Polo-like kinase 1 (Plk1)，a well-characterized member of serine/threonine kinases Plk family，is highly conserved among eukaryotes.Plk1 has important regulatory role in cell cycles.It mediates a variety of cell cycle events，including centrosome maturation，bipolar spindle formation，mitosis entry，chromatin lining and cytokinesis by phosphorylation of different specific substrates.Recent studies suggest that Plk1，beyond its traditional function in mitosis，is also well involved in the DNA damage response，carcinogenesis and early embryonic development.In this review，the roles of Plk1 in mitosis，DNA damage response，carcinogenesis and early embryonic development will be focused，which will provide a reference for related studies.

Aquaporin （AQP） is one of integral membrane proteins from a family of major intrinsic proteins （MIP）.Recent studies revealed that aquaporins in parasites involve in the regulation of osmotic homeostasis，transport process of nutrition，metabolites and anti-parasite drugs，which indicated that the protein could serve as novel vaccine candidate or potential anti-parasite drug’s targets.Learning about the functions and structures of aquaporins in parasites will be of great significance in prevention and treatment of parasitic diseases.This article reviews the functions and structural characteristics of aquaporins in parasites，in order to provide references for the study of the biological agents against parasite diseases.

In order to understand the effect of Otx-2 gene on sheep reproductive regulation，the part of CDS（Coding region） Otx-2，MT1，KISS-1，GnRH genes were cloned from Altay sheep hypothalamus tissue.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the tissues（heart，liver，spleen，lung，kidney，large intestine，small inestine，stomach，brain，epencephalon，uterus，hypophysis，pineal body，hypothalamus，thyroid） expression profile of the genes.The expression patterns of Otx-2，MT1，KISS-1 and GnRH genes in hypothalamus with different periods were further investigated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that Otx-2 and KISS-1，MT1 mRNAs were expressed in many tissues tested，which hypothalamus showed higher expression levels for Otx-2 and KISS-1.In addition，the Otx-2 gene showed a similar expression pattern to KISS-1 and GnRH，which were significantly higher in the breeding seasons than that in the non-breeding seasons（P<0.01），and also significantly higher in the night than in the day time（P<0.01）.It was concluded that Otx-2 gene might take part in seasonal reproduction in sheep.

Transcriptional activator-like effector （TALE） technologies were established over the last decade as useful tools for genomic editing and transcriptional modulation.Moreover，TALE nucleases (TALENs) technology can be used to bring about targeted gene deletion，insertion and mutagenesis in a siries of species genome.TALENs were designed to target the ATG initiation codon site of ovine FGF 5 gene.According to the results of comparing normal culture and genome editing ovine fibroblasts，the activities of TALEN pairs were tested and screened by Surveyor nuclease after electric transfection TALEN plasmid pairs into ovine fibroblasts.After ovine fibroblast clones were cultured by limiting dilution，the screening of mutant cells was identified by PAGE electrophoresis after PCR amplification.The deletion mutations were introduced into ovine FGF 5 gene of fibroblasts and identified by DNA sequencing.Mutated cells missing the ATG initiation codon of ovine FGF 5 were obtained by valid TALENs.The acquisition of a pair of valid TALENs provides the basis for targeted disruption ovine FGF 5 gene.A point mutation was identified at 104 base site of the ATG initiation codon upstream of ovine FGF 5 gene by Surveyor mutation detection and sequence analysis.

This study was conducted to investigate the expression characteristics of Lcn 5 mRNA and its protein localization in testes，epididymis in 5-month-old bucks and spermatozoa in adult bucks.Relative expressions of Lcn 5 mRNA were detected by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR in 18 different tissues and epididymis at different ages.The expression of Lcn 5 protein was detected by Western blotting.The localization of Lcn 5 protein in testis and epididymidis were examined by immunohistochemistry，and in spermatozoa by immunofluorescence assay.The results of qRT-PCR showed that Lcn 5 mRNA was expressed in all tissues detected，which had higher levels in reproductive tissues than in other tissues.The order of expression levels in reproductive tissues：caput>cauda>corpus>testis.The expression of Lcn 5 mRNA in epididymis was increased with the increase of age before 5 months old，which was the highest at age of 5 months and was decreased subsequently.The results of Western blotting analysis showed order of the protein of Lcn 5 caput >cauda>corpus> testis，which verified the results of qRT-PCR.Immunohistochemistry results showed that there were strong positive signal in columnar epithelium of epididymis，and weak positive signal in testis.Lcn 5 protein was located on the sperm acrosome surface.Lcn 5 mRNA was highly expressed in epididymis，while was time-special and region-special expression.Lcn 5 was coated on sperm acrosome surface，which maybe play an important role in sperm maturation and capacitation process.Therefore，the functions need further research.

The aim of this study was to analyze promoter activity of 4 different lengths MyoD I promoters in Guanling cattle and determine preliminarily the position of the core gene promoter.The relative expression quantity was detected in different tissues of Guanling cattle by real-time quantitative PCR.The DNA extracted from Guanling cattle blood was as a template and the phosphorylated 5'end PCR primers was designed to amplify 4 different lengths MyoD I promoters in Guanling cattle，ultimately accurately replaced the CMV region of pEGFP-N3 vector and got eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N3-MyoD I.Then the recombinant plasmid was transiently transfected into mouse C2C12 cells by liposome method.The aim was to verify promoter activity of MyoD I promoter by Luminous intensity of mouse C2C12 cells.The expression level of MyoD I gene was the highest in muscle，the fragment was inserted into an expression vector，the recombinant plasmid could be successfully expressed in mouse C2C12 cells with green fluorescence under the excitation light.In this study,eukaryotic expression vector pEGFP-N3-MyoD I is successfully constructed，4 promoters constructed show promoter activity，expression quantity of P₃ promoter is the highest，so P₃ promoter is regarded as the core promoter of MyoD I gene.

In this study，the coding region of Maiwa yak toll-like receptors 1-10 genes were cloned，and then the bioinformatics tool was used to analyze the characteristics of TLRs sequences，and real-time PCR was used to detect the expression pattern of TLRs.The results showed that Maiwa yak TLR genes exhibited high homologies at the nucleotide and the amino acid levels with other species.Phylogenetic relationships showed that Maiwa yak had a nearest relationship with cattle and sheep,Maiwa yak was clustered into a branch with human,horse and mouse.It was noteworthy that TLR1，TLR6 first clustered into a small branch，then gathered with TLR10 for a closer one，then TLR1，2，6，10 and TLR7，8，9 were gathered in the 2 individual branches，respectively.The other members of TLRs became respective one.Real-time PCR results showed that TLRs were expressed in all tissues of yak，but different members had different expression patterns.TLR2，TLR4 and TLR6 had the highest expression in the spleen，followed with ovary，small intestine，kidney，liver.TLR1，TLR5，TLR7，TLR8，TLR9 and TLR10 had the highest expression in kidney，higher expression in liver，kidney，spleen.The study provide useful information for further study in immune molecular mechanisms and disease resistance breeding of yaks.

The cellular effects of hypothermia has been recognized a complex process including a stress response to cold and subsequent rewarming.In this study，real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western blot techniques were used to observe the dynamic expression of CIRBP，HSP70 and P53 in the yak ovarian granulosa cells.Cells were preincubated at 25 ℃ for 1 and 5 d,and rewarmed at 37 ℃ for 1,2,4,8 and 24 h.The results showed that hypothermia and subsequent rewarming affected cell biology and induced a cellular stress response.The expression of CIRBP was increased at 25 ℃ already at day 1 and returned to basal level upon rewarming after 24 h.While the expression of HSP70 was gradually increased upon rewarming at 37 ℃，maximal expression was occurred at 8 h after rewarming and followed by decline.Moreover the maximal expression of P53 was appeared at 4 h after rewarming and followed by a decline.Additionally，the observation that P53 mRNA was significantly decreased，a process that accompanied a maximal expression of CIRBP and HSP70 mRNA，suggested that the expression of CIRBP mRNA and protein was increased upon exposure to hypothermia，and HSP70 was induced upon rewarming.Overall，the CIRBP and HSP70 were shown to play a role in protecting cells from the deleterious effects of stress and apoptosis.These findings would bring new insights into the potential beneficial effects of mild hypothermia and rewarming used in various research and therapeutical fields.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TGF-β3 on the phenotype of alpaca melanocyte cultured in vitro.The melanocyte proliferation，gene expression of MITF，TYR and TYRP2 at the transcript and translation level were detected and melanin production was analyzed after the addition of TGF-β3 with different concentrations of 6.25，12.5，25，50 ng•mL^-1 in melanocyte medium.The results showed that：Compared to the normal melanocyte，the proliferation of melanocytes was inhibited within 30 h by the addition of 50 ng•mL^-1 TFG-β3 and then the amount of cells could be maintained without dependence on the concentration of TGF-β3 after 30 h； MITF， TYR and TYRP2 expression were down-regulated and melanin production also reduced after the addition of TGF-β3.The dose of 50 ng•mL^-1 TGF-β3 caused more significant effects.The results suggested that TGF-β3 had the important effects on the biology of alpaca melanocyte by regulating the expression of MITF，TYR，TYRP2 and melanin production.

In order to explore the sequence structure of MC1R gene and its regulating mechanism on coat color of American mink.One pair special primer was designed according to the MC1R gene of Mustela lutreola（Accession No.：AB189820） published in GenBank.The complete coding sequence（1 324 bp） of MC1R gene were obtained by PCR and cloning technique from the blood total DNA of Neovison vison，then the structural characteristics of nucleotide and amino acid sequence were predicted and analyzed by bioinformatics method.The results showed that the sequence of American mink MC1R gene consisted of one single exon，partial of 5′UTR（188 bp） and 3′UTR（182 bp），and it contained an open reading frame of 954 bp，which encoded 317 amino acids.The estimated molecular weight of MC1R protein was 34.49 ku，with a isoelectric point of 8.97 and 36.63 in instability index，belonging to the weakly stable basic protein.Further structure prediction indicated that the MC1R protein had one simple domain，7 transmembrane domains and no signal peptide at N-terminal，it was located on plasma membrane.The similarity comparison and phylogenetic tree indicated that the evolution distance of American mink MC1R was the most homogeneous to Mustela lutreola （95%） belong to Mustelidae family.Identification and sequence analysis of American mink MC1R gene would lay the bioinformatics foundation for further investigating correlations between polymorphisms of MC1R gene and coat color phenotype in mink.

In this study，Bacillus subtilis was selected to investigate its effect on the β-defensin expression of ovine ruminal epithelial cells cultured in vitro.Firstly，the ovine ruminal epithelial cells were cultured in vitro，then the epithelial cells were stimulated by Bacillus subtilis with different concentrations at different times，the expression of SBD-1 mRNA was determined by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR（RT-PCR）.The results indicated that the expression peak of SBD-1 mRNA was after 8 h treated by Bacillus subtilis with 10¹⁰ cfu•mL^-1.The expression of SBD-1 was increased significantly after treated by Bacillus subtilis with different concentrations，and the expression at 10⁹，10¹⁰，10¹¹ cfu•mL^-1 showed stronger induction response than the blank（P<0.01）.This study reveals that Bacillus subtilis can induce the expression of SBD-1 in ovine ruminal epithelial cells.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of β-Conglycinin hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku） on the permeability and expression of tight junction protein Occludin and ZO-1 in piglet intestinal epithelial cells（IPEC），which would provide a basis for exploring the mechanisms of intestinal damage.IPEC were treated with different concentrations（0，0.125，0.25，0.5，1 and 2 mg•mL^-1） hydrolyzed peptide for 2，4，6，8，12，24 h.The effects of hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku） on cell membrane permeability were determined by measuring the cell viability（MTT values），transepithelial resistance values（TEER） and alkaline phosphatase（AP） activity in cell culture medium.The mRNA expression of Occludin and ZO-1 were detected by real-time PCR after IPEC treated with 0.5 mg•mL^-1 hydrolyzed peptide for 24 h.The results showed that MTT and TEER of intestinal epithelial cells treated with hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku） with 0.5 mg•mL^-1 were decreased by a time-dose dependent manner（P<0.05）.With the increase concentration of hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku），AP activity in 24 h treatment group had a significant increased trend（P<0.05） by dose dependent manner.Also，hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku） could decrease the relative expression of Occludin and ZO-1 mRNA in IPEC（P<0.05）.In conclusion，hydrolyzed peptide（52 ku） destructed the permeability and reduced Occludin or ZO-1 mRNA expression of tight junction protein in IPEC.

The objective of the study was to construct the transgenic Lactobacillus reuteri with the ability of exocellular secreting endoglucanase and hydrolyzing β-glucan and evaluate its feeding effect on broilers，which would establish the foundation for application of the transgenic L.reuteri in animal production.pLEM4157（cel） vector was constructed by PCR and restriction enzyme，then transformed into competent cells of L.reuteri XC1 for SDS-PAGE analysis，determination of endoglucanase activity and evaluation of feeding effect on broilers.The results of PCR amplification and sequence blast showed that endoglucanase gene celW was about 1 500 bp，the similarity of gene and amino acid sequence were 99% and 100%，respectively.Native-PAGE amd SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the molecular mass of celW gene mature peptide was approximately 52 ku，which was consistent to the predicted molecular weight.The endoglucanase activity in the extracellular and intracellular fraction in the transformed L.reuteri culture were（0.96±0.08） and（0.37±0.09） U•mL^-1，respectively.L.reuteri pLEM4157（cel） had not significant effect on growth performance of broilers，but could decrease pH in duodenum and jejunum at 21 d，promote the growth development of kidney，cloacal bursa，thymus and pancreatic at 21 d，increase the thymus and pancreatic index at 42 d，improve the A/G and the content of Ca and P at 21 d，and the content of glucose at 42 d.L.reuteri pLEM4157（cel） successfully secreted and expressed endoglucanase，displayed the ability to hydrolyze carboxymethyl cellulose and feeding effect on broier.

This study evaluated the effect of different additives on the fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa herbage（Medicago sativa L.）.Whole fourth-cut alfalfa was harvested at the early bloom stage of maturity and allowed to wilt to a DM content of about 50%.Chopped grasses were untreated or after the following treatments：1）Control（no additives）（CK）；2） Lactic acid bacteria（a commercial inoculant）（LAB） at 2×10⁵ colony-forming units cfu•g^-1 of fresh forage；3） A combination of lactic acid bacteria at 2×10⁵ cfu•g^-1 of fresh forage and molasses at 2% of fresh forage weight （LAB+M）；4） Sodium dehydroacetate（SD） at 0.1% of fresh forage weight.Silages were sampled on d 90 after ensiling for fermentation and chemical analysis.At the end of the ensiling period，90 d，the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test.In this test，temperature variation was measured and served as spoilage indicators.The results showed that all silages have a good fermentation quality.The application of LAB，LAB+M and SD as silage additives could significantly increase the lactic acid，lactic acid/acetic acid ratio and dry matter recovery but did not alter the crude protein，neutral detergent fiber，Acid detergent fiber and water soluble carbohydrates.The SD silages had less lactic acid concentrations and greater ammonia-N（of % TN） compared with the LAB and LAB+M silages，implied a relatively lower fermentation quality.The LAB silages and LAB+M silages had an equal quality.Silages treated with LAB，LAB+M，and SD took longer to heat than untreated silage when exposed to air，and improvements were numerically substantial.Inoculating alfalfa silage with LAB dramatically improved the aerobic stability of alfalfa haylage.These results indicated that alfalfa haylages produced in farm-scale silos treated with LAB could obtain the best quality.

In this study，we further maintained the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus CHYJ130330 in Vero cells up to the 100th passage and analyzed changes in the spike（S），membrane（M），and nucleocapsid（N） gene sequences and pathogenicity of the virus at the 38th，60th，80th，and 100th passage levels.Sequence analyses revealed a strong selection for the S gene of CHYJ130330 in Vero cells，and all mutations occurring at the 60th，80th，and 100th-passage virus.In contrast，the viral M and N genes showed a strong conservation during the serial passage.Pigs that experimentally infected with the 60th and 80th-passage virus，but not the 100th-passaged virus，exhibited vomiting and diarrhea，indicating an attenuation of the CHYJ130330 at the 100th passage.Further studies will be required to define whether the mutations in the S gene of CHYJ130330 that had been selected and accumulated during the serial passages are indeed the causalities of the growth adaptation in vitro and the attenuation of virulence in vivo.

In order to prepare monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmic tail of the envelope protein of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus（JSRV），the amino acid sequence of the JSRV envelope protein was analyzed by bioinformatics to synthetize polypeptide.Then the polypeptide was connected with Keyhole Limpet hemocyanin（CT-KLH） or bovine serum albumin（CT-BSA），respectively.Polypeptide CT-KLH was immunized to the BALB/c mice as antigen，and the spleen cells of immunized mice were fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells.An indirect ELISA was developed to screen positive antibody producing cells using the CT protein.A hybridoma stably secreting MAb designated as 8E5 was obtained against CT protein.The monoclonal antibody belonged to IgG2a/κ.The titers of supernatant and ascites were 6.4×10³ and 1×10⁵ as detected by ELISA，respectively.The results of western blot and immunohistochemistry showed that this hybridoma secreted MAb could react specifically with the JSRV.The results suggested that the MAb-8E5 is important diagnostic reagents for detection of ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA).A sandwich ELISA was established by using 8E5 secreted monoclonal antibody.The results indicated that the ELISA possessed good specificity and repeatability，and higher sensitivity.The monoclonal antibody could be used in diagnosis for OPA and further research of envelope protein function.

The purpose of this paper was to study the pathogenesis of novel duck reovirus（NDRV） infected muscovy duckling.Forty-four healthy muscovy ducklings were divided into treatment group challenged with NDRV and control one injected with Hank′s.Livers were collected from both groups at the 5^th day after challenge.Proteomics of the livers were determined by differential proteomic technology.Differential protein spots between both groups were performed and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometer，and then they were identified by protein search software，Mascot 2.3.02.Twenty-six differential protein spots were separated and identified.Nine down-regulated protein spots and twelve up-regulated protein spots were observed in the liver samples of the treatment after comparison between the two groups.Three protein spots were appeared only in the livers of control and two protein spots are only emerged in the livers of treatment.The results indicate that differential proteomics in livers，which were impacted and damaged by NDRV may provide a new idea of pathogenesis of NDRV infected muscovy duckling.

In order to further understand the genetic variation of circulating infectious bronchitis virus（IBV），S1，E，M and N genes of an IBV strain（GX-NN130048），which was isolated from chickens with immunoprophylaxis defeat in Guangxi，were amplified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction（RT-PCR），and then cloned，sequenced，and similarity comparison，phylogenetic tree，recombination and serotype analysis were conducted.The results showed that the gene sequence of cleavage site within S protein of GX-NN130048 was RRSRR.The nucleotide similarities of S1，E，M and N genes with those of other reference strains were 60.8%-90.1%，81.0%-94.2%，86.1%-93.8% and 86.0%-93.3%，respectively.According to the phylogenetic tree analysis，it was clustered into 4/91-type based on S1 gene，while its E，M and N genes belonged to LX4-type.Recombination event was detected in S1 gene，which was a recombinant between vaccine strain 4/91 and isolate GX-HC1006（LX4-type）.The serotype analysis revealed that the serotype of GX-NN130048 was different from vaccine strains H120 and 4/91.The results indicated that isolate GX-NN130048 was a recombinant strain and variation existed both in structural genes and serotype.Our results also provide the evidence that the vaccine strain 4/91 has been increasingly involved in genetic variation of IBV epidemic strains，which may lead to the emergence of new serotype，and that may be one of the main causes of vaccine break in the field.Therefore，it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of IBV field isolates and development of new vaccines.

The study was conducted to evaluate the immune enhancement of molecular adjuvant CTLA-4 on IBDV VP2 plasmid DNA.Fusion protein mLTA-CTLA-4 and mLTA-VP2-CTLA-4 were expressed and purified based on vector pET-mLTA-CTLA-4 and pET-mLTA-VP2-CTLA-4.Protein toxicity tests were carried out on rabbits.10-day-old chickens were randomly divided into four groups，including different doses of mLTA-CTLA-4 plus IBD vaccine groups，different doses of mLTA-VP2-CTLA-4 groups，IBD live vaccine groups and control groups.Serum and mucosal samples were regularly collected for neutralization titer of IgG and IgA.After booster immunization，chickens were attacked by wild IBDV strain，and two weeks later protection rate were calculated.The results showed that levels of IgG and IgA in mLTA-VP2-CTLA-4 groups，mLTA-CTLA-4 with IBDV vaccine groups and conventional IBDV vaccine groups had no significant difference.IgG and IgA levels in mLTA-CTLA-4 with IBDV vaccine groups were slightly higher than that of mLTA-VP2-CTLA-4 groups.The protection rate was 100%.The results indicate that constructed IBDV molecular adjuvant DNA vaccine vector can express non-toxic recombinant protein，which can produce a good immune efficiency in chickens.It lays a foundation for further study on IBD subunit vaccine.

The present study investigated the expression of chick melanoma differentiation associated gene 5（chMDA5） and its signaling pathway factors in chickens infected with infectious bursal disease virus（IBDV）.Fourty 14-day-old specific pathogen free（SPF） chickens were randomly allocated into 2 groups which were infected and control groups.The infected group of chickens was inoculated with IBDV by intraocularly and intranasally.Meanwhile，the control group chickens were administered with PBS by intraocularly and intranasally.Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated at the 1st，4th，7th and 21st day after infection.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of chMDA5 signal pathway factors and the IBDV loads in peripheral blood lymphocytes of chickens.The results showed that the viral loads of IBDV-infected chickens in peripheral blood lymphocytes on the 4th day were significantly higher than that in the 1st day，and then gradually declined.The expression of chMDA5 and its downstream targets genes were significantly increased（P<0.01or P<0.05） at the 4th day after infection，then reduced at 7-21 day than that in the control group.The results indicated that IBDV could activate the chMDA5 signaling pathways in chickens.In addition，the replication of IBDV had closely relationship with the expression of chMDA5 signaling pathways factors.

The aim of the present study was to study the effects of HVT-vaccinated and MD resistant selection on virus loads in feather follicle of chickens after the challenge with MDV-1.Real-time FQ-PCR was used for absolute quantification of the DNA levels of meq of feather follicle sampled in 5 different times（7，14，21，28，35 DPI） from all chickens after the challenge for quantification of MDV-1.The load of MDV-1 was detected in feather follicle to analyzed and compared proliferation of MDV-1 in resistant/common or/and HVT-vaccinated/HVT-unvaccinated chickens.The results showed that 1） from the impact of MD-resistant on the MDV-1 loads，the load of MDV-1 were significantly higher in chickens of F group（common line，HVT-unvaccinated and MDV-challenged） whereas significantly lower（P<0.05） in chickens of T group（MD-resistant line，HVT-unvaccinated and MDV-challenged） in 14，21 DPI；On the one hand，R group（MD-resistant line，HVT-vaccinated and MDV-challenged） and G group（common line，HVT-vaccinated and MDV-challenged） give about the same load of MDV-1；2） From the impact of HVT-vaccinated on the MDV-1 loads，the load of MDV-1 were significantly higher in chickens of T group（MD-resistant line，HVT-unvaccinated and MDV-challenged） whereas significantly lower（P<0.05） in chickens of R group（MD-resistant line，HVT-vaccinated and MDV-challenged） in 28 DPI；On the one hand，the load of MDV-1 were significantly higher in chickens of F group（common line，HVT-unvaccinated and MDV-challenged） whereas significantly lower（P<0.05）in chickens of G group（common line，HVT-vaccinated and MDV-challenged） in 14，21 DPI：3） From the impact of MD-resistant and HVT-vaccinated on the MDV-1 loads，the load of MDV-1 were significantly higher in chickens of F group（common line，HVT-unvaccinated and MDV-challenged） whereas significantly lower in chickens of R group（MD-resistant line，HVT-vaccinated and MDV-challenged） in 14（P<0.05），28（P<0.01） and 35（P<0.05）DPI.These results indicated that the virus loads in feather follicle of chickens can be reduced significantly by resistance selection in coordination with vaccination，which will reduce the risk of MDV-1 transmission and improve the chicken’s chance of survival.

The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions between BAT3 and prion protein and the potential role of BAT3 in PrP106-126-induced apoptosis.Immunofluorescence，the CCK-8 assay kit and western blotting were used to test the cytotoxicity of PrP106-126-FITC.After the stimulation of PrP106-126-FITC or PrP106-126，the location of BAT3 was tested by immunofluorescence and western blotting in the neurons.BAT3 was overexpressed in Neuro2a or primary neuronal cells by transfection with pcDNA3.1-HA-BAT3 expression plasmids.The effect of BAT3 on PrP106-126-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis were detected by the CCK-8 assay and TUNEL assay.The expression of cytochrome c and Bcl-2 were examined by western blotting.Results were as follows：PrP106-126-FITC has similar cytotoxicity with PrP106-126.BAT3 interacted with prion protein and enhanced PrP expression.After PrP106-126 peptide treated，BAT3 was transported from the nucleus to cytoplasm，increased cell viability and protected neurons from PrP106-126-induced apoptosis through stabilizing the level of Bcl-2 protein and inhibiting the release of cytochrome c to cytoplasm.Our present data showed a novel molecular mechanism of PrP106-126-induced apoptotic process regulation through the overexpression of BAT3，which may be important for the basic regulatory mechanism of neuron survival in prion diseases and associated neurodegenerative diseases in vivo.

Pigs were administrated by intranasal with Bacillus subtilis spores.Three hours later，the numbers of dendritic cells (DC) in tonsils were studied.Ten crossed-bred（Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshine） pigs aged 2 months were randomly divided into two groups，Nasal administration with PBS or Bacillus subtilis spores respectively.Three hours later，the tube tonsils and soft palate tonsils were sampled and prepared tissue slices.Three anti-porcine dendritic cells antibodies，MHCII，CD11b and CD16 were used to examined the changes of tonsil DC in porcine tonsils.Our results showed that：after intranasal administration of Bacillus subtilis spores，the numbers of CD11b⁺CD16⁺ DCs and CD11b⁺MHCII⁺ DCs in tube tonsils have increased significantly（P<0.05），approximately two or three times higher than normal controls；the numbers of CD11b⁺CD16⁺ DCs and CD11b⁺MHCII⁺ DCs in soft palate tonsils have increased significantly also（P<0.05）.Moreover，the numbers of CD11b ⁺ MHCII ⁺ DCs were higher than CD11b⁺CD16⁺ DCs，but the difference was not significant.These results suggested that intranasal administration with Bacillus subtilis spores could induce accumulation of dendritic cells in tonsils and promote dendritic cell maturation，therefore effectively improve the ability of tonsils to resist pathogens invasion.

This study was conducted to characterize the histologic structure of aging yak testis.The testis of aging yak in age from 9 to 13 years old were prepared for light and electron microscopy by histochemistry and transmission electron methods.The volume and weight of aging yak left testis were slightly larger than the right，and the observations made with the light microscope were obvious morphological changes of aging，the Leydig cells were scattered in the interstitial connective tissue which were abundant with collagen and reticular fiber between the seminiferous tubules，there were partly progressive regressed in the seminiferous epithelium and the epithelium were constructed 2-5 layers with contained large intercellular，the spermatogenic cells partially desquamated and Sertoli cells were low with less cytoplasm.The electron microscopic studies show that the Sertoli cells were irregularly shaped nuclei and the endoplasmic reticulum were represented as a loose，vesiculated network，and the lysosomes were large in shape and few in number.The typical morphological configuration of the blood-testis barrier as microfilaments constructed by the typical ectoplasmic specialization and actin filament between the adjacent Sertoli cells were not seen in aged yak.Partial lamina propria of seminiferous epithelium was shrinkage and hyperplasia of collagen fiber.The lipid droplets in Leydig cells were very rich，occasionally，the mast cell can be seen in the interstitial tissue.Moreover，there are closely connection between the adjacent interstitial capillary endothelial cells and the positive reaction of PAS and AB-PAS were obviously present throughout the basement membranes and the wall of interstitial blood vessels.Taken together，the structural abnormalities in Sertoli cells，the connection defects in blood-testis barrier and the basement membrane may affect the interaction between Sertoli cells and spermatogenic cells，thereby the functions of aging yak testis were inhibited.

 The experiment was conducted to study the effects of fermented Chinese herbs on immune function and antioxidant ability of broilers.The traditional Chinese herbs（Astragalus，Dryopteris crassirhizoma，Radix isatidis，Polygonum multiflorum，Fructus crataegi，Ligustrum lucidum，Argy wormwood leaf） were mixed evenly in proportion with medicated leaven，starch and water，then fermented under 30 ℃ for 48 h in biochemical incubator.In order to test the effects of the fermented herbs，animal trial was carried out as follows.180 one-day-old male AA broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 treatments，6 replicates per treatment，10 birds each replicate.The different treatments were fed the following diets：A group，fed basal diet；B group，fed basal diet +0.5% Chinese herbs；C group，fed basal diet +0.5% fermented Chinese herbs.The results showed that：（1） Compared with A group，fermented Chinese herbs significantly improved the thymus index（P<0.05），serum lysozyme activity of broilers at 3 week（P<0.05），improved plasma GSH-Px activity at 6 week（P<0.05），decreased MDA content in thigh muscle of broilers at 6 week（P<0.05）；（2） Compared with B group，fermented Chinese herbs significantly improved the thymus index（P<0.05），ND antibody level of broilers at 3 week（P<0.05）.Overall，the immune function and antioxidant ability of broilers can be improved by the fermented Chinese herbs，which have better applicational effect than the herbs.

DncV（VC0179） is the member of a new family of di-nucleotide cyclases in Vibrio cholera and it can catalyzes the synthesis of c-di-AMP，c-di-GMP and c-GAMP.c-di-GMP serves as the second messenger molecule to activate the innate immunity through STING signaling pathway.To generate c-di-GMP in vitro and further investigate its functions，we constructed the propionate-inducible VC0179 prokaryotic expression plasmid fused with cherry-Tag.The recombinant plasmid was transformed into E.coil BL21（DE3） and induced by propionate.The expression of recombinant protein was observed by red color.SDS-PAGE analysis was used to identify the soluble expression of recombinant protein after ultrasonic decomposition.Moreover，c-di-GMP was enzymatically synthesized in vitro with the recombinant protein purified by Ni-NTA purification system and detected by high performance liquid chromatography.We successfully constructed the propionate-inducible VC0179 prokaryotic expression plasmid and acquired the high quality fusion protein，which could catalyze the synthesis of c-di-GMP in vitro by a one-step process.These results suggested that we established a method to generate enzymatically active VC0179 recombinant protein.The synthesis of c-di-GMP in vitro could facilitate the functional study and high volume production of c-di-GMP.