Schmallenberg disease is a newly emerged arboviral disease in Europe since the summer of 2011.The causative agent of the disease is Schmallenberg virus (SBV) which primarily infects ruminants such as sheep，cattle and goats.The virus can cause declines in the production performance of adult animals，and lead to abortions in pregnant animals and severe fetal malformations or stillbirths.To date，there has been no report of SBV infection in China.In order to enhance the awareness of the disease and to provide the related departments of our country with scientific bases for the prevention and control of this disease，the latest research progress in the aspects of etiology，epidemiology，clinical symptoms，pathogenesis and pathologic changes，quarantine and diagnosis，early warning，prevention and control of the disease will be summarized in this review.

Oxidative stress caused by elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the predominant causes of both male and female infertility.Oxidative stress conditions cause either cell death or senescence by oxidation of cellular molecules including nucleic acid，proteins，and lipids.It is particularly important to minimize oxidative stress when in vitro fertilization is performed for the purpose of assisted reproduction.On the other hand，the beneficial roles of ROS，such as intracellular signaling，have become evident.The antithetical functions of ROS make it more difficult to overcome the problems caused by oxidative stress.This paper summarizes the research progress of the mechanism of action of ROS in oogenesis and in the process of embryonic development.

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) associated with a lot of auto-immune diseases,so it was speculated that it might play an important role in the pathological process of heat stress in pigs.The porcine SOCS3 gene was cloned in this study，it consisted of 690 bp of ORF encoding a protein precursor with 229 amino acids，which shared high amino acid sequence identity with that of Bamei pig (98.2%)，Equus caballus (97.4%)，Bos Taurus (96.5%)，Homo sapiens (97.8%) and Mus musculus (96.4%).The molecular weight of SOCS3 protein was 25.1 ku，and PI was 8.84.It also had the classic structural trait of SOCS family，in which a central SH2 domain，a C-terminal 40-amino-acid SOCS box domain and a 12-amino-acid KIR domain were consisted.The dynamic of SOCS3 mRNA in thymus gland，spleen，mesenteric lymph node and intestine lamina propria of pigs during 10 days consecutive heat stress was investigated.The expression of SOCS3 in mesenteric lymph node were decreased on day 3，6 and 9 after heat stress begin significantly（P≤0.05），but a drastic up-regulation on day 6 and 9 in the spleen and intestine lamina propria，although a reduced tendency was displayed on day 3（P≤0.05）.The porcine SOCS3 cDNA was cloned successfully，and a significant changes of SOCS3 mRNA expression was investigated in heat stressed pigs with a tissue and time dependence manner.

The aim of this study was to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using four statistic models to identify the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with 16-week-old body weight of Jinghai Yellow chicken.60KSNP chips and four statistic models was applied to analyze the associations between different genotypes and body weight at the age of 16 weeks (BW16).The four models included two line regression models，generalized linear model (GLM) and mixed liner model (MLM).The result showed that although the numbers of significant SNPs (P<0.05) identified by the four models were different，each of them had its merits.Therefore，different models should be selected for different purpose in practice.Twenty significant SNPs (P<0.05) affecting on BW16 were identified.They located on chromosome 1，4，19，25 and Z，respectively.And the regions of 50.6-53.6 Mb on chromosome 1 and 33.6-44.8 Mb on chromosome Z were the concentrated areas containing more significant SNPs.Moreover，some of the significant SNPs (P<0.05) located in the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in previous papers reported.Finally，17 candidate genes were identified and the functions of FAM184B，NCAPG and NLK were discussed.All these present results would benefit the researches of chicken molecular markers.

The aim of the study was to research polymorphism of fatty acid translocase gene (Cluster of differentiation 36，CD36) and analyze its effect on meat traits，then find molecular breeding methods of improving meat traits in Qinchuan cattle.In this study，288 24-month-old Qinchuan heifers under similar feeding conditions were randomly selected.Direct DNA sequencing and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods were used to genotype the polymorphisms of CD36 gene.The polymorphisms of bovine CD36 gene and its associations with meat traits (back fat thickness，eye muscle area，eye muscle depth and intramuscular fatty content) were analyzed.Four mutation sites were detected，named SV1，SV2，SV3，and SV4，respectively.Further，the linkage disequilibrium and haplotypes were analyzed among the four loci，suggested that SV1 and SV2 were complete linkage，SV1-SV2 and SV3 were strong linked，and SV4 was little linked with SV1-SV2 and SV3，respectively.Haplotype of ITA was dominant (with frequency of 60.4%).Except differentiation of eye muscle depth at SV4，the result of association analysis showed significant or extremely significant difference between different genotypes of single and combined sites in intramuscular fatty content in Qinchuan cattle，and the individuals with combined genotype IITTAG had a lower intramuscular fatty content than that of the individuals with combined genotype IITTAG (P<0.05) and combined genotype WWCCAA (P<0.01).As the result showed，CD36 gene had a significant effect on meat traits in Qinchuan cattle，and reducing the ratio of individuals with combined genotype IITTAG may be a method to improve meat traits.

In order to provide reference for resource protection,rational development and utilization of Tibetan Mastiff，70 samples from Tibet and Gansu were studied.Genetic structure and phylogenetic evolution analysis were explored using sequencing method and bioinformatics softwares，based on mitochondrial Cytb gene.A total of 6 haplotypes were detected and 8 polymorphic loci accounting for 0.7% of the analyzed sites were found.The two populations had similar genetic diversity，the haplotype diversity(Hd)，nucleotide diversity(Pi)，the average number of nucleotide difference(K)of them were 0.595，0.002 37，2.703 and 0.674，0.002 51，2.857,respectively.The gene flow between the two populations was strong and variation mainly was from within populations.Infered from the haplotype network and phylogenetic tree，Tibetan Mastiff had single maternal origin which evolved into 3 branches.

The aim of this study was to clone ovine GPx5 (Selenium-independent glutathione peroxidase 5)，and predict the structure and function of GPx5 protein，and investigate its expression and location characteristics in ovine testis and epididymis caput.The ovine GPx5 was cloned by 5′RACE and RT-PCR.The structure，characteristics and function of ovine GPx5 protein were analyzed by bioinformatics methods.The expression characteristics were detected by immunohistochemistry assays in ovine testis and epididymis caput，as well as by Western blotting assays in seminal plasma.The results showed GPx5 gene (GenBank accession No.：JQ 320282) contained an 660 bp open reading frame，which coded 219aa with molecular weight of 25 ku.Its potential signal peptide was 1-21aa.The domain structure of tertiary structure was alpha/beta structure.There were 11 potentail phosphorylation sites predicted and 7 conserved and specific phosphokinase binding sites.The prediction results of InterProScan showed 38-151aa were the conserved protein domain of GSHPx family and 36-121aa was the conserved protein domain of thioredoxin-like superfamily.GPx5 protein was essentially presented in pseudostratified columnar epithelium，and poorly presented in epithelium of the ovine epididymis and Leydig cell of ovine testis，and also presented in fluid of epididymis caput and seminal plasma in rams.Ovine GPx5 protein was secreted，which had a GPx activity and function of thioredoxin-like.GPx5 could be as a mediator of signaling pathway and need be tested by further research.

The purpose of this research was to find microsatellite markers stronger linked to litter size and birth weight of sheep.Six polymorphic Ovine brain and ovary derived EST-SSR loci were measured in 196 F2 animals from a German Merino×Chinese Merino sheep，then the genetic polymorphism of group and the correlation between microsatellite markers and litter size and birth weight were analyzed.The results showed that the loci had rich polymorphism and 23 alleles were detected among 6 loci in the group.The range of heterozygosity(H) was 0.585 1 to 0.776 6，and the polymorphism information content of all loci (PIC) were higher than 0.5.114719622,114720463,114722561 loci were eligible for Hardy-weinberg equilibrium.The results indicated that 6 loci had significant effect on birth weight and litter size.The locus of 114719418 related with average birth weight and total birth weight,114720463 and 114758122 loci with total birth weight and litter size，114719622 and 114722561 loci with total birth weight，47952182 locus with litter size.It is suggested that these 6 loci probable had high linkage with genetic locus of litter size and birth weight traits.

In order to investigate the toxic mechanim of the inhibition of androgen secretion induced by ZEA (Zearalenone）in leydig cells，the primary leydig cells，isolated in vitro，were exposed to 0 (control group)，1，5，10，20 μg•mL^-1 ZEA for 12 h，respectively. Western-blot and QRT-PCR were used to measure the expressions of Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein（StAR）,P450scc,3β-HSD,P450c17a1 and 17β-HSD mRNA and the related proteins. The results showed that the transcription of the mRNA of StAR and the expression of the related proteins were increased dramatically (P<0.05，P<0.01) depended on the concentration of ZEA. In contrast，the transcription of the mRNA of P450scc,3β-HSD,P450c17a1 and 17β-HSD and the expression of the related proteins were decreased significantly (P<0.05,P<0.01).In conclusion，the key enzymes of steroid secretion in the pathway of testosterone synthesis played an important role in the inhibition of androgen secretion induced by ZEA (Zearalenone） in leydig cells.

The purpose of this study was to determine the microfilament distribution，lipid droplets and their ultrastructure changes that resulted from vitrified porcine MII-stage oocytes with 3 vitrification techniques（Straw method，CLV method and OPS method）.The results showed that：(1) The cooling speed of CLV method was the highest，and got 42 639 ℃•min^-1.(2) CLV method got the highest normal distribution rate (47.06%)，and it was much higher than OPS method (38.04%) and Straw method (30.95%).(3) There was no significant differences in the normal distribution rate of lipid droplets between CLV and OPS methods after thaw，but they were much higher than that of Straw method (P<0.05).(4) Decreased content of large lipid droplets in thawed oocytes were found out after ultrastructural observation with transmission electron microscopy (TEM)，and most of lipid droplets in thawed oocytes were homogeneous and very few of them were heterogeneous.These results concluded that the lipid droplets and their distribution after vitrification were damaged greatly.Improving cooling speed could decrease the injury of microfilament，and then reduce the damage degree of distribution in lipid droplets.

The aim of this study was to establish the culture system of pSSC in vitro，and explore the expression of these key genes during the induced differentiation.Using the methods of differential adherent，we had isolated pSSCs from the supporting(Sertoli) cells.In addition，we also had identified the stem characteristics by the biochemical and immunological methods.When it grew to generation 3，the SSCs had been induced into the differentiation of adipocytes，neuron-like cells and osteoblast，through the addition of different chemical reagents；moreover，the results of induction also had been detected by the biochemical staining，quantitative PCR(qPCR) and immunocytochemistry.The results showed that：the isolated pSSCs grew well in the feeder layer，and the identification of alkaline phosphatase(AKP) and SOX2，integrinα6，SSEA1，Dazl antibodies were positive，suggesting the pSSCs were in the undifferentiated state.After 8 days of induction，the identification of toluidine blue staining and NSE antibodies were positive，suggesting that the pSSCs had been induced into the neuron-like cells successfully.After 16 days of induction，the identification of ALP，Von Kossa staining and Collagon l antibodies were positive，indicating it had been induced into the osteoblasts.Twenty-two days later，the lipid droplets had been stained into red by oil red O，demonstrated that the pSSCs had been induced into adipocytes.During the process of the pSSCs induction，the results of qPCR demonstrated that，the expression of Nestin and β-tubulin were highest at day 6，the expression of Cbfα1 and Osterix were highest at day 12，however，the mRNA expression of PPARγ and C/EBPα were highest at day 18.In this study，we had obtained the pSSCs successfully，and the pSSCs also had been induced into the neuron-like cells，osteoblasts and adipocytes，separately，comparing the expression of cell-special marker genes.

This study employed swamp buffalo follicular fluids in Guangxi as the research object.First describes the purification of mature and immature buffalo follicular fluid samples using a ProteoExtract^TM Albumin/IgG Removal Kit，it then described the isolation of proteins from these purified mature and immature follicular fluids using the established and optimized 2DE system.Twenty-one different expression protein spots were found with Image Master 2D platinum software，10 of these proteins were up-regulated in immature buffalo follicular fluid，7 proteins were down-regulated，3 proteins deleted and 1 protein specifically expressed.Three proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry，they were probably sulfated glycoprotein-2，transferrin and HP protein.In conclusion，a group of different expression proteins from mature and immature buffalo follicular fluids were successfully isolated and identified to provide experimental basis for developmental microenviroment and maturation mechanism in buffalo oocytes.And transferrin played an important role in promoting the maturation of buffalo follicular fluid，while the maturation mechanism of other two proteins in buffalo follicular fluid was still not clear and it needs to be further studied.

The aims of this study were to determine the variation of milk fat synthesis and expression of lipid anabolism related genes in liver tissue triggered by feeding a large amount of finely ground wheat inducing subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA)；and evaluate the ability of pelleted beet pulp (BP) as a substitute for ground corn to alleviate SARA.Eight mid-lactation Holstein cows were fed four diets during four successive 17-day periods：1)control period：total mixed ration (TMR) containing 0% finely ground wheat (FGW) (W0)；2) transition period：TMR containing 10% FGW (W10)；3)SARA induction period:TMR containing 20% FGW (W20)；and 4) SARA regulation period：TMR containing 10% BP as a replacement for 10% ground corn (BP10) on the basis of W20.The result shown that，compared to W0，the SARA induction protocol reduced (P<0.01) the mean ruminal pH from 6.37 to 5.94，the minimum ruminal pH decreased (P<0.01) from 5.99 to 5.41 from control period to SARA induction period，and the time of pH＜5.6 was more than 180 min•d^-1，SARA was induced.Mean ruminal pH increased from 5.94 to 6.05，and minimum pH increased from 5.41 to 5.63，when BP was substituted for corn.Dry matter intake and milk yield were not affected by the dietary treatments，however，milk fat percentage and yield were reduced (P<0.01) in the W20 and BP10 treatments than that in the W0 treatment.Cows fed the W20 diet had a lower (P<0.01) plasma concentration of triglyceride，and a higher (P<0.01) plasma concentration of glucose and insulin than cows fed the W0 diet.Liver tissue relative expression of acetyl-CoA carboxylase alpha (ACACA) (P=0.03)，FA synthase (FASN) (P=0.05)，sterol-response element binding protein 1 (SREBF1) (P<0.01) was increased，but there were no significant differences among the W10，W20 and BP10 diets.The results indicate that the SARA could decrease of milk fat and increase the relative expression of key lipid synthesis genes in liver tissue.The partly substitution of pelleted BP for ground corn in a high-concentrate diet could reduce the risk of SARA in dairy cows.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of two surgery methods of indwelling multi-catheters on concentration of serum protein，liver function and nutrient digestion and metabolism of goats.Eight health castrated Qingjiang goats with similar weight about 1.5 years old were divided into two groups according to the principle of similar weight，and portal vein and mesenteric vein fistulas were installed in goats with laparoscopic and traditional laparotomy surgery methods，respectively.Serum protein metabolism and liver function of preoperative and postoperative 1，3，5 d and nutrient digestion and metabolism of 1-15 d of postoperative were determined.The results showed that TP level of laparoscopic group was significantly higher than that of laparotomy group for 5 d after operation (P<0.01)，BUN level for 3 d after operation，Cr and ALT level for 1 d after operation and AST level for 1，3，5 d after operation of laparoscopic group were significantly lower than that of laparotomy group (P<0.01).Dry matter intake，the digestibility of protein and the utilization of nitrogen of laparoscopic group were significantly higher than that of laparotomy group(P<0.01)，and the digestibility of DM of laparoscopic group were significantly higher than that of laparotomy group (P<0.05).This experiment indicated that the effect of laparoscopic surgery on serum protein metabolism，liver function and nutrient digestion and metabolism in goat was smaller and goats recovered faster than laparotomy.

 The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extracts (GSPE) on the slaughter performance and the meat quality of the meat rabbit.One hundred and twenty-eight 60-day-old New Zealand rabbits with similar body weight were randomly allotted into four groups by a single factor completely randomized block design.One group was control group and the rest were experimental groups.There were thirty-two replicates in each group and one rabbit in each replicate.The rabbits in the control group were fed a basal diet，and the rabbits in the three experimental groups were fed the basal diets with 100，200 and 400 mg•kg^-1 GSPE，respectively.The whole experiment lasted 39 days.The duration of the preliminary experiment was 6 d and the duration of the formal experiment was 33 d.The results showed as follows：the dressing percentage of the experimental rabbits from the control group was significantly lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) than that of the experimental rabbits from the rest groups；the content of gross energy of the longissimus dorsi muscle of the experimental rabbits from the 400 mg•kg^-1 group was significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the experimental rabbits from the control group；for the longissimus dorsi muscle of the experimental rabbits from the control group，the content of ether extract，the percentage of water loss，the shear force and the thawing juice loss at 8 h were significantly higher (P<0.01) than those of the experimental rabbits from the 200 and 400 mg•kg^-1 groups，and pH_{24 h} and the percentage of cooked meat were significantly lower (P<0.05 or P<0.01) than those of the experimental rabbits from the 200 and the 400 mg•kg^-1 groups；for the longissimus dorsi muscle of the experimental rabbits from the control group，pH_{45 min}，the activity of total superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the total antioxidative capacity were significantly lower than those of the experimental rabbits from the rest groups，and the drop loss，the thawing juice loss at 0 h and the concentration of maleic dialdehyde were (P<0.05 or P<0.01) significantly higher than those of the experimental rabbits from the rest groups.The results suggest that GSPE supplementation to the diet for meat rabbits，the dressing percentage can be increased，and the physical characteristics and the antioxidant capacity can be improved；meanwhile，the content of gross energy and ether extract of meat can be decreased.

The purpose of the study was to construct DNA vaccines expressing Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) H protein，and to evaluate the immunogenicity in mice.The H gene of PPRV was amplified by RT-PCR，and was cloned into the eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1（+）to construct recombinant plasmids pcDNA3.1-H.The H protein transiently expressed in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEF) was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot.Mice were inoculated with recombinant plasmids via intramuscular injection in back legs，the immunogenicity of the vaccine was evaluated by indirect ELISA，lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokines detection.The results showed that recombinant eukaryotic expression plasmids pcDNA3.1-H was successfully constructed and could express H protein in CEF cell.High specific antibodies were induced by the vaccine.The antigen specific lymphoproliferative test stimulation index of mice immunized with the DNA vaccine was significantly enhanced compared with the control immunized group，and high level of IFN-γ and IL-4 were secreted by the immunized mice.Hence the DNA vaccine could induce humoral and cellular immune in mice and could be promising for PPR control.

The aim of this study was to establish an indirect ELISA to rapidly detect antibody of genotype C duck hepatitis A virus (DHAV-C).An indirect ELISA based on DHAV-C VP1 recombinant protein as coating antigen was established for rapid detection of DHAV antibody.The reaction conditions were optimized，including 5 μg•mL^－1 VP1 recombinant protein as coating antigen，1:100 dilution of testing serum and 1:5000 dilution of HRP conjugated goat anti-duck IgG with cut-off value 0.474 (OD_{450 nm}).The pH 9.6，0.05 mol•L^－1 bicarbonate buffer was used as coating antigen dilution buffer，the sealing buffer was 0.01 mol•L^－1 PBS buffer containing 10% skimmed milk，and the dilution buffer was PBS buffer containing 1% BSA.The coating condition was at 4 ℃ for a whole night，antibody reacted with coating antigen for 60 min，HRP conjugated goat anti-duck IgG incubated for 30 min and substrate reaction time was 15 min.The specific test showed that there were no cross reactions with positive sera against duck circovirus，duck plaque virus，duck hepatitis B virus，Newcastle disease virus，avian influenza virus，duck E.coli，duck Staphylococcus aureus，duck Salmonella anatis，duck Pasteurella multocida and Riemerella anatipestifer.However，DHAV-A antibody showed cross reaction with DHAV-C VP1 recombinant protein.The inter- and intra -assay demonstrated that the co-efficient variations were 2.03%-2.95% and 3.28%-7.38%，respectively.Compared with neutralization test，the detection coincidences of positive and negative sera were 80% and 100%，respectively.This method had been successfully used to detect maternal antibody and the growth and decline of immune antibody.The results revealed that the indirect ELISA could be used for sero-epidemiological survey and antibody detection of duck hepatitis A disease caused by DHAV-A or DHAV-C.

In this paper，the bactericidal mechanism of BF2-A/B，two analogues of antimicrobial peptide BuforinⅡ，specific binding to Staphylococcus aureus genomic DNA had been researched. The results of atomic Force Microscope scan and gel retardation assay showed that both peptides could strongly bind to DNA，and the ability of BF2-B binding to DNA was stronger than that of BF2-A. The results of DNaseⅠ footprinting assay showed that both peptides tended to specifically bind to two domains of S.aureusgenomic DNA，and one of them probably was a fragment of consensus sequence located on the 23S rRNA gene. Furthermore，the results of interference assay to the oxidation phosphorylation of cells suggested that both peptides could obviously inhibit the respiration of S.aureus，inducing a drop in ATP content. Interestingly，BF2-B induced a more remarkable inhibition than BF2-A. The results of researches demonstrated that the powerful antimicrobial activities of both peptides were closely related to penetrate the cytoplasma membrane then specifically bind to two domains of genomic DNA，and inhibit the cell respiration and ATP synthesis. The increase of ability of binding to DNA and inhibiting cell respiration and ATP synthesis explained why BF2-B displayed more excellent antimicrobial activity for S.aureus.

To investigate the dynamic changes of gene expression in chicken bursa，the total mRNA extracted from SPF chicken bursa at 18 embryo-days，10 and 30 days-old were hybridized using Agilent Chicken Genome Array.The differentially expressed genes were analyzed with gene ontology (GO) and KEGG to screen the significant signaling pathway.Several differentially expressed genes were verified with real time quantitative PCR.The results showed that the gene detection rate were 79%-85%，and 5 043，2 368 and 1 874 differential expression genes were identified when comparing chicken of 30 days-old with embryo of 18 embryos-days，chicken of 10 days-old compared with embryo of 18 embryos-days，and chicken of 30 days-old compared with chicken of 10 days-old，respectively.Differentially expressed genes were involved in binding functions，cell component，metabolic progress，cell progress，biological regulation，etc.Additionally，cytokine signaling pathway，Toll-like receptor signaling pathway，NOD-like receptor signaling pathway，and mTOR signaling pathway were also included.Gene expression profile of chicken bursa of Fabricius was successfully analyzed，and the function of differentially expressed genes need further study to understand the molecular mechanism of the development in chicken bursa of Fabricius.

The developmental changes of structural characteristics of yak spleen were studied，in order to give a further discussion about the yak spleen.The anatomical，histological and stereology statistics methods were used to observe the histological structure of spleens in newborn and adult yak.The results showed that the structure of newborn yak spleen was hypoplasia，white pulp had no splenic nodule，only the periarteral lymphatic sheath (PALS) in spleen being observed.While the structure of adult yak spleen was completely developed，white pulp was composed of splenic nodule and periarteral lymphatic sheath (PALS).The splenic nodule appeared as three different shapes，the splenic nodule number per unit area was N_s=0.145•mm^-2.White pulp relative area of newborn yak spleen was A_w=5.46%，while adult yak spleen was A_w= 8.82%，the differences between the two groups were extremely significant (P<0.01).The sinus wall structures were not observed through the electron microscopic.This study reported the developmental characteristics of yak spleens firstly，the yak spleen was nonsinusal.White pulp area in adult yak was greater than the newborn.

The objective of this study was to explore whether dorsal root ganglion (DRG) have the target cells effected to luteinizing hormone (LH)，and observe the distribution of luteinizing hormone receptor(LHR) in dorsal root ganglion.Immunohistochemical SP method was adopted to detect the distribution of LHR in cervical-4，thoracic-6 and lumbar-2 DRG of female goats.Results were as follows：In cervical-4，thoracic-6 DRG，small and medium-sized neurons were strong or medium positive to LHR，while the large neurons had no staining.The distribution characteristics of LHR in small and medium-sized neurons of lumbar-2 DRG as well as to in cervical-4 and thoracic-6 DRG，but the large neurons were weak positive to LHR in lumbar DRG.Image analysis showed a significant difference of LHR expression between neurons and non-neurons in cervical-4，thoracic-6 and lumbar-2 DRG (P＜0.01).In addition，the expression of LHR among the cervical-4，thoracic-6 and lumbar-2 DRG also have significant difference (P＜0.01/0.05).The results indicate that small，medium-sized neurons in DRG were the main target cells of LH，which implies that LH may regulate the transmision of the sense to temperature，pain，touch and the sensory nerve activity associated with harmful stimulation，through the LHR distributed on small，medium-sized neurons in body-visceral sensory DRG.

The current study was undertaken to research the effects of histamine H₁- and H₂-receptor antagonists on HP-PRRS swine pneumonia.A total of 20 piglets，weaned at 30 days of age (8.9-11 kg body weight)，were assigned to four groups (5 piglets per group)：positive group (CG)，negative group (EG)，Chlorphenamine maleate group (CM)，Cimetidine group (CMT).HP-PRRS model was established by injecting PRRSV to piglets intramuscularly.Numbers of lung macrophage were determined and lung pathological changes of every group were graded with HE staining.The content of Histamine was determined by using traditional method，the content of IL-1 and TNF-α were determined by using ELISA method.The copied number of nucleic acid of PRRSV was detected by real time-PCR.The results showed that：1) HP-PRRS models of piglet were successfully established.2) The numbers of lung macrophage of CM group were extremely lower significantly (P＜0.01) than CG and CMT group.3) The lung tissue and structure were normal in negative group，the groups infected PRRSV appeared varying degrees pathological change，the lung pathological score of piglets in positive group were significant lower (P＜0.05) than CMT group，the CM group were significant lower (P＜0.01) than CG and CMT group.4) Compared with EG group，the content of histamine in CG and CMT group were significantly (P＜0.05) or significantly higher (P＜0.01)，the content of histamine in CM group were significantly lower (P＜0.01) than CG group.5) The content of IL-1 and TNF-α in the HP-PRRS infected swine were extremely significant higher (P＜0.01) than EG group.6) The PRRSV nucleic acid copy numbers of CM and CMT groups were significantly lower (P＜0.01) than CG group.These results indicated that the histamine H₁ antagonists (chlorpheniramine maleate) can reduce the inflammation response in HP-PRRS infected swine.

The study was conducted to observe the variety of activity of phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4)，expression of different subtype PDE4 and the content of IL-6，TNF-α in lung tissue of porcine respiratory disease complex，and evaluate the therapeutic effect and influence of self-made Chinese herbal prescription for accumulating information of respiratory inflammation pathological mechanism and its prevention.The pigs with respiratory disease were divided into disease group and treatment group，and normal ones as control group.The pigs of treatment group were drenched with Chinese herbal prescription (contain 1 g crude drug per mL)，which was composed of Reed Rhizome，Mongolian Milkvetch Root，White Peony Root and Liquorice Root，twice a day and 1.5 mL•kg^－1 of body weight for ten days.The changes of the number of white blood cell in peripheral blood were observed，and lung tissue of each group was collected.HPLC was used to detect the PDE4 activity.Real-time PCR was used to test the relative gene expression each subtype of PDE4，and ELISA kit was used to test the content of IL-6，TNF-α of lung tissue.The results were as follows：Compared with control group，the PDE4 activity，the content of IL-6 and the number of white blood cell in disease group increased significantly (P<0.05).The mRNA expression of PDE4A，4B，4C，4D and the content of TNF-α increased with indistinctive differences (P>0.05).Compared with the disease group，PDE4 activity decreased quite significantly (P<0.01)，the number of white blood cell and content of IL-6 in treatment group decreased significantly (P<0.05)，the content of TNF-α and mRNA expression of PDE4A，4C，4D decreased indistinctive differences (P>0.05)，while PDE4B reduced quite significantly (P<0.01).Abnormal inflammatory reaction exists in lung of porcine respiratory system disease，PDE4 activity，content of IL-6 and the number of white blood cell increase significantly.Self-made Chinese herbal prescription can improve the clinical symptoms of the disease，of which the function mechanism is related to the reduction of the number of white blood cell，inhibition of PDE4 activity and PDE4B expression，and reduction content of IL-6 in lung tissue.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of different fiber sources on growth performance and slaughter performance in graylag，and to provide references for scientific feeding.Two hundred and forty four-week-old graylags were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments based on body weight and sex，which included 30% corn stalk silage (CSS)，steam exploded corn stalk (SECS)，steam exploded wheat straw (SEWS) and steam exploded straw (SES)，respectively，with fifteen replicates for each treatment and four graylags per replicate.The feeding trial lasted for 12 weeks including a two-week-transitional period and a ten-week-test period.Feed intake(FI)，weight gain(WG) and F/G were determined every two weeks and dressing percentage(DP)，eviscerated percentage(EP)，hemi-eviscerated percentage(HEP)，abdominal fat percentage(AFP)，breast meat percentage(BMP) and thigh meat percentage(TMP) were measured at the end of experiment.The results showed that：1) comparing to the three steam exploded groups，group CSS had higher FI (P<0.01) and F/W (P<0.05),while there was no significant difference on WG (P>0.05) and there was also no significant difference on growth performance among the three steam exploded groups (P>0.05)；2) As to slaughter performance，there was no significant difference among the four fiber sources (P>0.05)，numerically， group SES had the lowest DP，EP and HEP，group CSS got the highest AFP and group SECS reached higher BMP and TMP.These results indicated that the four fiber sources had no significant effect on growth performance and slaughter performance of graylag except for daily FI and W/G，and steam exploded stalk groups had lower F/G，which indicate steam exploded technique may highly improve the utilization efficiency of crop straws.

The study was conducted to analyse an epithelial cell oxidative damage of a pathogenic Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 168 and attenuated strains 168L in vitro.M.hyopneumoniae strain 168 and its attenuated strain 168L were used to infect the swine alveolar epithelial cells (SJPL) in vitro.To determine an appropriate time of infection and infection dosage，both nitrogen monoxide (NO) from the supernatant of the infected cell and 3-(4,5Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) were measured.To verify the injury model，an indirect immunofluorescence (IFA) was used to detect the Mhp on the cell，cell damage were evaluated by detecting the hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI).Results were as follows：The optimizing infection time is 36 h post-infection and the infectious dosage is 5×10⁶CCU.The NO in the supernatants of the infected cells was significantly higher in the infected cells by Mhp168 compared to Mhp168L strains (P<0.05) in the same cell viability.The H₂O₂  detection shows that Mhp168 and Mhp168L oxidative damage to cells was significantly higher than the control (P <0.01).It also demonstrated a significant differences (P <0.05) in oxidative damage between Mhp168 and Mhp168L infected cells.The results of IFA and DAPI showed that the Mhp168 adhered to cells exceed that of Mhp168L and the extent of damage to cells is also larger.The analysis of oxidative damage of SJPL cells infected by Mhp in vitro offers a basis for the further study of the infection mechanism of different Mhp strains to cell.