The genome-wide association study (GWAS) has become an effective approach to identify genetic variants associated with complex traits and diseases.However，population structure can result in spurious association.In the past few decades，new approaches were developed and improved to minimize the influence of population structure.In this review，we summarize some new approaches to treat population structure for selecting the best method for any GWAS to reveal the genetic backgroud of some traits.

Transgenic pig technology can be used in pig breeding as well as biological medicine.It has valuable application in improving the production level of pig industry and the health of human.Here recent research progresses of transgenic pig technology were summarized by focusing on the micromanipulation technique and the gene integration method which were the keys for transgenic pig production.The current applications of transgenic pig technology in agriculture also were summarized.

The proliferation，differentiation and apoptosis of spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are regulated orderly by sertoli cells (SCs) and maintain the spermatogenesis of male animals.This review focuses on the relationship of physical structure between SCs and SSCs，and the regulation for the proliferation，differentiation and apoptosis of SSCs by GDNF，FGF2，RA，BMP4，SCF，FasL and SR-BI which are SCs-derived factors.This information provides an important reference for the further studies of spermatogenesis and will have great significance to improve reproductive efficiency of male animals，and also provides a valuable reference to explore the clinical treatment of male infertility disease.

 To dissect the hereditary basis for hematological traits，we integrated the results of genome-wide association study and muscle expression quantitative loci(eQTL) analysis to identify the candidate genes in a White Duroc×Erhualian pigs F₂ resource population on the basis of systems genetics.In this study，the 18 hematological parameters of 1 149 pigs were measured and the expressed transcripts of muscles in 593 pigs were detected，1 020 individuals were genotyped.The correlations between gene expressions and phenotypic data were evaluated using Spearman correlation coefficient.Those eQTL were identified by aligning the related transcripts with the pig reference genome and their ontology enrichment were also implemented.We also performed the integrated analysis by incorporating eQTL information into our blood-based GWAS data.In this study，122 eQTLs were identified including 9 cis-eQTLs and 63 trans-eQTLs with a conservative threshold P<5×10^-4.Of them，SERPINB6 was an identified candidate gene by eQTL.PTPRC and ITGA8 were prioritized as candidate genes by gene ontology enrichment analysis.TMED9，PCK1，TINAGL1 and SORL1 were highlighted as the most promising candidate genes by integrative eQTL and GWAS analysis.We identified 7 novel candidate genes by integrating the previous blood-based genome-wide association study and muscle gene expression profiles analysis.PCK1，TMED9，TINAGL1 and SORL1 shared the association signals of GWAS and eQTL.

Maternal infanticide behavior in 288 sows from a White Duroc × Erhualian F₂ resource population was measured.The aim of the study was to identify the QTL affecting maternal infanticide behavior.According to pedigree information and genotyped samples with 60K chip，we speculated the 60K genotypes of the 288 tested individuals.Furthermore，a genome-wide association study was carried out to identify the significant genomic loci associated with maternal infanticide behavior using GenABEL packages in R software.We detected a total of 50 significant SNPs associated with maternal infanticide behavior on SSC2 and SSC8.Totally 21 SNPs on SSC8：35.05-47.54 Mb reached the genome-wide significant level.Only 1 SNP on SSC2：89.5 Mb reached the suggestive significance.The candidate genes around significant SNPs were searched based on its functional annotations.A total of 12 genes were found to be the most important candidate genes for maternal infanticide behavior.This study provided a foundation for identification of major gene or causative mutation influencing the maternal infanticide behavior.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the structure and characteristics of promoter of the chicken Perilipin1 gene.A DNA fragment with 2 kb was cloned from the 5′-flanking region of Perilipin1，then sequenced and analyzed by bioinformatics methods.Subsequently，the luciferase reporter gene plasmids containing the full-length region of Perilipin1 gene promoter and its serial truncation mutations were constructed，and transfected into chicken embryonic fibroblast cell line (DF-1).Through detecting the level of luciferase activity，the core promoter region was determined.The result of bioinformatics analysis revealed that the promoter region of the chicken Perilipin1 gene had no typical TATA box and CpG islands，but many binding sites of transcription factors，such as TFIID，Sp1，AP2，PPAR，RXR，SREBP1，C/EBP，GATA，ER and KLF5.Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that the chicken Perilipin1 gene promoter could significantly trigger the expression of the reporter gene (P<0.01).With the promoter fragment gradually truncated from the 5′ end，luciferase activity increased correspondingly，and the -360/-11 promoter fragment showed the strongest activity.Taken together，the promoter region from -360/-11 bp has the highest transcriptional activity，which could be the core regulatory region of the chicken Perilipin1 gene.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the miRNA-34 gene family evolutionary process and its expression regularity in goose reproductive cycle.The miRNA-34 genes were searched in literatures and miRBase.It’s genes were located by Ensemble database，and its phylogenetic tree was constructed by MEGA 6.0.In addition，the expression level of miRNA-34s was detected in ovarian tissue of goose reproductive cycle using RT-qPCR.A total 70 sequences in 27 species which indicated the extensive existence of miRNA-34s(miRNA-34a，miRNA-34b and miRNA-34c) in different species.The analysis of gene localization showed all miRNA-34 genes were located on the intergenic region(IGR).miRNA-34b and miRNA-34c shared on the same chromosome and they were closely linked in evolutionary process，which maybe caused by tandem repeats.Besides，the similar expression of miRNA-34s were detected in goose ovary tissues of pre-laying stage，ovulation，oviposition，and the broody phase.More miRNA-34s expression was detected at ovulation，oviposition than that in pre-laying and broody phase period.The miRNA-34s are highly conservative in evolution process，and play a role in regulation reproductive activity in goose.

The objective of the study was to determine the number of SNPs which could efficiently estimate the kinship coefficient in Simmental cattle.1 059 Simmental cattle born between 2008 and 2012 year were used as the reference population.Based on the interval of the minor allele frequency (MAF)，100，500，1 000，1 500，2 000，2 500 and 3 000 SNPs located in Illumina bovineHD（770 k）chip were selected to estimate individual kinship coefficient.The results showed that with the increase of the SNPs’ number，the estimation accuracy showed an increasing trend as well.Especially，when the SNPs’ number reached to 2 500，there was no significant difference between relationship coefficients estimated using 2 500 SNPs and all SNPs，and the relationship coefficients were above 0.89 between them.Furthermore，the SNPs in the same interval with different allele frequency had no significant impact on the results.It was concluded that when the number of selected SNPs reached more than 2 500，a relatively higher estimation accuracy could be obtained.Our work has built a theoretical basis for further study of the kinship coefficient with high density SNP and provides a new clue for analyzing individual kinship relationship in Simmental cattle.

The present study was designed to investigate the genetic effect of TRAPPC9 gene on resistance to Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus) in Chinese Holstein cattle.A total of 517 Chinese Holstein cows with intact data of DHI，age and parity were collected from 6 farms of North China.Multiplex SnaPshot was used to analyze the genotype of 4 SNPs of TRAPPC9 gene，the specific PCR was used to detect S.aureus infecting cattle.Meanwhile，the contents of IFN-γ，IL-17，NF-κB and TNF-α in serum for each cattle were measured.Based on this，the genetic effects of the 4 SNPs in TRAPPC9 on mastitis resistance to S.aureus were analyzed by the least squares method of GLM model.The results indicated that IL-17，TNF-α and IFN-γ could be used as effective indicators for mastitis.With regard to the S.aureus negative Chinese Holstein cows，SNP4 (C2477531T) of TRAPPC9 had highly significant effect on SCS (P<0.01)，while the SNP showed a highly significant effect on IL-17 in S.aureus positive cows (P<0.01).These data imply that bovine TRAPPC9 gene could be a powerful molecular marker of mastitis resistance to S.aureus in Chinese Holsteins.

The expression patterns of mitochondrial marker-succinate dehydrogenase(SDH) in different tissues of Datong yak at early development stage were investigated under the plateau hypoxia environment.Pregnant yaks at 4-month-old and yaks at 1-day-old were sampled，genetic mRNA expression quantities (SDHA，SDHB，SDHC and SDHD) of placental tissues，cardiac muscle，skeletal muscle，liver and brain tissues of fetuses at 4-month-old and yaks at 1-day-old were determined using qRT-PCR，the correlation between mitochondrial SDH mRNA expression qualities and energy metabolism in different organs and tissues were researched.The results showed that cardiac muscle mitochondrial genetic mRNA expression quantities (SDHA，SDHB，SDHC and SDHD) of yaks at 1-day-old were significantly higher than those of fetuses at 4-month-old，cerebral mitochondrial genetic mRNA expression quantities (SDHA，SDHB，SDHC and SDHD) of fetuses at 4-month-old were significantly higher than those of yaks at 1-day-old.SDH gene expression patterns suggested that gene (SDHA，SDHB，SDHC and SDHD) transcription levels were up-regulated expression between the brain of fetus at 4-month-old and cardiac muscle of yak at 1-day-old，which was reflected on exuberant energy metabolism regulation activities between the brain of fetus at 4-month-old and cardiac muscle of yak at 1-day-old.

The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of lpa-miR-nov-66 on cyclin dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) and its phosphoration on the pathway of melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes.Following the transfection of alpaca melanocytes by lpa-miR-nov-66 in vitro，quantitative real-time PCR，immunocytochemistry，Western blotting and immunopricipitation were mainly used to determine the expression of the functional CDK5.The results showed that compared to the control，the over expression of lpa-miR-nov-66 in melanocytes resulted in decreased expression of CDK5 and increased expression of phosphoted CDK5 with significant difference (P<0.01）；P35 was the activator of CDK5.And it was found that CDK5-dependent phosphorylation of TH was up-regulated with the higher activity（P<0.05）.The results suggested that lpa-miR-nov-66 gave rise to up-regulation of phos-TH expression on the pathway of melanogenesis by functional CDK5 binding to P35，which was the intermediate link for the molecular mechanism of regulating melanogenesis.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of folic acid injected in incubation period on IGF2 expression in spleen and thymus in broilers，further exploring epigenetic mechanism of folic acid modulating gene expression.A total of 360 eggs，whose weight and size were mostly same，were selected and randomly assigned to 4 treatments.0，50，100 and 150 μg folic acid were injected into eggs，respectively on E11 of incubation.After hatching，48 healthy 1-day-old chickens selected from each treatment were divided into 6 replicates and 8 birds each.Spleens and thymus were collected at the age of 21 and 42 d.The mRNA expression of IGF2 were tested by RT-PCR；BSP was used to determine the methylation level of IGF2 gene promoter region from -648 to -479 bp and DNase I-qPCR for chromatin structure of the IGF2 promoter from -847 to -616 bp.The results were shown as followed：100 and 150 μg folic acid groups improved hatchability of fertilized eggs（P＜0.05）；150 μg folic acid injected on E11 significantly up-regulated IGF2 expression in spleen （P＜0.05） and reduced methylation level of gene promoter at the age of 42 d （P＜0.05）；Chromatin accessibility of IGF2 promoter region was improved in 150 μg folic acid group at the age of 42 d（P＜0.05）in spleen.Different from spleen，150 μg folic acid didn’t affect IGF2 expression in thymus at the age of 42 d（P＞0.05）but significantly increased gene expression in thymus at the age of 21 d（P＜0.05）.Compared with the control group，150 μg folic acid improved chromatin accessibility of IGF2 promoter in thymus at the age of 21 d（P＜0.05）.Overall，the results indicated that folic acid injected on E11 could affect IGF2 expression in tissues by altering methylation level and chromatin structure of gene promoter，and there exists specificity on organs and time.

 This study aimed to investigate the effect of different starter supplying ages on growth performance and stomach development of Hu sheep lamb.Seventy-two Hu male lambs (twin，the average weight of birth (3.51±0.51)kg) were randomly divided into 2 groups with starter supplying on 7-day-old(7 d group) or 42-day-old (42 d group)，respectively.Six lambs of each group were killed，sampled and measured the weight and volume of stomach and intestinal tract at the age of 14，28，42，56，70 and 84 d.The results showed that the body weight of lambs after the 42-day-old (besides 70-day-old) in 7-day-old group were significantly higher than 42-day-old group (P<0.05)，the average daily gain (ADG) of lambs at the age of 21-28 d and 35-42 d in 7-day-old group were also significantly higher than 42-day-old group (P<0.05)，the feed intake of lambs in each group were increased with the increasing of age.There was a difference on weight and volume of forestomach at the age of 28 or 42 d between 7- and 42-day-old groups.The weight of ruminoreticulum and associated relative weight (%，live weight)，the weight of forestomach and associated relative weight (%，stomach weight) of lambs at the age of 28 d in 7-day-old group trended to be higher than 42-day-old group (0.05<P<0.1)，the weight and volume of ruminoreticulum and associated relative weight (%，live weight)，the weight and volume of omasum，the weight of forestomach and associated relative weight (%，live weight)，the weight and volume of abomasum and associated relative weight (%，live weight) of lambs at the age of 42 d in 7-day-old group were significantly higher than 42-day-old group (P<0.05).The starter supplying could stimulate the growth performance and development of stomach of lambs，furthermore，starter supplement at the 7-day-old was better than 42-day-old.Starter supplying at the age of 7 d with the weaning age of 35 d and starter supplying at the age of 42 d with the weaning age of 56 d were feasible.

This experiment was conducted to study the role of the second extracellular domain of glycoprotein 5，one major structural protein of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)，on PRRSV replication and approach to its mechanism in Marc-145 cells.A recombinant plasmid (named as pPB-^GP5Δ84-119) expressing truncated GP5 was constructed using PiggyBac Transposon System Vectors and transfected to Marc-145 cells.Marc-145 cell line stably expressing GP5^Δ84-119 was obtained by puromycin resistance screening and triple subcloning and the selected cells proliferation was detected using cck-8 kit.The effect of GP5^Δ84-119 stable expression on PRRSV replication were determined thought detection of virus gene copy number in the infected cells and virus titers in the supernatant of infected cells.What’s more，the mRNA and protein expression levels of IFN-α，IFN-β，IFN-γ in the cells before and after PRRSV infection were also analyzed using Real-time PCR and ELISA.The results of RT-PCR，Western blot and IFA confirmed that GP5^Δ84-119 was stablely expressed in Marc-145 cells and the cells were named as Marc-145-GP5^Δ84-119.The result of cell proliferation assay confirmed that the expression of GP5^Δ84-119 did not affect the proliferation of Marc-145 cells.It was found that GP5^Δ84-119 expression inhibited the replication of highly pathogenic PRRSV in Marc-145 cells through upregulating IFN level，especially IFN-β.These findings suggest that the second extracellular domain of GP5 plays an important role in PRRSV replication.

Rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) is a member of the Caliciviridae family (Lagovirus genus).Similar to human norovirus (Caliciviridae，Norovirus genus)，RHDV binds histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) and this is thought to be important for infection.The aim of this study was to determine whether the P domain of RHDV capsid protein (VP60) could form dimers and to analyze its binding ability to HBGAs receptor.The P domain gene containing hinge (HP) was amplified and cloned into pET-28a (+) expression vector and introduced into Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3).The recombinant HP protein，confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot，was effectively expressed in form of inclusion bodies by inducing with IPTG.The recombinant protein was then purified with HisTrap affinity chromatography，which could form dimers after purification.The HBGAs binding assay showed that the P domain bound H type HBGA with the same patterns as those of the intact viral capsids.Further structural studies with P domain are needed in order to better understand the HBGA binding mechanisms and virus-receptor interaction.

To discover protein expression changes in infected Vero cells with avian reovirus (ARV) virulent strain S1133 and attenuated vaccine strain aS1133，respectively，two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectroscopy (MS) technologies were utilized to separate and identify the total proteins of Vero cells inoculated with ARV S1133 or aS1133 as well as control cells at desired time points post infection.The identification results showed that total 44 differently expressed protein dots were identified，including α-enolase，Prx-4，hnRNPs，tubulin，protein phosphatase，transcription elongation factor.These differentially expressed proteins were involved in various biological functions，including signaling transduction，cytoskeleton，metabolism，protein disfolding，cell proliferation and apoptosis.The results of quantitative RT-PCR validated the mRNA expression of α-enolase，Prx-4，hnRNPs and tubulin were in agreement with that of proteomic analysis.The present data highlighted protein expression differences in infected cells with ARV virulent strain and attenuated vaccine strain，which would contribute to further elucidate the interaction between ARV and hosts.

Reticuloendotheliosis（RE） is an important avian immunosuppressive disease with the mechanism of the immunosuppression barely known.In this study，the influence of a REV strain，HLJR0901 isolated in our lab，infection on the immune organs and immunology competence in SFP chickens was examined.Decline in body weight，atrophy in bursa of Fabricius and thymus，and tumefaction in spleen were detected after REV infection.Histopathology study observed several pathological changes in the main immune organs，including the necrosis and number decline of the immune cells and the hyperplasia of the connective tissues in the bursa of Fabricius，the haemorrhagia and increasing of the thymic corpuscle in the thymus，and atrophy of the splenic follicle in the spleen.High proviral loads were detected in the bursa of Fabricius，thymus and spleen with a long persistence.Additionally，the antibody responses to AIV and NDV vaccines were significantly inhibited by REV early infection compared with the control chickens.This study provided important data for illuminating the mechanism of the REV-induced immunosuppression.

The aim of this study was to characterise the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg-SOD)，and analyze its role in the parasite antioxidant system.The recombinant Eg-SOD was expressed in E.coli，and the enzymatic activity was measured，and analyses including western blotting，ELISA and immunofluorescence localization were also performed.The recombinant Eg-SOD was expressed as soluble protein，and its activity was up to （464.55 ±19.99） U•mg^-1 measured by hydroxylamine method.As showed by the result of western blot，the recombinant Eg-SOD could be recognized by the serum of mice secondary experimentally infected with E.granulosus protoscolexes，and showed a high immunogenicity；ELISA tests showed that recombinant Eg-SOD could recognize all the sera from mice experimentally infected with protoscolexs and from sheep naturally infected with E.granulosus，and have 37.5% cross-reactions with sera from sheep infected with Cysticercus tenuicollis，which indicates Eg-SOD might be a potential diagnose antigen.The immunolocalization of Eg-SOD showed a wide extent of distribution，mostly in the tissue clearance of adult worms and protoscolexes，and fewer on the tegument.These results provide the fundamental understanding of Eg-SOD，and revealed its capable of antioxidation effect.

 This experiment was conducted to assess the immuno-efficacy of the eukaryotic plasmid.The high mobility group box1 gene from Eimeria tenella was inserted into expression vector pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A，and then constructed the eukaryotic expression recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 and expressed transiently the objective protein in Hela cells.Seven experimental groups including pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 immunization group，pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-His A immunization group，recombinant antigen with adjuvant immunization group，pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 with recombinant antigen prime-boost immunization group，FCA adjuvant immunization group，unimmunized and challenged group and unimmunized and unchallenged group were designed.Chickens were vaccinated at the age of 14 and 21 days.All birds except the unchallenged control group were challenged orally with 1×10⁴ E.tenella sporulated oocysts at 28 days.Gain of body weight，fecal oocyst output and lesion scores were assessed as measures of protective immunity.The results showed that the plasmid pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 was successfully constructed，and the transient expression product of EtHMGB1 could be detected by IFA and Western blot.Challenge experiments demonstrated that pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 immunization，recombinant antigen with adjuvant immunization and pcDNA3.1(-)/myc-EtHMGB1 with recombinant antigen prime-boost immunization could all increase body weight gains and reduce oocyst excretion，but all three methods did not have an effect on cecal lesion.The prime-boost immunization strategy were superior to the other method based on the immune effects.These results suggest that EtHMGB1 could be proposed as an anti-apicomplexan vaccine candidate.

The aim of the present study was to modify antimicrobial peptide P3 from bovine hemoglobin on amino acid，and to know the antibacterial activity and stability of the antibacterial peptide JH-3 modified based on P3.The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of JH-3 against several bacteria were detected with the method of serial dilution.The morphology changes of bacterial and fungus were observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM).The hemolytic activity，thermal stability，acid base stability and salt stability of the antibacterial peptide JH-3 were determined.The results showed that the MIC of JH-3 against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus， Streptococcus suis 2 type) was between 6.25-25 μg•mL^-1.The MIC against Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli， Salmonella choleraesuis， Haemophilus parasuis， Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae) was between 3.125-50 μg•mL^-1.The MIC against fugus (Monilia albicans) was 12.5 μg•mL^-1.Shrinkage and holes appeared on the surface of treated E.coli cells.Shrinkage and incomplement presented on the cell surface of S.Aureus.And M.albican showed sunken，protruding and crack.Hemolytic rate of JH-3 was only 12.84% at 312.5 μg•mL^-1 (6-100 times MIC).At the condition of 75-100 ℃，80-100 mmol•L^-1 NaCl，pH 4 and pH 10，the antimicrobial activity of JH-3 was not changed significantly.These findings provided theoretical basis for the clinical application of antimicrobial peptide JH-3，and antibacterial peptide JH-3 has the potential as the new antibacterial drugs instead of antibiotics.

The objective of this study was to research the fast pathogenic damage of Shigella boydii from yak in BALB/c mice organs except intestine.The 4-week-old mouse were given 0.5 mL of Shigella boydii isolate（2×10⁹ CFU•mL^-1）by gavage.Tissue samples of cerebrum，heart，liver，spleen，lung，kidney，intestine and pancreas were taken from the infected mouse after being infected for 6，18，30，42，54 and 66 h，and ever since for every 12 hours to make tissue biopsies，which were then stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H.E) and immunohistochemistry to observe the changes of histopathology and the bacterial antigen localization in experimentally infected ducklings.Mouse serum were collected for biochemical indicators detection including lactate dehydrogenase，urea，creatinine，α amylase，triglyceride，total protein，albumin，phosphokinase，CO₂ binding force，P，blood glucose and white blood cell count.The HE staining results showed a series of pathologic changes，not only the pathological damage in intestine epithelial cell as reports in other references，but also coagulation necrosis under the epicardium，cellular infiltration and granuloma in hepatic cells，inflammatory cells infiltrating in alveolar wall，pancreas epithelial cell swelling and cytoplasm dissolving and karyopyknosis or fragmentation.Immunochemistry staining results showed that positive bacterial antigen signals were found in cytoplasm of cardiac muscle cell，hepatocyte，alveolar wall，renal tubular epithelium cell，islet cell and intestinal epithelial cell.Pathological damages，heart and hepatic necrosis of Shigella boydii from yak experimentally infecting mice was first reported in this study.Eleven kinds of blood biochemical indexes of experimental mice changed apparently in each infected time point except triglyceride.This study verified that the severity of the pathology was positively correlated with the Shigella boydii antigen distribution.It was concluded that the isolate was the pantropic bacteria injuring most tissues and cells in mouse，and as well as intestinal，heart，liver，lung，pancreas and kidney were the principal target organs.

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the inflammatory induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the genes and pathways controlling the protein degradation in C2C12 myotubes.In order to establish an inflammatory cell mode，the C2C12 myotubes were treated with graded concentrations of LPS (10，100 and 1 000 ng•mL^-1) for 30 min and 3 h，and then the mRNA transcription of TNF-α and IL-6 were determined by qPCR method.The results showed that 1 000 ng•mL^-1 LPS was the optimal concentration.After the C2C12 myotubes were treated with 1 000 ng•mL^-1 LPS for 0 min，30 min，1 h，3 h，6 h，12 h and 24 h，the mRNA transcription of MAFbx and MuRF1 were determined by qPCR.And the activation of AKT/FOXO1，mTOR and p38MAPK signaling pathway was detected by western blot at 12 h after LPS treatment.The results showed that 1 000 ng•mL^-1 LPS significantly induced the mRNA transcription of TNF-α and IL-6 at 30 min and 3 h.The transcription of MuRF1，IL-1β，IL-6 and TLR4 were significantly up-regulated at 12 h and 24 h after LPS treatment.In addition，the phosphorylation of AKT and FOXO1 in C2C12 myotubes was significantly suppressed at 12 h after LPS treatment.Therefore，our results suggest that LPS can induce MuRF1 expression in C2C12 myotubes through the regulation of AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway.

This experiment was conducted to study the role of MAPK signaling pathway in quinestrol-induced apoptosis of spermatogenic cells in rat.Twenty 8-week-old male SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups and were treated by using daily intraperitoneal injection of 0.00，0.01，0.10 and 1.00 mg•kg^-1 of BW quinestrol dissolved in olive oil for 1 week after 1-week adaptive feeding.At the end of the treatment，the testis tissue sections were prepared and the morphology of the testis tissue was observed by HE staining.The immunohistochemistry staining was performed to measure the expression levels of PCNA，MAPK signaling pathway of p-ERK，p-JNK and p-P38 in spermatogenic cells and TUNEL method was used to detect apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.The results showed that the epithelial thickness of rat seminiferous tube decreased as well as the number of spermatogenic cells decreased.Numerous spermatocytes and spermatids showed swelling or shrinkage and meanwhile the number of mature sperm reduced in the lumen after quinestrol exposure.The expressions of PCNA and p-ERK in the spermatogenic cells were significantly decreased.In contrast，the expressions of TUNEL，p-JNK protein and p-P38 protein were significantly increased.The results suggest that quinestrol exposure inhibited the development of rat testis by inhibiting proliferation and promoting MAPK-mediated apoptosis of spermatogenic cells.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Vitamin C (VC) on hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)，vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mRNA transcription of broiler pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells（PASMCs）under hypoxia induced by CoCl₂.PASMCs from healthy AA broilers at 21 days of age were isolated，cultured and identified.A cell model of hypoxia was established by using CoCl₂.On this basis，PASMCs were treated by 7 different concentrations of VC (0，50，100，200，500，1 000 and 1 500 μmol•L^-1) and 5 processing time (6，12，24，48 and 72 h)，total 35 treatments with six replicates.The results indicated that the PASMCs of broilers were successfully separated and cultured in vitro.As for hypoxia model of PASMCs，the relative transcription of HIF-1α，VEGF，VEGFR2 and cell proliferation capacity significantly increased when PASMCs were after 48 h treatment by CoCl₂ with 250 μmol•L^-1 (P<0.05).The relative transcription of HIF-1α，VEGFR2 in hypoxia PASMCs were significantly decreased by VC with 500 or 1 000 μmol•L^-1 after 48 or 72 h (P<0.05).Whereas 1 500 μmol•L^-1 VC significantly increased the relative transcription of HIF-1α，VEGF，VEGFR2 in hypoxia PASMCs (P<0.05).These results suggested that anoxia could up-regulate the relative expression of hypoxia related genes and induce abnormally proliferation of PASMCs.While VC could reduce the sensitivity to oxygen signals of hypoxia PASMCs，and further down-regulate the relative expression of hypoxia related genes.

The objective of this study was to observe yak hair follicle morphogenesis and fetal hair follicle original sites，study the importance of E-cadherin (CDH1) in the development of hair follicles.Skin tissue sections of the Yak embryo head were observed，and the hair follicle morphogenesis was studied.The melanin granules of fetal skin at different month and the development of hair follicle original sites were detected.The expression of E-cadherin protein was analyzed by using immunohistochemistry.The mRNA transcription levels of E-cadherin gene in different month fetal head skin was tested by using qRT-PCR method.Results showed that the fetal head skin begins to form primary hair buds in embryonic age of 60-70 days，and form the hair bulbs structure in the embryonic age of 130 days.Secondary hair follicles differentiate out from primary hair follicles in gestational age of 80-90 days；The parts of the fetal skin melanin gathering situations in different periods were observed，the hair follicles differentiation was started from head，of which lower，eyebrows，eyelashes，and horn site were the most obvious；E-cadherin protein was located on the epidermis，dermis and hair follicles，and showed high expression in epidermis，and moderate positive expression in hair follicles.E-cadherin gene mRNA transcription were uptrend in different embryonic age of yak skin hair follicle，but was lower at the embryonic age of 90 days，it was obviously below those at 70 days，120 days and 130 days (P<0.05).Yak head hair follicle is developed in the embryonic age of 60-70 days to form hair buds，and hair follicle development is likely forms from head.E-cadherin gene is most likely involved in the development of yak hair follicles.

The study aimed to develop compound Chinese herbal medicine that is more efficient in prevention and control of the M.suis infection.M.suis of positive blood were cultured in cell culture fluid with the compound Chinese herbal medicine Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ and deoxytetracycline.The copies of M.suis in cell culture fluid were measured by qPCR every 12 h.Fifty clinical healthy，35 day-old piglets with natural infection of M.suis confirmed by PCR were randomly allocated to 5 groups，each with 10 replicates，and all the groups were fed separately.Piglets in three compound Chinese herbal medicine group were fed with a diet that contained 20 g•kg^-1 of the compound Chinese herbal medicine Ⅰ，Ⅱ，and Ⅲ respectively for seven days；piglets in deoxytetracycline group were fed with a diet that mixed 200 mg•kg^-1 of deoxytetracycline for five days；piglets in control group were fed with diet.Blood samples of piglets were collected by the anterior vena before (0 day) and after the usage of medicine at the 10^th，20^th and 30^th days.The copies of M.suis in blood，erythrocyte superoxide dismutase，erythrocyte membrane ATPase (Na⁺K⁺-ATPase，Ca²⁺Mg²⁺-ATPase)，lymphocyte proliferation rate (T，B)，and the serum content of IgG were measured.The results showed that：the three compound Chinese herbal medicine could significantly decrease the copies of M.suis in vitro (P＜0.01)；compared with the deoxytetracycline group and the control group，the compound Chinese herbal medicine Ⅰ could significantly decrease the copies of M.suis in blood of piglets (P＜0.01)，improve the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and B-proliferation rate (P＜0.05)；the compound Chinese herbal medicine Ⅱ had positive effects on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase，the activity of erythrocyte membrane Na⁺K⁺-ATPase and lymphocyte proliferation rate (P＜0.05)，whereas it could not effectively reduce the M.suis copies；the compound Chinese medicine Ⅲ could reduce the M.suis copies in blood of piglets (P＜0.01) and only improve the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (P＜0.05).In conclusion，the compound Chinese medicineⅠhas favorable prophylactic effects on the M.suis infection.

 The study aimed to clone the lipasin gene and investigate its effects on LPL gene transcription in liver cell in pig.The porcine lipasin gene was obtained by using homologous electronic cloning techniques and the eukaryotic expression vector was constructed and transfected into hepatocytes，and further to identify its effect on the transcription level of LPL gene.The results showed that lipasin gene was successfully cloned，the segment size was 615 bp，it was deposited to GenBank with the accession number KF017598.The size of open reading frame (ORF) of lipasin was 594 bp and it encoded 197 amino acids.The weight of lipasin molecular and theoretical isoelectric point were 21.99 ku and 6.79，respectively.The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector PB-EGFP-lipasin was successfully constructed and transfected into hepatocyte，realizing the overexpression of lipasin gene.Compared with the control group，the transcription level of LPL mRNA decreased significantly in PB-EGFP-lipasin transfected hepatocyte.These results suggest that lipasin may affect lipid metabolism by inhibiting the LPL gene transcription in hepatocyte.