The allele frequencies,heterozygosity(H),average heterozygosity,polymorphism informatiom content(PIC),Nei’s genetic distance, F-statistics,migration rate were studied in Five herds of Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire of three-breed cross breeding system and eight herds of Seghers 5-line-crossbreed commercial hybrid line.The results showed that there were differences among allele fequencies of eight microsatellite loci in populations, The average locus heterozygosity and average polymorphism information content of pure breed herd, grandparent herd, parent herd and commercial hybrid herd rose gradually with the decline of herd position in the hybrid system. Maternal line and paternal line have large genetic distance according to standard genetic distance of Nei’s. Maternal line and paternal line with large genetic distance will bring great heterosis,it is similar to actually. The Fst statistics showed the allele frequent variances among populations.The results indicated that 1.02%-15.60% and 84.40%-98.98% of total variation were from between and within population variations respectively of Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire of three-breed cross breeding System, 3.02%-15.22% and 84.78%-96.98% of total variation were from between and within population variations respectively of Seghers 5-line-crossbreed commercial hybrid line. Fst is located between midding and smallness.

Bone morphogenetic protein receptor IA (BMPR-IA) gene was studied as a candidate gene for the prolificacy of sheep. Single nucleotide polymorphism of BMPR-IA gene was detected in both high fecundity breeds (Small Tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep) and low fecundity breeds (Dorset sheep, Texel sheep and German Mutton Merino sheep) by PCR-SSCP. Results indicated that both AA and AB genotypes were detected in Small Tailed Han sheep. Only BB genotype was detected in Hu sheep. Only AA genotype was detected in Dorset sheep, Texel sheep and German Mutton Merino sheep. In Small Tailed Han sheep, frequency of A allele was 0.964, frequency of B allele was 0.036 Sequencing revealed six single nucleotide mutations in the BB genotype in comparison to the AA genotype. The BMPR-IA genotype distributions were high significantly different (P<0.001) between Hu sheep and Small Tailed Han sheep. The BMPR-IA genotype distributions were high significantly different (P<0.001) between Hu sheep and low fecundity breeds. The BMPR-IA genotype distributions were not different (P>0.05) between Small Tailed Han sheep and low fecundity breeds. The ewes with genotype AB had 0.15 (P>0.05) lambs more than those with genotype AA in Small Tailed Han sheep. These results preliminarily showed that BMPR-IA gene was not a major gene for high fecundity of Small Tailed Han sheep and Hu sheep.

In this study, the dendrograms of four indigenous sheep breeds（Small Tailed Han sheep， Han sheep, Shandi sheep and Wadi sheep） and one crossing population（Dorper sheep×Small Tailed Han sheep）in Shandong province were constructed by using 24 microsatellite markers, 7 growth traits and 7 normal blood indexes, and，the relationship of biological comparability and genetic evolution between populations were explored. The results showed that, on biological traits, the growth traits and physiological states of different sheep breeds which lived in a closer geographical location were significantly different（P<0.01 or P<0.05）, suggesting that entironment,feeding conditions and selected modes play an important role in a breed forming. On genetic relationship, the GST and DST value of four indigenous sheep was 0.028 and 0.025 individually, and FST（0.025 5-0.039 0）was lower and FIS（0.360 1-0.446 7）was higher relatively, suggesting that the degree of genetic differentiation was not high. The relativeship was closer. The degree of inbreeding was high.The trend of gene flow was consistent with geographical distribution and genetic distance. So preventing that inbreeding and crossbreeding was out of control was the key measure in order to preserve the purity of each breed.

Fourteen microsatellite loci in sheep 1^st and 6^th chromosome were selected from GenBank, according to genotype group, the wools phenotypes data of the tested sheep population were analyzed by ANOVA and multiple comparisons. The results showed that the wool natural length could be marked by ILSTS004, OarAE101, OarJMP8 and BM143 microsatellite loci, the wool fiber diameter could be marked by BM1824,BM6438 and BM6506. OarAE101,BM143 and OarJMP8 regions or nearby regions maybe have QTLs that controlled wool natural length in sheep 6^th chromosome,and BM1824,BM6438 and BM6506 regions maybe have QTLs that controlled wool fiber diameter in sheep 1^st chromosome.

Selection response and genetic parameters for intramuscular fat (IMF) of breast muscle on 90 days were studied by analyzing the data from a selection experiment in a quality chicken line. Data had been collected over 4 generations (G0-G4) of selection. Genetic parameters of meat quality trait were estimated using MTDFREML software with animal model (N=632-1 084). From G0 to G4,the average IMF of chickens showed a continuing increase ,the mean of phenotypic value in G0 and G4 were 3.25±0.96% and 3.83±0.83% respectively. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of G0 and G4 were 29.59% and 21.72% respectively. The estimated heritability and realized heritability (mean of 4 generations) of IMF was 0.220 and 0.322 respectively. A positive genetic correlation was observed between IMF of breast muscle and IMF of leg muscle, abdominal fat weight, abdominal fat percentage, width of fat strip, thickness of caudal skin and fat, thickness of comb, highness of comb and bodyweight of 90 days. The selection experiment demonstrated that IMF trait could be increased with selection through linebreeding.

The genomic DNA extraction method, cooking extraction method in water, was studied and the comparison with the traditional phenol and chloroform method was done.The cooking extraction method was the method from which genomic DNA was obtained when the cells were broken and proteins were denatured after the cells were cooked and cooled quickly. The feasibility and integrality of the extracted genomic DNA were detected through agrose gel electrophoresis and PCR amplification. During detection, the PCR amplification of the extracted genomic DNA was done with 3 pairs of primers and the genomic DNA was also amplified after preserved at -20 ℃.The analysis result indicated that cooking extraction method is a quick, simple, economic and efficient method for genomic DNA extraction.

Oviductal epithelial cells (OECs) of mouse , goat and chick were cultured by different methods and examined percents of Vimentin positive cells by Vimentin monoclonal antibody, then on this basis in vitro development of mouse pronuclear embryos co-cultured with them were compared. The results are summarized as follows: Somatic cells grow well in culture system and almost all are epithelial cells. Percents of Vimentin positive cells of mouse , goat and chick OECs were 2.4±0.3, 1.3±0.3 and 1.8±0.4, respectively. The proportion of pronuclear embryos from Kunming mouse developing to blastocysts (61.7%，57.2% and 56.2%, respectively) did not differ when co-cultured with primary mouse, goat and chick OECs, suggesting that a good development of mouse embryos was also achieved when co-cultured with goat and chick OECs.

The food grade proteases such as Pepsin, Trypsin, Protamex^TM, Alcalase3.0T, Neutrase 1.5MＧ and Flavourzyme^TM 1 000 MＧ were used to measure the hydrolytic capability of glutamine amide group. After the enzymes were used in proper condition to hydrolyze wheat gluten for 4 hours, Gln bounded peptides in the hydrolysates were measured under the protection of ［Bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo］benzen(BTI) by HPLC(λ=340 nm). The degree of hydrolysis(DH) and the amino groups were determined in hydrolysates. Then we calculated the average amino acid number of peptides. We found Trypsin, Pepsin,and ProtamexTM had less hydrolytic capacity to amide group than the others. The hydrolytic capacity to amide group of Trypsin, Pepsin and ProtamexTM was 2.79%, 1.90% and 5.80% respectively, but Alcalase 3.0T, Neutrase 1.5 MG and Flavourzyme^TM1 000 MG were 32.25%,26.55% and 16.38% respectively. The harvest of Gln to wheat gluten hydrolyzed by Trypsin, Pepsin and Protamex^TM was 77.86% , 69.58% and 87.70%. The study showed that Trypsin, Pepsin and Protamex^TM could be used to prepare the Glnbound peptides.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of thiram on the serum enzyme activities, rate of tibial dyschondroplasia(TD), superoxide dismutase(SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of liver in broilers. One hundred and twenty broilers were randomly allotted to three treatments ,with four replicate pens per treatment and ten chicks per pen. The three treatments were control, low level thiram(50 mg/kg) ,high level thiram(100 mg/kg). The results showed that thiram significantly improved serum AST, ALT, ALP activities (P< 0.05) and MDA of liver ( P< 0.05), increased rate of TD significantly, decreased growth performance and SOD level of liver significantly in broilers. It suggests that the thiram can damage liver function and cause the tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers.

To access the effect of different infective dose of REV on the specific and nonspecific immune in chickens, immune responses of T lymphocytes to ConA, cytotoxic activity of natural killer cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes（CTL）and humoral immunity response to NDV vaccine were detected in broilers and specificpathogenfree chickens infected with different dose of REV. The results showed that REV infection, not only at higher dose but at low dose, could cause the immunosuppression of humoral and cellular immune in chickens, which was related to the infective dose of REV. But the cytotoxic activities of NK cell and CTL were enhanced in chickens infected with REV. It could be concluded that REV infection appeared to depress certain immune response but not all the immune responses.

10dayold specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated intratracheally with lowly virulent E. coli and /or mildly pathogenic avian influenza virus (MPAIV). The results were revealed as follows: (1) The mortality rate of chickens inoculated with E.coli and MPAIV simultaneously per bird was 33.3%. Chickens inoculated first with MPAIV and then E. coli at an interval of 48 hours experienced the mortality rate of 66.7%, whereas those inoculated with E. coli and then MPAIV at the same interval exhibited the mortality rate of 16.7%, the group infected with MPAIV alone experienced the mortality rate of 11.1% while the group infected with E. coli alone was found no death. These results suggested that MPAIV might longthen the periods that E. coli colonized in the trachea and lung of inoculated chickens, and it might facilitate E. coli invasion into the respiratory tract of the chickens resulting in more severe pathologic abnormalities. There was a pathogenic synergism between E. coli and MPAIV. (2) An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay for detection of antibodies to OMPs and an indirect hemagglutination assay for LPS of pathogenic E. coli from chicken origin were used respectively. The antibodies to OMPs and LPS of the birds inoculated first with MPAIV and then E. coli were lower than those of other groups. This results indicated that the synergistic pathopoiesis between E. coli and MPAIV seemed to be related to the immunosuppression exhibited in MPAIV inoculated birds.

Two Chinese herbal medicine extraction, ginsenoside Rb1 and astragalus polysaccharide, were supplemented into in vitro cluture system of rat micro-vascular endothelial cells.NO was detected by reduction of nitrate method and IL-6,TNF-α were detected by ELISA,the changes of those relevant factors provided experimental evidence for analyzing effect of ginsenoside Rb1 and astragalus polysaccharide. The level of NO,IL-6 and TNF-α in micro-vascular endothelial cells were enhanced significantly by ginsenoside Rb1 and astragalus polysaccharide, and showed concentration-dependent trend.

The experiment was conducted with the objective of examining the effect of dietary high copper on the cell cycle and apoptosis of liver in chickens by the methods of flow cytometry (FCM) and TUNEL. 420 one-day-old Avian chickens were randomly divided into seven groups based on diets as follows: control feed (11 mg/kg Cu) and high copper feed(100 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅰ；200 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅱ； 300 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅲ; 400 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅳ； 500 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅴ； 600 mg/kg Cu as high copper group Ⅵ). All groups were treated for six weeks. By FCM, the percentage of hepatocyte apoptosis was found increased in high copper groups Ⅲ, Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ when compared with that of control group. Also, the TUNEL staining of liver tissue showed that apoptosis cells were increased in high copper groups Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ respectively. The G₀/G₁ phase of cell cycle of liver was much higher, and S, G₂ + M phases lower in high copper groups Ⅳ, Ⅴ and Ⅵ than in control group (P<0.05 or P<0.01).

The study，using SABC immune histochemistry technique，was designed for observing the modality，structure and distributed law of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS ) positive neurons in rabbit brain. The results showed：①The nNOS positive neurons appeared deep brown which had most in the cytoplasm and the cell nucleus were more lighter；the neuron cell bodies had all kinds of types，such as triangle，round，ellipse，shuttle and so on；and had one or more neuron protruding；the most positive nerve fibres were brown bunch of pearls kind，and some nNOS postive fibres were netted. ② The nNOS positive neurons and nerve fibres were distributed in every area of rabbit brain. And they were widely distributed in cerebral cortex，cerebellum，hypothalamus，mesencephalon and pons. But there were even fewer in medulla . ③Basically，the nNOS positive neurons of the young rabbit had developed to the adult rabbit’s level. It developed from maturation to doat gradually with age. To two-year old rabbit ,who was the aged, the nNOS positive neurons appeared senescence obviously，including the reducing of density, weakening of expression intensity，decreasing of the first born tuber number and shortening of the longest born tuber length etc. The results indicated that nNOS positive neurons and the NO which nNOS positive neurons catalyzed did most use in the upgrowth of central nervous system and the nerve adjusting and controlling.

To study the localization of estrogen receptor α (ERα) and its action in the process of reproduction during the different period of reproduction in goat ovary, supersensitive immunohistochemistry SP method was used to detect the distribution of the ERα immunoreactivity (ERα-ir) during the different period of reproduction in the goats ovary. The results showed that ERα-ir exist mainly in granulosa cells in the mature follicles, some granulosa cells in the developing follicle during oestrum and the trimester of pregnancy, cytoplasm of oocyte in primordiar follicle, cytoplasm of granular lutein cells and nucleus of theca lutein cells during the trimester of pregnancy, theca cells and cytoplasm of steroid secretory cells. The content of ERα-ir in granulosa cells in the developing follicle was few, only exist in the cytomembrane during the dioestrus. At the stage of primary follicle, the content of ERα-ir in oocyte was few. Later the content of ERα-ir was very abundant. The results suggest that ERα control the development of follicle, ovulation and pregnancy maintenance by activating different signal pathway. The above results provide morphological materials for research about the function of estrogen and estrogen receptor α in the ovary and its regulatory mechanism of reproduction.

Single preimplantation embryo mRNA differential display was used to study the gene expression of 2-cell、4-cell and 8-16-cell stage goat embryos cultured in vitro. A specific fragment expressed in 4-cell stage was selected for further analysis. The result suggested that this fragment displayed high homology (88%) to cattle insulinlike growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) gene. IGFBP3 was the regulator of IGFs bioactivity, it can also promote cell division and influence endocrine activation. IGFBP3 was an important factor in the process of goat preimplantation embryo development.

The objectives of this study were to derive bovine embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of IVF blastocysts and to learn the effect of several factors on developmental potential of bovine embryonic stem cells from IVF embryo.The results showed that: the primary colony rates of bovine embryonic stem cell from normal IVF blastocysts and trypsin-isolated ICMs were 55% and 90%, respectively. Embryonic stem cell from immunosurgical-isolated ICM and cultured in four media, the primary colony rates were 16.4%、11.5%、21.8% and 18.2%,respectively. The embryonic stem cell from immunosurgicalisolated ICM have been kept undifferentiated, from which the individual cells morpha and growth were better than that of stem-cells from trypsin-isolated ICMs.Finally the results demonstrated that the immunosurgicalisolated ICM was a suitable isolated method

A 4×2(Cu×VA) experiment with repeats was designed to investigate the influence of various dietary Cu and vitamin A levels on performance, immunology function, serum CuZn-SOD activity and insulin concentration in broilers.Broilers were randomly allotted to eight groups, each of which was replicated four times with four teen broilers per replicate.14 for each treatment. Results showed that the Cu requirement was different in different stages. From 0 to 4 weeks, dietary Cu supplemental level was 8 mg/kg diet , and from 5 to 7weeks was 0-8 mg/kg diet. Dietary high copper levels(150 and 225 mg/kg diet) suppressed performance , immune function , CuZn-SOD activation and insulin concentration significantly through the whole period. When vitamin A supplemental level was 5000 IU/kg diet, better performance and other indexes was obtained through the whole period, but high vitamin A significantly(P<0.05) suppressed serum insulin concentration .CuVA interaction significantly(P<0.05) affected body weight gain at the end of week 4, feed∶ gain ratio through the whole stage，ANAE+% of lymphocyte at the end of week 7 , serum CuZn-SOD and insulin concentration at the end of week 4（P<0.01）.

Based on the Precision Farming Technology Platform of Dairy Cattle Farm, this study transfers ancestor’s pedigree of designated individual animal such as dairy cattle into full binary tree data structure, and selects Preorder Traversal method to set up a definefunction named “Searching Forefathers” to ascend up 4 generations ancestors. By means of simulation data created from designated systematic parameters, it realized pedigree tracking inside 4 generations on some single dairy cattle. At the same time, it can supply production traits data of its female ancestors; In terms of obtained pedigree data and combining function “Searching Forefathers” and calculating method of inbreeding coefficient, it can inspect inbreeding coefficient of capable born descendants by mating it with all bulls or all cows to control inbreeding. It also points out, as long as changing starting point to look for forefathers, we can search more than 4 generations’ pedigree. However, to carry out Scotch cousin pedigree tracking is quite different without complete basic propagated recording data outdoing time and space. Therefore, it is extraordinary necessary to construct national database of dairy cattle reproduction.