA3，which were transfected into GFb cells by lipofectamine^TM2000.FGF5 mRNA expression was detected by real time PCR.The results showed that the cloned FGF5 CDs from Inner Mongolia Cashmere goat was 813 bp in length including integral ORF which encodes 270 amino acids residues.The homology of nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequences were all 99% compared with ovis aries FGF5.pRNAT-shRNA was constructed successfully.Green fluorescence could be seen from transfected cells for 48 h.FGF5 mRNA expression levels were significantly lower than control group（P<0.01） in transfected pRNAT-shRNAs groups，The interference effect of pRNAT-shRNA2 group was the best in 3 groups.pRNAT-shRNA vector may provide a novel applicable strategy for the function of FGF5 in hair follicle.

The modulation of dietary methionine(Met) levels on Jinghong laying hens from 5- to 8-week-old was studied in this study.Three hundred 29-day-old Jinghong laying hens were randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments，and each treatment contained 5 replicates with 5 pens per replicate and 12 birds per pen.The methionine levels were 0.30% (0.30% Met)，0.37% (0.37% Met)，0.44% (0.44% Met)，0.51% (0.51% Met) and 0.58% (0.58% Met)，respectively.The experiment lasted for 28 days.The result showed that：1)Dietary Met levels had no significant influence on average daily gain and average daily feed intake (P>0.05); feed/gain ratios and body weight were significantly affected by dietary Met levels(P<0.05)，and the birds in 0.44% Met group were the best (608.67 g and 3.13∶1);community evenness also showed the tendency of a quadratic curve of rising，and the birds in 0.37% Met group were the best(91.67％)；the pectorales index，leg muscles index，chest width and shinbone length were significantly affected by dietary Met levels (P<0.05)，with a quadratic curve of rising tendency，and the birds in the 0.44% Met group had the best pectorales index and shinbone length.2) By the end of 6th week old，the dietary Met levels had significant influences on the spleen index，thymus index and bursa of fabricius index (P<0.05);By the end of 8th week old，no significant effects were found on thymus index or bursa of fabricius index (P>0.05),but the spleen index was significantly affected (P<0.05)，and the birds in 0.44% Met group had the best thymus index with 0.26%，the birds in 0.37% Met group had the best bursa of fabricius index.3) Dietary Met levels significantly affected the pancreas，duodenum index，jejunum index and jejunum length (P<0.05).With the increasing of methionine，all the indexes showed the rise-fall tendency.4) Dietary Met levels had significant effect on serum uric acid and alkaline phosphatase levels (P<0.05).The level of uric acid and alkaline phosphatase in the 0.44% Met group was significantly higher than that of the other groups (P<0.05).Dietary Met levels had no significant effects on serum urea nitrogen，albumin，total protein，follicle stimulating hormone，luteinizing hormone and growth hormone (P>0.05).5) According to quadratic curve estimation of the weight，feed/gain，community evenness，chest muscle，leg muscle，chest width and shinbone length,the optimal methionine levels were 0.43%，0.44%，0.38%，0.45%，0.43%，0.41% and 0.40%，which could be averaged to 0.42%.To sum up，the optimal Met requirement for Jinghong laying hens from 5- to 8-week-old is 0.42%.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of different levels of gossypol in the diets on blood index and tissue residues of gossypol in fattening Limmonsin crossbred steers.Forty healthy steers with similar weight （454.37±42.42）kg were randomly allocated to 4 treatments with 10 replicates each and one steer in each replicate，precise feeding concentrates with different contents of gossypol(control group：98.28 mg•kg^-1；low gossypol group：373.29 mg•kg^-1；middle gossypol group：644.60 mg•kg^-1；high gossypol group：920.27 mg•kg^-1) during the 90 days finishing periods.The results showed that the different contents of gossypol in diet had no significant influence on blood routine，erythrocyte fragility，aspartate aminotransferase，alanine aminatransferase，γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Isoenzyme and gossypol residued in heart，spleen，lung，kidney，muscle， serum (P>0.05).But the different contents of gossypol in diet had significant effect on Serum urea nitrogen and liver residues of gossypol（P<0.05）.In conclusion，adult steers own stronger resistance on gossypol，the gossypol content in diet reached 920.27 mg•kg^-1 have no physiological damage，but feeding the diet with gossypol to steers，the gossypol residues in liver were too high for us to eat.

The current study was performed to investigate the effects of different energy levels on nutrients digestion and metabolism of weaned heifers.Thirty-two Holstein heifers aged 98 days were divided into 4 groups (A，B，C and D)，each with 8 heifers，and was fed with a diet which the net energy for lactation (NE_L) was 6.24，7.04，7.53 or 7.85 MJ•kg^-1 for 89 days，respectively.The weight，feed intake and glucose，urea nitrogen，and triglyceride content of serum were measured.Two digestion and metabolism trails were conducted at 151-157 and 181-187 day-old，respectively.Four heifers were randomly selected from each group，feces and urine were collected and the apparent digestibility，utilization rate of energy and nitrogen were measured.The results showed that：the average daily gain of heifers in 4 groups at aged 150-180 days were 0.77，0.91，0.86 and 1.11 kg•d^-1，respectively，the value of group D was significantly higher than that of group A (P<0.05).Body weight of heifers aged 180 days had an increasing trend with the amount of dietary NE_L increasing (P<0.10)；the apparent digestibility of gross energy increased before decreased (P<0.10).The NE_L level had significant effect on the apparent digestibility of dry matter，neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber，digestible energy and metabolic energy (P<0.05)；When heifers aged 180 days，the ratio of retained nitrogen/nitrogen intake and retained nitrogen/nitrogen digestion increased first and decreased later with dietary NE_L increasing(P<0.10)，and the value of group C reached the peak.In conclusion，as for the overall nutrition balance of heifers and digestion and metabolism levels，the optimum dietary NE_L of heifers is 7.53 MJ•kg^-1.

In the present study，a pair of primers and a TaqMan probe were designed based on the S-segment sequence of Schmallenberg virus (SBV)，and a real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-qPCR) for the detection of SBV nucleic acid was established.After optimization of the reaction system and condition，the method presented a good linear relationship with the RNA template ranging from 10¹ to 10⁷ 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID₅₀) SBV.By using SBV nucleic acid-positive samples (n=140)，SBV nucleic acid-negative samples (n=132)，and RNA samples (n=16) of related viruses within the Simbu serogroup，the sensitivity，specificity and reproducibility of the RT-qPCR were validated.All the samples used for validation were prepared and preserved by the Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI) of Germany.The results demonstrated that the developed RT-qPCR had a similar sensitivity with that of FLI and the concordance rate between the two assays was 96.4% (135/140)，that the RT-qPCR could sensitively detect 1 TCID₅₀ SBV RNA and it had a good reproducibility，and that the RT-qPCR showed no cross-reactivity with related viruses within the Simbu serogroup except for Douglas virus.The RT-qPCR was further used to detect the RNA samples extracted from sheep sera which were collected from a breeding farm located in Inner Mongolia (n=47) and from the sheep imported from Australia (n=47)，respectively.However，no SBV nucleic acid-positive sample was detected.The successful development of SBV RT-qPCR provides us with an efficient detection tool for dealing with Schmallenberg disease.

To investigate the variation in structure protein of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV)，S，N and ORF3 genes of 7 PEDV strains were cloned and sequenced from different farms in Fujian in 2012-2013. The results indicated that the nucleotide sequences of S gene shared 98.6%-99.4% identity within them，shared 93.7%-94.1% identity with attenuated DR13 strain，shared 93.8%-94.1% identity with CV777 strain. Compared with CV777 strain，there were 64 variant amino acids，and 3 amino acids different from other prevalent strains at home and abroad，and might be new variations，and 5 amino acids insertion，and 2 amino acids deletion. The amino acids insertion and deletion were similar to NPPED2008_2 strain isolated in Thailand. The nucleotide sequence of N and ORF3 genes shared 96.5%-99.7% and 99.7%-100% identity within them，and shared 96.6%-98.0% and 96.6%-96.9% identity with CV777 strain，respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that S and ORF3 genes of the 7 PEDV strains had a closer relationship with the Thailand strain，and N gene had a closer relationship with the CV777 strain. The results showed that S and ORF3 genes of the 7 PEDV strains varied greatly，and these strains might origin from Thailand and Korea strains.

The full genome of waterfowl parvoviruses were amplified by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method.The gene fragments were sequenced and analyzed with goose parvovirus (GPV) ZJ，G3，and LJY strains and Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) DK and DYL strains.Sequence analysis demonstrated that NS gene of four isolates is 1 884 bp in length，encoding 627 amino acids，while NS gene of LJY strain has three nucleotide deletions，resulting 626 amino acids in length.The VP gene is 2 199 bp in length，encoding 732 amino acids.The NS protein among GPVs or MDPVs showed 95.9%-99.8% and 96.8%-99.0% homologies，respectively，while the NS between GPVs and MDPVs showed 88.9%-90.4% identities.The VP protein among GPVs or MDPVs showed 90.2%-100.0% and 96.9%-99.3% homologies，respectively，while the VP protein between GPV and MDPV showed only 79.5%-81.6% identities，indicating that antigenicity might be different between GPV and MDPV.Both MDPVs and GPVs have 4 common potential glycosylation sites in NS protein.In VP protein，MDPV DK and DYL strains have 8 potential glycosylation sites，while GPV have only 6.GPV G3 and LJY strains showed deletion of 582-584 NTT and 703-705 NRT potential glycosylation sites，respectively.Phylogenetic analysis of waterfowl parvoviruses indicates that GPVs and MDPVs form two separate evolutionary branches，and recombination does not occur between MDPV and GPV strains.

H12N7 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) ［A/Environment /Hunan/S4484/2011(H12N7)］ was isolated from a duck farm environment in Dongting lake of Hunan during the routine epidemiologic surveillance in 2011.The sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene showed that the virus was categorized as low pathogenic AIV，with the typical HA cleavage site of PQAQDR↓GLF.The phylogenic analysis indicated that all 8 segments of A/Environment /Hunan/S4484/2011(H12N7) was derived from the Eurasian lineage，but the source of the 8 gene segments was very complex，and the highly homologous was observed with different subtypes of AIVs in some regions in Asia and Europe in varying degrees and extensively.Our results suggested that the virus may be a multi-origin reassortant virus.

Immunofluorescence staining method on paraffin-embedded liver sections was established to differentially detect avian HEV in this experiment.Mono-specific serum of HEV ORF2 protein were prepared and used for detecting tissue section of lesion liver of chickens infected with HEV，avian leukosis virus(ALV)，reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV)，respectively.Results showed that the prepared mono-specific serum of HEV ORF2 protein showed good specificity.The established immunofluorescence method could detect avian HEV infection and was effective to distinguish HEV from ALV or REV infection.Our results revealed that the novel immunofluorescence method brings great convenience for laboratory diagnosis.

This study aimed to investigate the diversity of serotype and drug resistance of E.coli from the secondary infection of broilers that primarily infected by immunosuppressive viruses.E.coli isolates derived from one-day-old broilers single-infected or co-infected with avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) were isolated，identified and used for drugs sensitivity experiment.Five red or (and) white clones were picked from the diseased organs.Results showed that 516 E.coli isolates were isolated from 58 diseased chickens and identified from two repeated experiments including 445 red colonies and 71 white colonies.Results also reveal that the co-infection could infect more serious mortality and among these 516 tested E.coli colonies，12 serotypes of O-antigen were identified.E.coli of different serotypes was even isolated from the same organ in the same bird.Then 17 groups of colonies (5 same O-serotype colonies isolated from the same organ in the same bird were identified as a group of colonies) were selected to drug susceptibility test for 12 kinds of common antibiotics.The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration was from 0.05 to 51.20 mg•mL^－1 in the third group to colimycin and from 0.05 to 51.20 mg•mL^－1 in the seventeen group to amikacin.However，differences in the other groups were not significant.The high-degree diversity of E.coil isolated from our experiments proved that the infection was the secondary E.coil infection.It was happened in the immunosupression condition under the viruses infection.At the same time，the diversity of drug resistance is the genetic basis for resistant strains rapidly generated from the E.coil in vivo under the condition of irrational use of antibiotics.

Streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent of septicemia and meningitis.The purpose of this study was to express and purify protein aroC of S.suis and to analyse its ability of stimulating RAW264.7 cells inflammatory factor expression and to explain its molecular mechanism.aroC gene was amplified by using the genome of SC19 and cloned into the expression plasmid pET28a(+).The inclution bodies of recombinant aroC were expressed in E.coli of BL21.It was dissolved with 8 mol•L ^-1 urea （50 mmol•L^-1 Tris，pH 8.0），and then renaturalized by dialysis and purified.The recombinant LPS-free and germ free protein was further tested on the stimulation of cytokine of RAW264.7 by real-time PCR.In order to analyse its molecular mechanism of stimulating macrophage inflammatory factors，we pre-treated the cell cultures with specific ERK1/2，JNK，NF-κB and P38 pathway inhibitors and antibodies of TLR2 and TLR4.Results showed that the aroC protein was renaturalized and purified successfully.It has a strong stimulating on secretion of cytokines of RAW264.7，and pre-treatment of the cell cultures with specific NF-κB pathway inhibitors and TLR4 antibody significantly decreased aroC induced TNF-α and IL-1β mRNA production，and pre-treatment of the cell cultures with specific p38 pathway inhibitors significantly decreased aroC induced TNF-α mRNA production.The results presented here demonstrate that protein aroC of S.suis serotype 2 induces Toll-like receptor 4-dependent inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 via p38MAPK and NF-κB Signaling.

Based on the gene of porcine T cell receptor β chain (TCRβ) from the GenBank database，82 of swine T cell receptor β chain genes (STB) were cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from porcine lymphocyte of peripheral-blood，lymphoid node and spleen with one pair primers.Sequence analysis showed that STB genes were all contain a domain of variable signal peptide and V，hypervariable D and J, and conservative C domain.However，nucleotide sequence of STB was not complete identical with 36.6%-99.9% homology among genes，and had extremely sophisticated polymorphism and diversity.This was concord to the genetic structure of TCRβ chain.Molecular structure，genetic evolution and classify of porcine TCRβ genes displayed that mutations on the domain of signal peptide，FR1 and CDR1，FR2 and CDR2，as well as FR3 were caused by polymorphism of the STBV.And differences of CDR3 domain，however，were caused by diversity of the STBD and STBJ.Analysis of similarity and classify of TCRβV domain (STBV)，D domain (STBD) and J domain (STBJ) of swine compared with human，found the genetic evolution relationship was closer，and each of TRBV，STBD and TRBJ also had a corresponding fragment of human.This indicated that pig possessed the genetic diversity of immunology against complicated environment of microbes in healthy status.

The present study was aimed to explore the effect of monochromatic light on antioxidant function in liver and the role of melatonin in broilers.One hundred and twenty post-hatching day (P0) male Arbor Acres (AA) broilers were divided into four groups randomly and reared under the white，red，green and blue light environments (n=30).Twenty broilers from each light group was chosen randomly for pinealectomy surgery (n=10) and sham operation (n=10) at P3，and the remaining broilers were as the control group.Antioxidant assay kits were used to detect the antioxidant level in liver of broilers in different light groups reared under same environment to P14.The results showed that the T-SOD，GSH-Px，T-AOC level in liver of broilers reared under the green light in control and sham-operation groups were higher (7.82%-46.33%，P<0.05) than other various light groups，while the content of MDA was the lowest.After pinealectomy blocked the secretion of melatonin，the activity of antioxidant enzymes were reduced (12.64%-38.50%) and MDA contents were increased in various light groups.These results showed that the monochromatic light could influence the antioxidant level of liver in broilers，and green light enhanced the antioxidant function of liver.However，pinealectomy could significantly reduce the liver antioxidant level in various light groups.These results suggested that melatonin was involved in the effect of monochromatic light on antioxidant function in liver of broilers.

The current study was undertaken to study the effects of fluoride on the expression of ERK signaling pathway associated gene and proteins in the splenic lymphocytes of mouse.The splenic lymphocytes of the different level of fluoride-treated mouse in vivo and the splenic lymphocytes with the different level of sodium fluoride in vitro were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with bacterial lipopolysaccharide，then the mRNA level of ras/c-raf/MEK1/ERK1 and the protein expression of ERK1 were detected using the Real-time PCR and Western blotting.The results showed that activation of the ERK pathway in mouse splenic lymphocytes can be inhibited by fluoride in low concentrations，but with increasing fluoride concentration，the degree of inhibition was reduced，ERK pathway activation was turn into promoting.These results suggested that fluoride can affect the activation of ERK pathway in mouse splenic lymphocytes，thus further influence the function of the immune system.

The aim of this study was to determine the differences between the post-parturition plasma proteomic profiles of healthy cows and those with subclinical hypocalcemia (SH).Plasma samples were obtained from 32 dairy cows with SH (group T) and 59 dairy cows without SH (group C).Plasma proteins were tested by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS).The peaks that differ in the two groups were analyzed using the Wilcoxon sum-rank test.The differential peptide peaks were identified using the Swissprot protein database，which were performed by decision tree analysis.Seven peptide peaks were identified in the group T that differed significantly from those of the group C，which represented 6 unique proteins.Further，neurosecretory protein VGF frag and amyloid β A4 protein could be used for discriminate the cows with SH from the health after decision tree analysis.The SELDI-TOF-MS technology can effectively identify differences in serum protein expression patterns in cows with SH，which may become biomarkers for disease diagnosis.Therefore，this study has important theoretical value to reveal new mechanism of subclinical hypocalcemia and its effect on bio-function of dairy cows.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of miniature pig combined anaesthetic (XFM) and xylazine on c-jun protein expression in different encephalic regions of rat. One hundred and fourteen SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group (B group，n=6)，saline solution control group (C group，n=36)，XFM group (H group，n=36) and xylazine group (X group，n=36) . Rats in B group were raised normally without any treatment，rats in C group were injected with normal saline，and rats in H group，X group were received XFM，Xylazine treatment，respectively. Each group was divided into six subgroups except B group: anesthesia induction stage (stage Ⅰ)，disappear stage of righting reflex (stage Ⅱ)，15 min after righting reflex disappear (stage Ⅲ)，35 min after righting reflex disappear (stage Ⅳ)，recovery stage of righting reflex (stage Ⅴ) and recovery of linear crawling (stage Ⅵ). Rats were decapitated in relative time，then cerebral cortex，hippocampus，cerebellum and brainstem tissue were separated. Proteins were extracted from these brain tissues，and c-jun protein content was detected by Western blot. Results showed that: (1) In C group，c-jun protein expressions had no significant changes in cerebral cortex，hippocampus，cerebellum and brainstem of rats（P>0.05） compared with B group；(2) In H group，c-jun protein expression increased in these encephalic regions，and decreased in stage Ⅵ (P<0.01) compared with B group；(3) In X group，c-jun protein expression increased in these encephalic regions(P<0.01)，and decreased in late stages (P<0.01) compared with B group. And c-jun protein expression level of X group was lower than that of H group (P<0.01). (4) c-jun protein expressions in these encephalic regions had no significant difference (P>0.05). During rats anesthetized with XFM and xylazine，c-jun protein expression level increased in cerebral cortex，hippocampus，cerebellum and brainstem tissue with the deepening of anaesthesia induction，and decreased when recovery from anesthesia. The results suggest that the expression changes of c-jun protein induced by XFM and xylazine in the encephalic regions may be one of the anesthesia mechanisms.