Skeletal muscle satellite cells are considered to be the only stem cell source of adult skeletal muscle cells differentiation. It is generally in resting state. After stimulated, skeletal muscle satellite cells can be activated, proliferation and differentiation into muscle cells through the key signaling pathway, then participate in the formation of skeletal muscle and injury repair. Signaling pathways commonly involve in the process of proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells.Such as Wnt and mTOR signaling pathways regulate satellite cell activity through cascade amplification, Notch and P38 MAPK signaling pathways are thought to be closely related to the resting state of satellite cells, JAK/STAT signaling pathway can cause different specific responses of satellite cells at different stages. These signaling pathways are linked to each other, and thus affect the growth and repair capacity of skeletal muscle satellite cells. In this paper, we reviewed the study progress of the effects of Wnt, Notch, P38 MAPK, mTOR, JAK/STAT signaling pathways on the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle satellite cells, and laid a foundation for further study on the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle formation and muscular development.

Recombinant virus-vectored vaccine is a newly developed vaccine based on viral vectors delivering protective antigens of other pathogens. It can infect host cells and deliver antigen protein encoded by exogenous genes, stimulating both humoral and cellular immune responses. Duck enteritis virus (DEV) has a large genome about 160 kb in length, containing large amounts of non-encoding region and nonessential replication region. Recombinant genetic engineering techniques have brought forward a leap in molecular biology study of DEV and designing DEV-vectored vaccines. Recent studies have demonstrated that DEV may be a promising viral vector candidate and plays a crucial role in future vaccine development. In this review, we summarized the advances of studies on recombinant DEV-vectored vaccines to provide some valuable fundamental information for future DEV vaccine development.

Multidrug efflux pumps are found in any organism and constitute a series of transporters, which contribute to the resistant to antibiotics intrinsic and acquired. Nowadays, numerous efflux pump-related proteins have been investigated, and the exact mechanism of induction drug extrusion is researching. Also, there are few efflux-related protein used in antibiotic residue detection. The aim of this review is to elucidate the types of efflux pumps and their constitutive and regulator proteins, and also the application of efflux pump proteins in antibiotic residue detection. Finally, the problems and developmental trends in the research of efflux pump are summarized and discussed.

The purpose of this study was to further explore the function of FUT2 and its regulation mechanisms in swine epithelial cells infected by E. coli F18 at the cellular level, which provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding of improving the resistance of piglets to E. coli F18. The expression differences of FUT2 gene in intestinal epithelial cells before and after E. coli F18ab, F18ac infection and lipopolysaccharide(LPS) induction were detected by Real-time PCR. Then, the Western blotting was performed to identify the protein expression differences of FUT2 in intestinal epithelial cells before and after E. coli F18ab and F18ac infection. Meanwhile the lentiviral interference vectors of porcine FUT2 were designed and constructed, and the intestinal epithelial cells line with FUT2 gene silencing was obtained. The effects of FUT2 gene silencing on the mRNA expression of key genes (FUT1, ST3GAL1, HEXA, HEXB, B3GALNT1, NAGA) involved in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series pathway and on E. coli F18 adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells were further analyzed. The results showed that the FUT2 expression levels in intestinal epithelial cells were significantly increased after E. coli infection and LPS induction (P<0.01), and the FUT2 expression level in intestinal epithelial cells was also increased after E. coli infection. Moreover, the lentiviral interference vectors of porcine FUT2 were successfully constructed, and the intestinal epithelial cells line with FUT2 gene silencing were obtained. After FUT2 gene silencing, the expression level of key genes in glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series pathway were decreased at different degrees. The expression level of FUT1 after FUT2 silencing was significantly reduced (P<0.05), and the expression levels of ST3GAL1, HEXA, HEXB were extremely significantly reduced (P<0.01), while the expression levels of B3GALNT1 and NAGA genes showed no significant changes. In addition, the adhesion ability of E. coli F18 to swine epithelial cells was decreased significantly (P<0.05). These results show that the lower expression level of FUT2 may hinder the formation of E.coli F18 receptor, and thus elevate the resistance capability of porcine small intestine epithelial cells to E.coli F18 infection. Our findings can also provide theoretical foundations and evidence for further investigating on the mechanisms of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-globo series pathway in resistance of pigs to E. coli infection.

This study aimed to find single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites and molecular markers affecting the routine blood traits of pregnant sows. Porcine SLA-DOB and CD4 were chosen as candidate genes, blood samples were randomly collected from 358 pregnant Landrace sows and used to detect 19 routine blood indexes, then association analysis was conducted between the polymorphic sites of candidate genes and the routine blood traits.We found that 12 mutations, in which SNP1, SNP2 and SNP3 of SLA-DOB gene as well as Ins9, SNP10 and SNP11 in CD4 gene were all newly discovered mutations. SNP1 was significantly associated with mean platelet volume (MPV) (P<0.01), hematocrit (HCT) and red cell volume distribution width SD (RDW_SD) (P<0.05); SNP2 was extremely significantly associated with MPV(P<0.01); SNP3 was significantly associated with mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) (P<0.05); Ins9 was significantly associated with mean corpuscular volume (MCV) (P<0.05) and MPV (P<0.01); SNP10 and SNP11 were significantly associated with MCV, MCH, MPV (P<0.01) and RDW_SD (P<0.05); meanwhile, SNP10 was significantly associated with MCHC (P<0.05). These novel mutations are potential important polymorphic loci affecting the routine blood traits in pregnant sows. The results suggest that the SLA-DOB and CD4 genes as well as their genetic mutations can be as important candidate genes and key molecular markers affecting immunity of pregnant sows.

This study aimed to explore the regulatory mechanism of miR-132-3p targeting UCP2 expression in ovine preadipocytes. In this study, ovine subcutaneous fat cells were used to investigate the mechanism of miR-132-3p targeting UCP2 in ovine preadipocytes. The binding sites of miR-132-3p to UCP2 were predicted by bioinformatics softwares, and were verified via double luciferase report system. Expression of UCP2 mRNA and protein were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, respectively after overexpressing miR-132-3p. The expression of UCP2 mRNA and miR-132-3p were detected by RT-qPCR during differentiation stage in ovine preadipocyte. The results showed that miR-132-3p had binding site to UCP2 3'-UTR and significantly down-regulated the relative fluorescence activity of recombinant double fluorescent plasmid(P<0.05). Overexpressing miR-132-3p significantly down-regulated both UCP2 mRNA(P<0.05) and protein expressions. At last, we found a negative correlation between the expression of miR-132-3p and UCP2 at the middle stage during ovine preadipocytes differentiation. In conclusion, miR-132-3p inhibits UCP2 expression at both levels of mRNA and protein by specifically binding to UCP2 3'-UTR, and thus promotes ovine preadipocytes differentiation to a certain extent.

The aim of this study was to explore influence of miR-186-5p on migration and proliferation of sheep melanocytes. The expression of miR-186-5p in different color skin of sheep were determined by Quantitative real-time PCR; The over-expression vectors of miR-186-5p were transfected into sheep melanocytes, and then, the expression of miR-186-5p was analyzed using Quantitative real-time PCR; The melanin content were detected by spectrophotometer; The capacity of migration and proliferation were analyzed by wound-healing assay. The results showed that the expression of miR-186-5p was significantly higher in white skin than that in black skin (P<0.05); In transfected melanocytes with over-expression of miR-186-5p, the expression of miR-186-5p was significantly increased (P<0.01), the level of melanin content was significantly reduced(P<0.05),the capacity of migration and proliferation of melanocytes also reduced. In summary, miR-186-5p was associated with the formation of melanin in sheep skin, in sheep melanocytes, overexpression of miR-186-5p would reduce the melanin production and suppress the migration and proliferation of melanocytes.

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that miR-130b could target PPARγ to inhibit the differentiation of rabbit preadipocytes. Primary perirenal preadipocytes of New Zealand young rabbits were cultured and induced differentiation by cocktail as in vitro experimental model, and then the expression of miR-130b, PPARγ and C/EBPα at 0, 2, 6, 10 d during differentiation were determined by RT-qPCR. Bioinformatics softwares were used to identify homology and predict target genes of miR-130b; The preadipocytes were transfected with miR-130b mimic and miR-130b inhibitor in vitro, and the expression of miR-130b, PPARγ and C/EBPα were detected. The preadipocytes were stained with Oil Red O. The results showed that:1) In the process of preadipocyte differentiation, the expression of miR-130b, PPARγ and C/EBPα were variant; There were a large orange red lipid droplets with Oil Red O staining in the preadipocytes differentiated for 8 days; Bioinformatics software predicted that PPARγ could be used as the target gene of miR-130b, and the sequence of miR-130b had a high homology in mammals. 2) After overexpression of miR-130b, the expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα in mimic group were very significantly lower than that in NC group (P<0.01). 3) After knockdowned miR-130b, the expression of PPARγ in inhibitor group was very significantly higher than that in inhibitor NC group (P<0.01), the expression of C/EBPα in inhibitor group was significantly higher than that in inhibitor NC group (P < 0.05). 4) Oil Red O staining showed that the degree of differentiation:inhibitor group > NC group > mimic group. miR-130b is differentially expressed in the differentiation process of rabbit preadipocytes and may inhibit the differentiation of preadipocytes by targeting PPARγ.

To research the effects of insulin and FSH on porcine ovarian follicular development, ovaries were collected and follicular granulosa cells (GCs) were isolated. Setting control groups and repetitive groups, GCs were cultured for 7 d treated with different concentrations of insulin and FSH by long-term culture in vitro. Observing the growth situation and counting the numbers of GCs in each well. Competition method was performed to detect the E₂ concentrations in medium. Results showed that, at 0 ng·mL^-1 concentration of FSH in medium, with the increase of insulin concentration, GCs proliferation was more and the number of GCs showed a tendency to increase. The numbers of GCs were the most when the supplement dose of insulin was 100 ng·mL^-1 (P<0.05). When insulin was 0 ng·mL^-1, with the increase of FSH concentration, GCs proliferation was more and the number of GCs showed a tendency to increase, and at 5 or 25 ng·mL^-1 concentration of FSH, the number of GCs were more than other 2 groups (P<0.05). When FSH at 0 ng·mL^-1, insulin at 100 ng·mL^-1, E₂ concentration was more than other groups with different concentration of insulin (P<0.05). When insulin was 10 ng·mL^-1 and FSH was 1 ng·mL^-1, E₂ concentration in the medium was the greatest, but there was no significant differences among groups with different concentrations of insulin (P<0.05). At 5 or 25 ng·mL^-1 concentration of FSH, there was no significant differences in E₂ concentration among different groups with different concentrations of insulin. Insulin in cooperation with FSH promotes the proliferation and E₂ production of porcine follicular GCs. The E₂ secretion of porcine follicular GCs will decline when FSH exceeded a certain physiological concentration.

In order to identify the differential expression levels of Bad,Bax,Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis tissues during luteal and follicular periods, and to study the association of these genes with year-round estrus in Small Tail Han sheep. Year-round estrous Small Tail Han ewes were selected as tested subjects,and real-time PCR method was used to detect Bad,Bax,Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL mRNA expression by using 18S RNA as reference gene in hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis tissues during luteal and follicular periods. The serum estradiol and progesterone contents were measured by RIA at the corresponding time points. The results showed that Bad,Bax,Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL genes were all expressed in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary tissues. The expression levels of Bad and Bcl-2 genes in pituitary and ovary tissues in the luteal phase were higher than those in the follicular phase (P<0.05). The expression levels of Bad and Bcl-2 genes in hypothalamus had no significant differences between the luteal phase and the follicular phase (P>0.05). The expression levels of Bax and Bcl-xL genes in hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary tissues had no significant differences between the luteal phase and the follicular phase (P>0.05). The concentration of progesterone in the luteal phase was significantly higher than that in the follicular phase (P<0.05), while the estradiol concentration had no significant difference between the 2 stages (P>0.05). The results indicated that the expression levels of Bad and Bcl-2 genes had great differences during the luteal and follicular periods of Small Tail Han sheep,which might regulate the stage transition from luteal to follicular periods, and the 2 genes were associated with estrus onset in Small Tail Han sheep.

The aim of this study was to explore the sequence characteristics of Sp1 gene of Hu sheep and its effect on proliferation and apoptosis in granulosa cells. The CDS region of Sp1 gene was obtained by cloning and sequencing, and was analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic tree was constructed based on Sp1 amino acid sequence through NJ method. The expression profile of Sp1 was detected by RT-PCR. The Sp1 overexpression vector of Hu sheep was constructed by cloning, the activity of Caspase-3 and CCK-8 value was detected by correspoding kits; and the apoptosis rate of human ovarian granulosa cells (KGN) was detect by the flow cytometry. The results showed that the length of Sp1 CDS region was 2 340 bp and encoded 799 amino acid residues, which were 94.28% and 95.75% homology with the nucleotide sequence and amino acid sequence of human, respectively; Hu sheep had closer relationship with cow; Sp1 gene was widely expressed in many tissues of Hu sheep such as ovary, granulosa cells, and so on. Sp1 overexpression vector was constructed and transfected KGN cells successfully; the activity of Caspase-3 in the experimental group was remarkably higher than that in the control group (P<0.05) and CCK-8 value was just the reverse, which suggesting that overexpression of Sp1 gene inhibited the proliferation of KGN cells(P<0.05) and promoted the apoptosis of KGN cells (P<0.05).The Sp1 gene of Hu sheep was highly conserved in mammals, it could inhibit the proliferation of KGN and lead to its apoptosis.

This work studied the effect of age at photostimulation (PS) on sexual maturation in broiler breeders, aiming at providing scientific guidance for the lighting management. A total of 384 healthy female AA broiler breeders were randomly assigned to 4 treatments with 2 replications, respectively. The birds were caged individually and provided with restricted feed. The birds of the 4 treatments were photostimulated at 16 (PS16), 18 (PS18), 20 (PS20) and 22 (PS22) weeks of age, respectively. In the first week of photostimulation, the lighting regimen was 8L:16D and the lighting intensity was increased from 10 to 80 lx. From the 2nd to the 4th week of photostimulation, the lighting regimen was changed from 8L:16D to 14L:10D. Six birds randomly selected from each treatment were sacrificed to characterize the growth, sexual development at 4 time points (the week before the photostimulation, and 2, 4, and 6 weeks after the photostimulation). Blood samples were collected to measure the plasma esteadiol concentration. The egg production was recorded for each bird. The qualities of the eggs in the early laying period were estimated. The results showed that:1) The birds in all treatments had increased abdominal fat percentage. The PS20 and PS22 birds had the faster increase in ovary index, oviduct index, oviduct length and estradiol levels than those from the PS16 and PS18. 2) The time from the first egg to 5% production and from photostimulation to 5% production of birds of PS16 were both longer than other treatments (P=0.007 9, P=0.000 1). 3) Birds from the PS18 had a lighter eggshell weight than those from PS16 and PS22 (P=0.005 1). Shell thickness and strength were higher for the birds from the PS16 than those from other treatments with no significant difference (P=0.083 4, P=0.066 2). In addition, Age of photostimulation had no effect on other egg quality parameters (P>0.05). In conclusion, photostimulation at 16 weeks of age for female broiler breeders may cause the light desensitization; photostimulation at 22 weeks may promote the sexual maturation, including gonad development, estradiol levels, laying uniformity, and egg quality in the early laying period.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary protein on slaughter performance, cell size, gene expression and mtDNA copy number in Rongchang pigs during fattening period. Twenty-four Rongchang pigs with similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into 2 groups:low protein group (10.50%) and high protein group (16.50%). Each group had 3 replicates and 4 pigs per replicate. After the trial, all pigs were slaughtered, the growth performance, slaughter performance, adipocyte volume and myofiber cross-sectional area (CSA) were detected. qRT-PCR was used to analyze mRNA expression and mtDNA copy number. The results showed that:1) The carcass weight, fat percentage, backfat thickness and adipocyte volume of the high protein group were significantly higher than that of low protein group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in lean meat percentage, loin muscle area and myofiber cross-sectional area between the 2 groups (P>0.05). 2) Compared with the low protein group, the expression of lipolysis gene ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2 and LPL in the high protein group were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and the expression of lipogenesis gene FABP5, FTO and UCP2 were significantly increased (P<0.01), the expression of SCD was not significantly changed (P>0.05). The expression levels of muscle growth gene MYOG, MYOZ1, MYOD1 and IGF1 were significantly increased (P<0.05), and the expression of gene MSTN was not significantly changed (P>0.05). 3) Compared with the low protein group, The copy number of mtDNA in adipocytes and myofibers of high protein group was significantly increased (P<0.05). These results indicate that the dietary protein can influence on the growth and development of Rongchang pig during the fattening period at the molecular and phenotypic levels, and high protein diet can enhance the fat deposition.

This experiment was conducted to study the relationship between porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection activated PERK/eIF2α pathway and autophagy, and the possible function of overexpressing chaperone P58IPK within it. PK-15 cells were treated with PERK specific inhibitor GSK2606414, siRNA, followed by PCV2 infection for 24 h. Western blot was taken to measure phosphorylated eIF2α (p-eIF2α), LC3-Ⅱ and ATG5-ATG12 expression at first. Then P58IPK overexpression vector was constructed and transiently transfected, combined with Western blot to study the influence of overexpressing P58IPK on PCV2-induced PERK/eIF2α pathway and autophagy. Western blot results showed PERK specific inhibitor GSK2606414 and siRNA significantly suppressed PCV2-induced p-eIF2α (P<0.01) and LC3-Ⅱ (P<0.01) expression. While overexpressing P58IPK not only resulted in PCV2-induced p-eIF2α (P<0.01), ATG5-ATG12 (P<0.01) and LC3-Ⅱ (P<0.01) decrease, but also significantly downregulated activating PCV2 copies number (P<0.01). Results indicate PCV2 infection induces autophagy through activating PERK/eIF2α pathway. Overexpression of P58IPK represses PCV2-induced autophagy through inhibiting PERK pathway, consequently, inhibiting PCV2 replication.

To discover differential expressed key genes in LMH cells infected with ARV virulent and attenuated vaccine strain, RNA-seq sequencing was utilized to perform the transcriptomic analysis. LMH cells were infected with ARV virulent strain S1133 and attenuated strain aS1133 at the dosage of 1 MOI, the infected cells and uninfected cells were collected at 6, 12 and 24 hpi to prepare total RNA samples for transcriptomic analysis by Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000 sequencer. Genes between S1133-infected and aS1133 infected cells with expression difference times ≥ 2 and P ≤ 0.001 were set as differentially expressed genes for further analysis. The analysis results showed that compared with aS1133-infected cells, 4 013 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were discovered, including 58 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated DEGs at 6 hpi; 1 429 up-regulated and 354 down-regulated at 12 hpi; 1 680 up-regulated and 481 down-regulated at 24 hpi. These DEGs expression modes were categorized into 10 co-expression trends. With GO functional annotation analysis, the biological functions of these DEGs were associated with GTPase regulator activity, signal transducer activity, protein kinase activity; and these DEGs were involved in response to biotic stimulus, cell apoptotic process, biological regulation, signal transduction. The pathway analysis showed that DEGS were involved in a serious of signal pathways such as Toll-like receptor signal pathway, TGF-β signal pathway. The results of qRT-PCR for detection of DEGs randomly selected were consistent with those of transcriptomic analysis. The above data compared and analyzed that at the transcription level, differentially expressed genes in LMH cells after ARV virulent and attenuated strain infection and explored the possible different responses for host cells to ARV different strains, which would contribute to further understand ARV pathogenesis.

A goose parvovirus (GPV) strain (named MDE) was isolated from mule duck embryos and mule ducks hatched and identified by colloidal gold labeled technique, electron microscope and PCR. The results shows that the virions were spherical with a diameter of approximately 20-24 nm. The colloidal gold test results were that GPV is positive. The results of complete genomic sequences analysis demonstrated that the full-length genome of MDE strain is 5106 bp in length. The nucleotide homology of genomic sequences between MDE strain and other 15 GPV isolates ranged from 93.2% to 98.1%, sharing the greater similarity to strain SH and the lower similarity to strain M15 isolated from mule ducks. Also, the VP1 gene shared higher similarity to the vaccine SYG61v strain. Phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and NS1 gene showed that MDE was a distinct lineage of goose parvovirus but separate from Muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV). Compared with the vaccine SYG61v strain, MDE add the deduced 703NRTS glycosylation in VP1 protein. In conclusion,The isolated GPV strains in this study can be transmitted vertically by mule duck embryos and enriched the ecology of GPV.

The aim of this study was to investigate the serovars and virulence genes as well as the pathogenicity of Salmonella isolates from goats in Sichuan Province, which will provide the information for food safety. The 42 Salmonella strains from goats were identified by the mono-specific serum, and the carrying rates of 15 virulence genes, including invA, sopE, orgA, avrA, ttrB, sseL, rhuM, mgtC, orfL,sopB, pipD,sodC1, lpfC, pefA and spvC, were detected by PCR. According to the results of serovars and virulence genes, 6 of the Salmonella strains were selected and studied the pathogenicity in BALB/c mice by oral infection. The serotyping results exhibited that the 42 Salmonella isolates were divide into 4 different serovars, incuding S. Blegdam (23/42), S. Enterica (15/42), S. Agona (3/42) and S. Newport (1/42). In 42 Salmonella strains, all isolates carried the five virulence genes of invA, orgA, pipD, sopB and lpfC. The carrying rates of the virulence genes of sopE, sseL, ttrB, rhuM, sodC1, pefA, spvC, avrA,mgtC and orfL were 97.6%, 97.6%, 88.1%, 95.2%, 92.9%, 47.6%, 47.6%, 40.5%, 40.5% and 38.1%, respectively. Each strain carried at least 6 virulence genes, and two S. Agona strains carried virulence plasmid. There were two of S. enteritidis strains, two of S. Blegdam strains and two of S. Agona strains carrying 15 virulence genes, which could killed the no-antibiotics treated mice at the doses of 5×10⁸ CFU. Furthermore, the LD₅₀ of the S.enteritidis strain SWUN3816 was 1.6×10² CFU to mice. Both S. Blegdam and S. Enterica were dominant serovars from goats in Sichuan Province, and it was first to identify the S. Agona strain carrying virulence plasmid.

To solve the antibiotic resistance and find substitution of antibiotics, this study explored the basic biological characteristics of Escherichia coli phage RZⅢ-3 and its therapeutic effect on SPF chicken colibacillosis. The biological characteristics of Escherichia coli phage RZⅢ-3 showed that the titer was 10⁹ pfu·mL^-1, high stability to heat, the bacteriophage titer can reach more than 10⁷ pfu·mL^-1 after incubation at 60℃ for 1 h. It had a wide adaptive range of pH, and maintained a high cleavage activity at pH 4-10. The optimum pH of the phage was about 7.0, its optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI) was 0.1, and the incubation period of infected host bacteria was about 20 min. The results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the phage belonged to the T4 phage. Escherichia coli phage RZⅢ-3 on Escherichia coli 1019 had a strong ability to crack, The number of Escherichia coli 1019 in SPF chickens can be reduced by 96.5%.This indicated that the Escherichia coli phage RZⅢ-3 has a greater potential for the treatment of specific Escherichia coli infection.

O-linked glycosylation is a form of protein posttranslational modifications that occurs in the Golgi apparatus of eukaryotes, and archaea as well as bacteria. Polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2 (ppGalNAc-T2, EC 2.4.1.41) is the first key enzyme in the pathway of O-glycan biosynthesis. Whole genome sequencing of Eimeria spp has ever revealed that these protozoa possess the pathways for O-glycan synthesis and O-linked glycosylation of proteins. For exploring the profiles of glycosylation in the global proteome of Eimeria tenella during developmental cycle, and the potential druggable target of EtppGalNAc-T2, we have cloned and recombinantly expressed the EtppGalNAc-T2 gene according to its predicted coding sequence deposited in EuPathDB, and evaluated its transcriptional profiling in different stages of life cycle using qRT-PCR method. The results showed that the ORF of EtppGalNAc-T2 is 1 983 bp in full length, and can be expressed in E. coli Transetta (DE3) with recombinant vector EtppGalNAc-T2-pGEX-6p-1. qRT-PCR results showed that the transcriptions of EtppGalNAc-T2 are significantly varied among different developmental stages, that is, the highest in E. tenella sporozoite, and nearly no-detectable transcription in sporulated occyst. Briefly, these results confirmed O-glycan synthesis process, and may play roles in the regulation of developmental conversion in E. tenella.

Melophagus ovinus is one of the most common and economically important blood-feeding ectoparasites on sheep, but no exhaustive information on the morphology of M. ovinus. The aim of this study was to provide the basis for rapid and accurate identify this parasite. The morphological characteristics of M. ovinus were observed by the super depth of field three-dimensional microscope system and scanning electron microscope, and the molecular identification was also performed by analyzing the gene sequence of 18S rRNA. The results showed that M. ovinus was an entirely wingless brown fly, no halteres. The head was short and broad flat. M. ovinus had piercing-sucking mouthparts, reduced compound eyes and thumbnail antennae, no ocellus. The chest was not segmented, had three pairs of legs and four pairs of stegmas, and the tibial ends have large claws. The abdomen was wide and ameristic, with an oval or round shape. The abdomens of M. ovinus differ depending on the sex:the female's abdomen was big, round, and invaginated in the back; the male's abdomen was small, round, and embossed in the back. The entire surface of the body had dense setae. The sequencing result of 18S rRNA had 99.59% similarity with the published sequences in GenBank. These findings suggested that the samples obtained from the sheep bred in the city of Jiuquan in Gansu Province were M. ovinus, and this parasite had easily recognizable morphological characteristics.

Understanding the role of the PI3K/AKT pathway in regulating basic parameters of antler stem cells, include antlerogenic periosteum (AP) cells and pedicle periosteum (PP) cells, and provide valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying mammalian organ generation and regeneration. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the PI3K/AKT pathway on antler stem cell proliferation, adhesion, cell cycle, cytoskeleton and angiogenesis. Our results showed that:1) PI3K/AKT pathway had a greater influence on proliferation of the AP cells and played a more important role in maintaining the normal cell cytoskeleton than those of the PP cells; 2) conditioned medium of the APCs stimulated tube formation,whereas the PPCs did not significantly do so. Our results suggest that PI3K/AKT pathway may play more important role in antler generation than regeneration.

Bacterial community composition of different particle size of suspended particulates in weaning pig house was preliminary studied, by high-throughput sequencing. This study collected aerosol microbe in weaning pig house with 5% of the male sheep blood-AGAR culture medium for sampling medium, using Andersen-level 6 impact type air microorganism sample collector. The collected aerosol microbe was trained after 24 hours to extract DNA and amplify of the V3-V4 viriable regions of 16S rDNA. Afterwords, we analyzed bacterial community composition of different particle size of suspension particles in weaning pig house, by iⅡumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. We obtained 301 065 high quality series at all levels and identified 2 104 OTUs (operational taxonomical unit) based on the 97% similarity rule; By alpha diversity analysis, flora richness from big to small, in turn, was 3_4s, 3_2s, 3_1s, 3_6s, 3_5s and 3_3s, respectively. Flora diversity was slightly different through the analysis of the different index, but the highest diversity was from 3_2s, 3_5s, the lowest was from 3_3s; Flora composition was mainly composed of 4 phylum, 40 species. The richness of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the highest. Total percentage of Acinetobacter, Comamonas, Staphylococcus and Myroides were higher than others. Flora similarity of 3_1s, 3_5s, 3_4s and 3_2s were high through the PCoA (principal component analysis) based on UniFrac analysis. Difference of flora structure between 3_6s, 3_3s and the others was observed. The richness of bacterial flora which diameter of suspended particulate was between 2.1 and 3.3 μm was the highest. Fourteen species of bacteria had been reported pathogenic to people and animals. Community structure was different at all levels, and difference of adjacent level was great.

The present study aimed to construct gene co-expression network modules in pig, and explore functional genes. The 24 modules were constructed using RNA-seq dataset by Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis, which were enriched in biological process, KEGG pathway, disease and tissue specificity. Modules showed significant functional specificity, and were correlated with specific development stages and metabolic pathways of organs. In addition, signaling pathways within the same module had regulation relationships with each other. Furthermore, modules enriched genes in diseases related to metabolic, nervous system and cancer, and also modules were located at the specific tissues. Moreover, calcium channel, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and ubiquitin mediating signaling pathway played key roles in different modules. The genes related to oxytocin and circadian entrainment pathways performed important regulatory functions in reproduction. SIX1 and PRKAG3 involved in development of muscles. Finally, the construction and analysis of gene co-expression regulation network can provide new ideas and methods to discover specific gene resource in Chinese local pig breeds and enrich the theories of molecular breeding.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RES) on the growth, serum biochemical indexes, antioxidant capacity and intestinal morphology in rats fed with high fat diet. Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats of 6 weeks of age were randomly divided into 5 groups with 5 replicates of 1 rat each. The rats in the 5 groups were respectively fed a basal diet, basal diet + low dose RES (30 mg·(kg BW)^-1), high fat diet, high fat diet+low dose RES (30 mg·(kg BW)^-1), high fat diet+high dose RES(60 mg·(kg BW)^-1). The trial lasted for 4 weeks. The results showed as follows:1)Compared with the basal diet group, the body weight of the rats in the high fat diet group significantly increased (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the basal diet and basal diet+low dose RES groups (P>0.05). Compared to the high fat diet group, low or high dose resveratrol supplemented in high fat diet decreased the body weight of the rats, but the changes were not significant(P>0.05), while the addition of low-dose resveratrol in high fat diet significantly reduced the feed intake (P<0.05). 2)Compared with the basal diet group, the levels of urea nitrogen and the activity of fatty acid synthase(FAS) in the serum of rats in the high fat diet group were significantly decreased (P<0.05);Compared with the high fat diet group, the addition of high dose of resveratrol in the high fat diet significantly reduced the levels of triglyceride (TG) and non esterified fatty acid (NEFA) (P<0.05), and increased the content of high density lipoprotein (HDL) (P<0.05). 3)The addition of low-dose resveratrol in basal diet significantly decreased the activity of GSH-Px in rat serum (P<0.05). Compared with the high fat diet group, the addition of low or high dose of resveratrol in the high fat diet significantly reduced the MDA concentration in serum (P<0.05), increased T-SOD activity and T-AOC (P<0.05). 4)Compared with the high fat diet group, the addition of low or high dose of resveratrol in the high fat diet significantly increased the crypt depth of jejunum (P<0.05), and had a tendency to increase the villus height of jejunum (P<0.1). In conclusion, resveratrol can effectively alleviate oxidative stress, promote growth and nutrients utilization, improve blood lipid metabolism and enhance antioxidant capacity of rats with high fat diet, while have no significant effect on the protection of intestinal morphology and structure.