Interferon receptor is a key molecular switch in regulation of host antiviral immune state and expression level of cellular immune cytokines.As an important hub in antiviral signal transduction，the expression level of interferon receptor directly affects the antiviral immune response system in host.To enhance the antiviral immune response of host against the foreign pathogens，the effect of interferon antiviral signaling cascade will be magnified through interferon receptor upon infection.This positive feedback mechanism is the most important immune amplification effect during antiviral immune response，which is also the core response of host to defend viral invasion and proliferation.Research of avian interferon receptors has still been in its infancy，in this paper，a summary has been conducted on the latest research advance in structure and classification of interferon receptor，downstream antiviral proteins，as well as avian interferon receptor-mediated antiviral immune mechanisms.

To preliminary screen out ssc-miRNAs targeting porcine adipose triglyceride lipase gene (ATGL)，10 ssc-miRNAs targeting ATGL were predicted by bioinformatics analysis．3′UTR of porcine ATGL gene was inserted into the pMIR-Luc target reporter vector and transiently co-transfected with candidate miRNA mimics into HEK 293T cells，using pRL-TK vector as an internal control reporter.Three other reporter vectors containing the mutated ssc-miRNAs targeting sites by reversing the seed region of targeting sites were created as negative controls.The dual luciferase reporter assay system was used to evaluate the activity of luciferase．The results showed that pMIR-ATGL-3′UTR recombinant vector was successfully constructed which contained 3′UTR of porcine ATGL gene.Dual luciferase reporter assay showed that ssc-miR-769-3p，ssc-miR-1343，ssc-miR-7137-3p，ssc-miR-671-5p and ssc-miR-149 could down-regulate the luciferase activity of pMIR-ATGL-3′UTR vector in 293T cell，while mutant assay verified ssc-miR-1343 and ssc-miR-7137-3p could down-regulate the luciferase activity by targeting the predicted seed region of 3′UTR of porcine ATGL gene.These results indicated that ssc-miR-1343 and ssc-miR-7137-3p could down-regulate the expression of porcine ATGL gene by targeting its 3′UTR.

This study aimed to clarify the tissue and sequential expression profiles of Chemerin and ChemR23 genes in Tibetan chicken，and to investigate the impacts of the 2 genes expressions on intramuscular fat (IMF) deposition.In this study，Tibetan chicken (0-210 day) was used as experimental animals and the RT-PCR method were employed to amplify the Chemerin and ChemR23 genes.Their relative expression was measured by fluorescent quantitative PCR in various tissues and at different developmental stages.The correlation analysis was performed between gene expression and IMF content.The results indicated that expression of Chemerin and ChemR23 was detected broadly in different tissues.Chemerin was mostly expressed in liver，adipose tissue，lung and kidney of Tibetan chicken， while ChemR23 was expressed in adipose tissue at significantly higher levels than in other tissues (P<0.01).The highest levels were in breast muscle at day 0 and in adipose tissue at day 154，but the expression patterns of the 2 genes in breast muscle and adipose tissue at different developmental stages were not correlated with gender.However，their expression patterns in the thigh muscle were correlated with gender.In female thigh muscle，the relative expression levels of both genes were significantly higher at day 119 than other periods (P<0.01)，but in male thigh muscle，the relative expression level of Chemerin genes were significantly higher at day 0 and 210 than other periods (P<0.01).The peak expression of ChemR23 presented at day 210 in male thigh muscle.The expression of Chemerin and ChemR23 mRNA was positively correlated with IMF content in breast muscle，whereas Chemerin expression was negatively correlated with IMF content in thigh muscle.Interestingly，ChemR23 expression was negatively and positively correlated with IMF content of male and female thigh muscle，respectively.The results suggest that Chemerin and ChemR23 genes may play critical roles in IMF deposition during growth and development of Tibetan chicken，which will help us to understand the biological functions of Chemerin and ChemR23 genes in fat metabolism of Tibetan chicken.

To screen candidate genes which effect on meat quality of cashmere goats，we explored differentially expressed genes of longissimus dorsi in cashmere goats with different ages and genders.The high-throughput sequencing for transcriptome of longissimus dorsi in cashmere goats was performed by RNA-Seq.Differentially expressed genes were selected as candidates genes and enriched based on GO and KEGG database after quality control of RNA-Seq.The 263 candidate genes including 123 beneficial and 140 deleterious genes were selected by CLC Genomics Workbench 6.0 software.The results of GO enrichment showed that the highly expressed beneficial genes were primarily related to growth and development of skeletal muscle，organelle formation and protein binding.The highly expressed deleterious genes were primarily related to lipid metabolic process，cytoskeleton and binding.According to the KEGG database，these genes were mainly involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis’mitogen-activated protein kinase，complement and coagulation cascades and tryptophan metabolism.As example，ADIPOQ，PDK4 and CD36 might be important candidate genes involved in meat quality，when combining with other livestock genomics study.These results provided theoretical basis for improving meat quality and studying candidate genes in cashmere goats.

 The objective of this study was to research the mRNA expression of goat 4F2hc，y⁺LAT1 and y⁺LAT2 (y⁺L cationic amino acid transporter system) in various tissues and their developmental expression in small intestine of goats at different ages.A total of 15 Shanbei White Cashmere goats at the ages of day 1，month 6，8，10 and 12 (3 goats at each age) were slaughtered to collect heart，liver，kidney，brain，muscle，skin，rumen，duodenum，jejunum，ileum and colon tissues.Then 4F2hc，y⁺LAT1 and y⁺LAT2 mRNA were quantified by Real-time quantitative PCR in all collected tissues of 1-day-old goats and in duodenum，jejunum，ileum of all goats.The results indicated that，(1)  4F2hc，y⁺LAT1 and y⁺LAT2 mRNA were widely expressed in all collected tissues of 1-day-old goats and the expression level varied from tissues.Specifically，4F2hc mRNA in skin，y⁺LAT1 mRNA in ileum and y⁺LAT2 mRNA in brain and ileum had the highest abundance.(2) 4F2hc mRNA of duodenum，jejunum and ileum on 1-day-old goats had higher abundance than that in goats on the other month-old，and there was no significant difference in the same segment of small intestine in goats on the other month-old (P>0.05)；y⁺LAT1 mRNA abundance in small intestine of goats decreased with age；y⁺LAT2 mRNA abundance in small intestine peaked in 10-month-old goats and then dropped with age，while it in ileum of 1-day-old goats had lower abundance than that in goats on the other month-old，and there was no significant difference in ileum between goats on the other month-old (P>0.05).In conclusion，y⁺L cationic amino acid transporter system played a main role in transferring amino acid in small intestine of goats and the heterodimer consisting of y⁺LAT1 and 4F2hc might be the main transporter protein in y⁺L system.4F2hc and y⁺LAT2 might perform important physiological functions in skin and brain of goats，respectively. 4F2hc，y⁺LAT1 and y⁺LAT2 were differentially regulated and distributed with the differences of developmental stages and segments of small intestine in goat.

This study aimed to predict novel miRNAs of bovine by comparative genomics and bioinformatics analysis.According to the conservation of miRNAs sequence，we compared the known miRNAs in human，mouse，sheep，pig and dog with the bovine genome sequence (UMD3.1) in NCBI to predict novel miRNAs，some of which were validated by qRT-PCR.A total of 44 novel miRNAs of bovine were obtained.Four of these were randomly selected to be validated.It was found that the 4 predicted miRNAs were expressed in mammary gland，cardiac muscle，uterus and liver of lactating Chinese Holstein cows.The methodology provides an alternative approach to predict the novel miRNAs and provide a groundwork for gene expression and trait formation mechanisms in dairy cattle.

To study the imprinting status and the regulatory mechanism of Wif1 in cattle，the imprinting status of Wif1 gene was analyzed by sequencing method based on a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).The results showed that Wif1 gene exhibited monoallelic expressions in lung tissues，but biallelic expressions in heart，liver，spleen，kidney，muscle and subcutaneous fat tissues，suggesting that the imprinting of Wif1 was tissue-specific in cattle.To analyze the possible role of DNA methylation in regulating Wif1 tissue-specific imprinting，the methylation status of 29 CpG sites in Wif1 gene promoter region was analyzed in lungs (monoallelic expressed tissues) and livers (biallelic expressed tissue) by bisulfite sequencing.The results showed that the methylation levels between the 2 parental strands exhibited no significant difference (P>0.05) neither in lung nor liver tissues.The difference of methylated rates of each CpG sites between 2 parental chains in lungs and livers was further analyzed，and 8 CpG sites exhibiting significant difference of methylation rate between parental chains were found in lungs compared to those in livers.Among them,CpG sites 1，2 and 6 were contained in the transcription factor biding site.Because the methylation changes of individual CpG sites can effect the binding of transcription factors，the methylation of 3 CpG sites in Wif1 promoter region may be involved in the regulation of tissue-specific imprinting of cattle Wif1 gene.

This experiment was conducted to explore the best suspension culture system for embryoid body (EB) formation from chicken embryonic stem cells (ESCs)，and to improve the induction efficiency of chicken ESCs in vitro.Pure clones from the third generation of chicken ESCs was collected，re-suspensed the cells into 3 cell concentrations：1×10⁴，3×10⁴ and 6×10⁴ mL^-1 to make suspension culture.Morphology changes of EB were observed，qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence methods were used to detect the marker genes’s expression，self-differentiation and karyotype analysis were made to make full test of EB.The results showed that,the amount of EB with 3×10⁴ mL^-1 cell concentration was higher than the other groups，and the number of EB reached 267 in one single view with the same spherical shape.The stem cell marker genes Nanog,Sox2,Oct4 and C-kit remained expression with 48 h of EB formation，and stem cell surface specific antigen (Nanog and SSEA-1) detection was positive.After self-differentiation of EB，3 embryonic germ layers specific antigen (SOX17, SMA and TUJ-1) detection all showed positive.Karyotype analysis showed that the formatted EB maintained normal karyotype.The results indicated that the suitable concentration for chicken ESCs form the EB through suspension culture was 3×10⁴ mL^-1，and the formatted EB had viability to provide experimental foundation for chicken ESCs induction in vitro.

In order to investigate the effects of cryopreservation on boar spermatozoa apoptosis and apoptotic pathway，the flow cytometry was used to detect the apoptosis state and ROS level of boar frozen spermatozoa.ATP content was measured by luminometer，and the mRNA expression level of genes involved in different apoptotic pathways were measured by real-time quantitative RT-PCR method.The results showed that the motility，normal acrosome rate and plasma membrane integrity rate of sperm after freezing were decreased greatly (P<0.05).The TUNEL-positive spermatozoa rate (80.4%) from freezing group were much higher than that of fresh group (9.7%) (P<0.05).The percentage of ROS-positive spermatozoa in freezing group (58.2%) was also obviously higher than that of fresh group (P<0.05).The cryopreservation caused a significant decrease of ATP concentration in freezing group (0.247 μmol•L^-1) comparing with fresh group (0.926 μmol•L^-1) (P<0.05).qRT-PCR results showed that the relative expression level from promoting apoptosis genes (TNF-α，Fas，Caspase，P53 and Bax) were up-regulated，and in which the expression of Fas，P53，TNF-α，Caspase-8 and Caspase-9 increased greatly after cryopreservation (P<0.05).The relative expression level from inhibiting apoptosis genes (BCL-2，BIRC-5，MnSOD，CuZnSOD and SURVIVN) were down-regulated，and in which the expression of BIRC-5，MnSOD and SURVIVN decreased greatly (P<0.05).The results indicated that cryopreservation could lead to boar spermatozoa apoptosis.Not only extrinsic death receptor but also intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathway might play key roles in mediating spermatozoa apoptosis after cryopreservation.

This experiment was designed to study the effects of dehydroeplandrosterone (DHEA) on reproductive organs development，hormones level in serum and AMH mRNA expression with the development of rat polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS).Eighty immature female SD rats(21 d) were randomly divided into 2 groups：control group with no DHEA(n=40) and treatment group with DHEA(6 mg•（100 g body weight）^-1，n=40).Rats were injected daily with 0.2 mL seame oil for up to 20 days.Ten rats of each groups were killed at 5，10，15 and 20 days.The blood samples were obtained，and organ indexes were calculated by weights of body，ovary，uterus，livers，kidney，and spleen.The detection results showed that the weights of body (15，20 days)，uterus (5，10，15，20 days) and ovarian (5，10 days)of treatment groups were significantly higher than the control groups (P<0.01)；Serum AMH and T of treatment groups (5，10，15，20 days) were significantly higher than control groups(P<0.01 or P<0.05)，while the serum P (15，20 days)，LH and E₂ (20 days) were higher (P<0.01 or P<0.05)；The levels of AMH mRNA of treatment groups(5，10 days) were obvious different significantly higher (P<0.05).These results indicated that the sexual organs were given priority to development during early stage of prepuberty in treated group.The abnormal AMH production could be cause of pathogenesis and development marker of PCOS in rats.The expression of AMH mRNA in ovary and serum AMH level were not exactly the same，the results may supply the reference data for further research on PCOS in female rats.

The study aimed to reveal the effects of heat stress on dairy cow blood metabolites and its metabolic pathways in a systematic way.According to the criteria for evaluating cow heat stress，10 high milk yield Holstein cows in heat stress status were selected as heat stress group，these cows were regarded as recovery group again until their rectal temperature and respiratory rate returned to the normal range at next morning.Blood samples of each group were collected via tail vein and the plasm were separated.And then we developed and applied a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry GC-MS metabolomics protocol combined with pattern recognition approaches to search differential metabolites between the heat stress and recovery groups，and the differential metabolites were analyzed by KEGG for reconstructing the metabolic pathway and functional analysis.8 metabolites were selected as heat stress potential biomakers and indentified.These biomarkers included alpha-linolenic acid，linoleic acid，lactate，D-glucose，glycerol，hexadecanoic acid，glycocholate and β-Hydroxybutanoate.The content of lactate in heat stress status increased，the other metabolites decreased.Functional pathway analysis revealed that heat stress aggravated the state of energy negative balance in cow，and the lactating dairy cow blood metabolically responded to heat stress through increasing β-oxidation of fatty acid and glycerol metabolic and decreasing in glycolosis activity accompanied with liver dysfuction.The study may provide a strong evidence for further researching the physiological mechanism of heat stress cow.

The aim of this study was to understand the influence of age，fattening and anatomic sites on composition of body fatty acid in Sunit mutton sheep，and provide the basis for the effectively utilizing body fat.The slaughter test was conducted by selecting the 1-year-old wether，1.5-year-old wether and 3-year-old wether 6 for each from Sonid Zuoqi Improvement Station grazing group，and 6 fattening lamb from fattening sheep group.The fat were sampled from the tail，suet，net oil and the subcutaneous fat of 6^th-7^th thoracic vertebra，respectively.At the same time，pasture grass and fattening diet were sampled，and fatty acid composition of them were detected，respectively.The results showed：(1)Value of n-6/n-3 in pasture grass was 2.205∶1，which was significantly lower than that of fattening group(8.779∶1)；(2) With the increasing age，net meat percentage and carcass fat percentage significantly increased(P<0.05)，but there was no significant difference between 1.5-year-old and adult sheep (P>0.05)；(3) With the increasing age，body fat MCFA (P<0.05)，c18∶0 (P<0.05) and c4∶0 SCFA (P<0.05) components increased significantly.In contrast，n-3PUFA (P<0.05) and c18∶1c9 (P<0.01) composition decreased.The values of n-6/n-3 (P>0.05) and S/U (P>0.05) increased；(4) The fattening Sunit sheep body fat MCFA (P<0.05)，c18∶0 (P<0.05) and c4∶0 SCFA (P<0.01) components increased significantly.In contrast，c18∶1c9 (P<0.01) and n-3 PUFA (P<0.05) decreased.The n-6/n-3 value increased (P<0.05).(5) As for saturated fatty acids，there were higher c18∶0 and lower c16∶0 content in net fat and suet (P<0.01)，and higher c16∶0 and lower c18∶0 content in subcutaneous fat (P<0.01).Both of them were relatively lower in tail fat (P<0.01).As for unsaturated fatty acids，the c18∶1c9 (P<0.01) and n-3PUFA were higher in tail fat (P<0.05)，but n-6PUFA was lower (P<0.05).n-6PUFA was higher and c18∶1c9 was lower in net fat.However，all of them were lower in suet and subcutaneous fat.MCFA in subcutaneous fat was significantly higher than that in other 3 adipose tissues (P<0.01)，while there was no significant difference among the other 3 adipose tissues (P>0.05).The n-6/n-3 value from low to high was：tail fat (1.512∶1)<subcutaneous fat (2.435∶1)<suet (2.468∶1)<net fat (2.675∶1) (P<0.05).Diets for grazing sheep had n-3PUFA nutritional characteristics，and diets for fattening sheep had n-6PUFA nutritional characteristics.Sunit sheep growth rate and body fat deposition at early stage was significantly higher than that at later stage.Sunit sheep body fat had n-3PUFA nutritional characteristics，but age and fattening significantly decreased the nutritional characteristics of n-3PUFA.Nutritional value of PUFA in tail fat was much higher than that in net oil and suet，and the worst was in subcutaneous fat.As for the contribution of fatty acid to flavor，tail oil is the best and subcutaneous fat is the worst.

The effect of different harvest times on productive qualities and silage qualities of silage corn were studied，harvest index were used to evaluate the different harvest times.The JINDAN42 corn hybrid was harvested at blister stage，milk stage，dough stage and physiological maturity.The corn were sampled and ensiled for analyzing the chemical composition and the harvest index was calculated.The results indicated that the DM production，starch and EE content increased significantly (P<0.01)，while NDFD decreased (P<0.05) with the harvest time prolonged.The fermentative quality of corn silage at blister stage was worst compared that of the other stages (P<0.01).The appropriate harvest time was dough stage according to the crop harvest index or MILK 2006 index.The dough stage was suitable for corn silage on the production，quality and silage product features，in simple，the DM content and production are suitable indices for guiding silage corn harvest.

The purpose of this study is to improve the supervision of beef production，ensure the beef products’ safety and meet the consumer’s right to know and to choose.Based on individual cattle’s production cycle from breeding，slaughtering and sale，a beef production traceability system was constructed by adopting individual cattle coding technology，RFID label technology，information collection and wireless network transmission technology，network database and two-dimensional code identification technology.Three subsystems namely breeding subsystem，slaughtering subsystem and sale subsystem were included in the platform，and 20，16，6 function modules were realized for the above 3 subsystems，respectively.The main function of this platform is that the information collection and transmission of the whole production process form farming，slaughtering and selling，as well as the reverse traceability of information were realized through network，kiosk，or two-dimension code scanned by mobile phone.Above all，the building of beef production traceability system in large-scale farm realized the information collection and remote storage of beef quality from production to circulation，tracking forward and reverses traceability，and provides an internal management and public service platform for large-scale beef producers.

The current study was undertaken to certify the immunological adjuvant effect of recombinant IL-2，IL-4 and IFN-γ of porcine on the foot-and-mouth disease synthetic peptide vaccine.The changes of antibody and IL-4，IL-10，IL-17 and IFN-γ levels of porcines injected with synthetic peptide vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease and recombinant IL-2，IL-4 and IFN-γ of porcine，respectively.The results showed that the recombinant protein we made all had good biological activity.IL-2 and IFN-γ protein significantly increased the level of antibody against foot-and-mouth disease (P＜0.01)，while IL-4 appeared to have a suppressive effect (P＜0.01).Recombinant IL-4 significantly enhanced IL-4 and IL-10 secretions compared with that of the vaccine control group (P＜0.05).The IL-2 and IFN-γ could significantly stimulate the production of IFN-γ (P＜0.01).These results indicated that IL-2 and IFN-γ of porcine could significantly enhance the immune response against FMDV respectively.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the pathogen of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)，and can reduce immune reaction and cause serious immunosupression by causing the apoptosis and depletion of lymphocyte directly.To investigate the influence of PCV2 on the early development of lymphocyte，we used mice as experiment model，then selected immunofluorescence assay to detece the CD3，CD19 positive cell number in bone marrow，thymus and spleen，selected qPCR to quantify the gene expression involved in lymphocyte development，and selected MTT assay to test the lymphocyte proliferation ability in vitro.The result showed that：1) PCV2 decreased of lymphocyte in peripheral blood during the early infection stage and inhibited the proliferation ability in vitro；2) PCV2 decreased the number of CD19 positive cell significantly (P<0.01) in bone marrow and spleen，some important gene which are involved in the development of lymphocyte were inhibited significantly；and 3) PCV2 promoted the apoptosis of lymphocyte in development stage.Taken together，the results presented here demonstrate that PCV2 inhibits the development of lymphocyte and induces lymphocyte apoptosis may be one of the reasons causing lymphocyte depletion in PMWS case.

Taking small RNA（RyhB）as the object of study，the experiment explored the regulation of RyhB on avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) virulence-related genes.The Red homologous recombination method was used to construct the RyhB gene deletion strain (△RyhB) and the complemented strain (△RyhB-comp) by transforming the fusion plasmid pSTV28-RyhB into △RyhB.Viable bacteria counting method was used to evaluate the effects of AE17，△RyhB and △RyhB-comp on the capability of APEC to adhere and invade DF-1 cell.Their effects on the mRNA levels of the eight virulence genes were analyzed by Real-time PCR.The results showed that APEC strains △RyhB and △RyhB-comp were constructed successfully.The adherence of △RyhB was decreased by 62.5% compared to AE17，and that of △RyhB-comp was increased about 1.4 folds compared to △RyhB.Real-time PCR revealed that the transcription of bcfA, fyuA，tsh，luxS，fimC，ompA genes of △RyhB were decreased by 19%，52%，20%，14%，28% and 52%，respectively；while the iss and ibeA genes were increased about 1.14 folds and 1.2 folds respectively.It showed that the deletion of RyhB can reduce the adhesive power of APEC to DF-1 cells and decrease the transcription of virulence genes.Our study demonstrates that RyhB plays a very important role in regulating the virulence of APEC.

It was conducted to identify the gene type of 31 Trichophyton mentagrophytes isolated from rabbits.Samples were collected from infected rabbits for cultivation experiments on Sabouraud′s medium.Isolates were identified by morphology，urease test，hair perforation test and DNA analysis，and then subjected to phenotyping analysis by CHS1 gene sequencing.Results showed that 87.09% (27/31) of the colonies were granular- and powder-like with yellow-brown pigmentation deposition.Numerous grape-like microconidia，spiral hyphae，pectinafe mycelium and club-shaped macroconidia were presented in the culture.Urease test and hair perforation test were positive.The CHS1 sequences of the isolates showed 99.2%-95.4% homology with Trichophyton interdigitale.The results indicate that the isolates obtained in the present study are most likely zoophilic Trichophyton interdigitale.Based on the CHS1 gene variations in sequences，the isolates were divided into 5 genotypes.The type Ⅰ and type Ⅱ were the dominant genotypes，which accounted for 54.84% (17/31) of the isolates.These results suggest that analysis of CHS1 sequences is useful for identification and typing of Trichophyton mentagrophytes.

This study aimed to clone the chicken Doppel protein (ChDpl) gene (PRND)，preliminary analyze its relationship with the normal cellular prion protein (PrP^C)，and to provide a theoretical and molecular basis for the research of avian Dpl structure and function，and the mechanism of the interaction relationship between Dpl and PrP^C.Based on the amino acid sequence of multi-species Dpl，the conserved region of Dpl amino acid sequence was found，and the degenerate primers and optimize primers were designed with chicken codon preference to reduce the degeneracy gradually.Chicken PRND gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the specific primers，and then was inserted into pMD-18-T vector.The sequence was uploaded to the GenBank database after identified.Besides，the relationship between Dpl and PrP^C was analyzed.Through the alignments of multi-species Dpl’s amino acid sequence，we found that the section 11-150 bits (140 amino acid residues) was the conserved region of Dpl’s amino acid sequence，by designing primers with this area and PCR amplification，we obtained about 417 bp target band，its GenBank accession number was KP140962.Through comprehensively analysis of the related researches of Dpl and PrP^C，we found that although Dpl and PrP^C have a similar post-translational modifications and spatial structure，they mostly show antagonism，namely PrP^C can antagonize the neurotoxicity of Dpl，especially the 23-88 th residues of its N-terminal peptide containing octapeptide repeat region are crucial for the protection of Purkinje cells from Dpl induced neurodegeneration.The successful cloning of avian Dpl not only fills the gaps of current researches，even more at the molecular level laid a foundation for further study of the structure and function of Dpl and its antagonistic mechanism with PrP^C.

The c-Fos expression of the pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells in the development of the pulmonary hypertension in broilers induced by low ambient temperature and the effect of verapamil on c-Fos expression were dynamically studied.One hundred and eighty 14-day-old AA broilers were randomised into three groups，control group (21 ℃±1 ℃)，low temperature group (10 ℃±1 ℃) and verapamil group (10 ℃±1 ℃，add 0.01% verapamil in drinking water).Then their pulmonary arterial pressures were measured；and the lungs of broilers were fixed to study the expression of c-Fos.The results showed that the pulmonary arterial pressure in low temperature group significantly higher than those in control group and verapamil group after exposure to low temperature one week (P<0.05)，the expression of c-Fos in 20-50 μm and 50-100 μm pulmonary arteries in low temperature group were significantly higher than those in control group and verapamil group after exposure to low temperature one and two weeks respectively (P<0.05).The results suggested that the expression of c-Fos in pulmonary arteries were significantly increased and verapamil can prevent the high expression of c-Fos and the increase of pulmonary arterial pressure.

The present research investigated effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on toll-like receptor（TLR）-4 expression in lung injury induced by H9N2 swine influenza virus infection in mice.A total of 400 female BALB/c (SPF) mice were randomized into five groups and treated as follow：(1) H9N2 group，(2) H9N2+EGCG treatment group，(3) mock control，(4) mock+EGCG and (5) pharmacological inhibitor of TLR-4 Eritoran5564 (H9N2+E5564).The lung histopathology，lung water content，and MPO activity，OH• scavenging activity，the content of MDA and cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α)，and the mRNA and protein expression of TLR-4 in the lung tissue were observed or investigated at 2，4，6，8，and 14 days after inoculation.The results showed：(1) H9N2 virus-infected mice presented depression，dyspnea and weight loss dramatically；Histopathologically，alveolar and interstital edema，hemorrhage and inflamatory cell infiltration were observed in H9N2-infected mice.(2) Compare to that of H9N2-inected mice，the EGCG treatment alleviated clinical signs and the histological lesion，prolonged survival time and decreased mortality (35% vs 65%，P<0.05).It also inhibited MPO activity，decreased MDA content，and increased T-SOD level and OH• scavenging activity.Moreover，the lung wet weight to dry weight ratio (P<0.05) and the content of IL-1β and TNF-α in lung tissue significantly decreased compare with that of H9N2-inected mice.(3) The EGCG treatment markedly down-regulated the levels of mRNA and protein of TLR-4 in the lungs of H9N2-infected mice (P<0.05).Similarly，the E5564 inhibited the expression of TLR-4 mRNA and protein in lung tissue of H9N2 virus infected mice；It also decreased dramatically the levels of MPO，MDA，IL-1β and TNF-α，but the levels of T-SOD and OH• scavenging activity were higher than H9N2 group.These data demonstrated that EGCG down-regulated remarkably the levels of mRNA and protein of TLR-4 and effected the produce the levels of MPO，MDA，IL-1β and TNF-α during H9N2 viral infection，thus supporting the use of EGCG for managing ALI induced by H9N2-SIV influenza in future.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the histopathological and ultrastructural changes caused by dietary AFB₁ in broilers.One hundred one-day-old avian male broilers were randomly divided into four equal groups and were fed for 21 days as follows：a control diet and three AFB₁ addition diets containing 0.15，0.3 and 0.6 mg•kg^-1 AFB₁，respectively.The results showed that the relative weight of the three organs were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05).Histopathologically，in the AFB1 groups，there were increased nuclear debris around the reticulocytes in the cortex of the thymus；the number of lymphocytes was decreased in the medulla，and increased nuclear debris can be observed in the lymphoid follicle of the Bursa of Fabricius；more nuclear debris appeared around lymphoid follicles and lymphatic sheath in the chicken spleens.The ultrastructural changes were mitochondria swelling and increased apoptotic cells characterized as chromatin margination in the lymphocytes of the three immune organs.These results indicated that when the contents of dietary AFB₁ were from 0.15 to 0.6 mg•kg^-1，the development of immune organs could be inhibited，and the major lesions of the three immune organs were the decrease of lymphocytes and the increase of nuclear debris.

The aim of the present study was to explore the ultrasound image features of pregnant bitches of the reproductive system at different times.In our study，8 standard test Beagles are selected，and the color Doppler instrument was used.The uterus，ovaries and fetus were observed by real-time tracking and monitoring under the two-dimensional gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound mode.The ultrasound images we got were summarized and analyzed，meanwhile the bitches testing by vaginal smear microscopy.The result of ultrasound image showed that the ovaries and uterus’s volume increased significantly，the line was clear，the follicle was obviously，and the womb milk like ‘thin’ in uterine cavity was visible during the heat period.We tested the fetus at the 23 d of gestation by ultrasound.The blood stream of ovaries was obviously and plentiful，the arteriovenous fistula of ovary from the back cavity vein and the abdominal aorta twisted together as red and blue strap interlace，and flow into the ovary during the estrus by color Doppler ultrasound machine；the blood of uterine was more plentiful gradually after pregnancy，internal diameter and signal intensity of blood vessel rising quickly.The size，blood stream distribution can change during physiology period，and real-time monitored regular pattern of ultrasound image of the ovary，uterus and embryo by ultrasound will provide reference information for bitches reproductive system development and clinical examination.

The aim of this study was to detect the biochemical indexes and relevant genes related to cold stress in Sanhe cattle.Thirty heifer Sanhe cattle in Inner Mongolia were kept at -32 ℃ for 3 h，and then blood samples were collected before and after cold stress separately to detect the biochemical indexes and gene expression changes.After 3 h cold stress，T3，T4 and ACTH in blood significantly increased (P<0.01).The expressions of LIN54 and KLF12 decreased in silver staining map produced by mRNA differential display method (DDRT)，decrease of the 2 genes expression were further verified at the level of P<0.05 for LIN54 and P<0.01 for KLF12 by fluorescence quantitative RT-PCR.The 2 genes belonged to LINC and KLF families，respectively,LINC involved in mitotic gene activation,KLF involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis.T3，T4 and ACTH may be used as the candidate indexes to measure the strength of cold stress in large population，LIN54 and KLF12 may be the important candidate genes for further study on genetic mechanism of cold stress in cattle.The combination of these biochemical indexes and expression change of candidate genes would be used to assess the change of individual under cold stress，which will be more valuable in breeding for cold resistance ability in Sanhe cattle.

This experiment was conducted to study the species characteristic and phylogenetic relationship of hemoplasmas from the wild rats on molecular level.Thirty-two blood samples collected from wild Rattus edwardsi in Hunan and Guangxi province of China were investigated by PCR aplication based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence.The total infection rate of hemoplasmas was 65.63% (21/32).Genetic variations showed that the inter-specific differences between M.haemomuris isolates and other Mycoplasma species (3.0%-4.5%) were bigger than that (0.8%) between two synonymic species (Haemobartonella muris and M.haemomuris).Phylogenetic analyses indicated that M.haemomuris derived from wild Rattus edwardsi grouped into a solitary clade closely related to H.muris and M.haemomuris. The results suggested that M.haemomuris isolated in the present study should represent a new genotype，and temporarily named M. haemomuris Rattus edwardsi strain.These data may have important implications for researching epidemiology and population biology as well as for studying the taxonomy and status of the genus Mycoplasma.