Intestinal epithelial cells are easily injured by oxidative stress in many ways.There are two methods to study intestinal epithelial cells injure：using animal model and/or cell model.But there are some disadvantages in using animal model only，such as high cost，data unsteadiness and difficult to study mechanism.So，to develop a suitable cell model for intestinal epithelial cells oxidative stress research is necessary.Now，the most oxidative stress inducing method used include physical method (such as radiation，anoxia/reoxygenation) and chemical process (such as add hydrogen peroxide or (hypo-)xanthine/xanthine oxidase).The every method has its own application condition，so the reseachers should select the most suitable one according to the research objectives.The most intestinal epithelial cells used can be classed into two main types：primary culture cells and subculture cells.The primary culture cells can reflect the characteristics of intestinal epithelial cells in vivo，but the intricacy and onerous operation limit their widely application.There are a lot types of subculture cells.They have different source and characteristics.The reseachers should select carefully.

Fat-specific protein 27 (Fsp27)，localizing in the surface of lipid droplets(LDs),plays an important role in controlling lipid store and mitochondrial activity in adipocytes.The discovery of Fsp27 genes,tissue distribution，promoting the growth mechanism of LDs，the effect on fat metabolism and the transcriptional regulation of Fsp27 gene were reviewed in present paper.It is convincing that Fsp27 gene would play a positive role in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of lipid metabolic disorder disease and improving meat quality with the research advancing.

β-lactam antibiotics are widely used in clinical medicine.However，antibiotic residues in edible animal products are not only trigger the development of bacterial resistance，which has some adverse effects on human health，but also affect the quality of milk，resulting in economic losses.Therefore，it is necessary to develop rapid and reliable analytical methods for detection of β-lactam antibiotic residues in food safety control.The receptor-based screening method become the hotspot in the research and application of antibiotic screening methods，because of its capability of multi-residue detection of a class of drugs，and its characteristic of specificity，high sensitivity，and high degree of automation.In this article，the β-lactam receptors and their preparation are briefly introduced.The receptor-based screening methods are further classified based on the labeling and detection techniques，including radio-receptor assay，enzyme-labeling receptor assay，colloidal gold-labeling receptor assay，enzyme colorimetry，and biosensor receptor assay.Furthermore，the research progress and application of each type of receptor-based screening method in the detection of β-lactam antibiotics are reviewed in details.

This aim of this study was to fine map the QTL affecting boar epididymal weight and serum testosterone concentration on SSC7 and to identify the positional candidate genes affecting boar reproduction traits.The materials used in this study were 205 F₂ boars from a White Duroc× Erhualian resource population.For fine mapping the QTL affecting epididymal weight，14 SNPs in the region preliminarily mapped were increased as markers to scan the boar population.Male-enhanced antigen 1 (MEA1) was chosen as a positional candidate gene in the fine mapping region.Association and F-drop analyses were implemented to reveal the relationship between MEA1 polymorphisms and boar reproduction traits.RT-PCR and differential expression assays were used to detect the MEA1 expression.The results showed that：①Fine mapping analyses revealed that the QTL region affecting epididymal weight and serum testosterone concentration was significantly narrowed.② Association analyses revealed that five SNPs of MEA1 were extremely significantly or significantly associated with boar epididymal weight，serum testosterone concentration and semen volume (P<0.01 or P<0.05).G-C-C-G-C haplotype was extremely significantly associated with boar left and right epididymal weight (P<0.01)，and A-C-C-G-G haplotype was significantly associated with boar left and right epididymal weight (P<0.05).F-drop test showed that g.-1168A>G and g.1115A>G could be quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) or be complete linkage disequilibrium with QTN affecting testosterone concentration.Differential expression analysis showed that epididymal weight had negative relationship with MEA1 expression level in this tissue (r²=-0.300,P=0.1).qRT-PCR assay detected the expression of MEA1 gene in all 18 selected tissues of a mature boar.QTL regions affecting epididymal weight and serum testosterone concentration were narrowed through fine mapping.Significant association was found between MEA1 gene and boar epididymal weight，serum testosterone concentration and semen volume.g.-1168 A>G and g.1115 A>G of MEA1 could be QTN or be complete linkage disequilibrium with QTN for boar serum testosterone concentration，and these two SNPs can be used as molecular markers for selecting boars with high libido.

This study aimed to investigate the negative transcriptional factors and their binding motifs in the promoter region of porcine S100A12 gene.The promoter transcriptional activity of the regions，which contains -1 013-+598，-931-+598，-830-+598，-711-+598 and -590-+598 were detected by dual luciferase assay system.Furthermore，the transcriptional activity and the transcriptional factors’ binding sites located in the -1 013--931 region was deeply investigated through DNA deletion and mutation analyses.Porcine S100A12 promoter activity decreased significantly（P<0.05）when the region -1 013--931 was deleted.Bioinformatics analyses results showed that transcriptional factor Sox-5 and GATA-1 binding sites located in this region.The promoter activity was significantly increased only when the binding site of Sox-5 was mutant or deleted.The results indicate that the expression of S100A12 gene is negatively regulated by the transcriptional factor Sox-5.

In order to construct a long-term and high-level transgene expression recombinant vector，LIAS gene was cloned from the muscle of porcine by RT-PCR and inserted into minicircle plasmid.The minicircle-LIAS vector was transfected into HeLa cells to investigate the duration of GFP expression.The results showed that the LIAS gene which was 1 119 bp length was completely cloned and inserted into minicircle plasmid.The vector was transfected into HeLa cells and the duration of GFP expression of recombinant minicircle-LIAS vector was obviously higher than that of pEGFP-N1 plasmid.This result provides a new thought and experimental material for the process of LIAS biological synthesis and function regulation.

In the present study，expression of CAPN3 gene was quantified by RT-PCR in the breast muscle and leg muscle tissues on days 13(E13 d)，17(E17 d)，21(E21 d)，25(E25 d)，27(E27 d) of embryonic development，as well as at 7 days post-hatching (7 d PH) in Gaoyou and Jinding ducks with different growth rates.Meanwhile，the association between expression level of CAPN3 gene and myofiber traits was also analyzed. The results showed that the CAPN3 mRNA expression profile had a similar trend in both breeds and showed an extremely significant specific expression at different development stages，breeds and gender had no effect on its expression.In breast muscle，the expression level of CAPN3 mRNA was relatively low before E25 d and the lowest point appeared on E21 d，then increased significantly before hatching (E27 d) and 7 d PH.In leg muscle，the expression profile of CAPN3 showed a “wave” trend，the expression peaking appeared on E21 d.Meanwhile different linear correlations were found between CAPN3 gene mRNA expression and myofiber types，diameter，cross-sectional area and density in duck.In Jinding ducks，CAPN3 gene mRNA expression was significantly correlated with myofiber diameter，cross-sectional area and density.These results suggest that CAPN3 may have potential functions in controlling muscle fiber phenotype and development during embryonic and early post-hatching development in ducks.

The objective of this study was to find the differentially expressed genes between testis and epididymis caput in adult bucks，which was necessary to better understand mechanisms involved in spermatogenesis and sperm maturation.Testis and epididymis caput of three adult bucks known fertility were isolated and their mRNA were respectively extracted.The transcriptomes were analyzed by Illumina HiSeq^TM 2000 high-throughput RNA sequencing.All of Unigenes were annotated using the BLAST search against Nr，GO and KEGG databases.The differentially expressed genes were enriched in gene ontology and KEGG pathway.The results showed that 57 727 and 51 395 Unigenes were respectively in caprine testis and epididymis caput; There were 25 201 Unigenes annotated into database of molecular function，25 456 Unigenes into cellular component，27 318 Unigenes into biological process，of which there were 9 150，9 172 and 10 003 the differentially expressed genes respectively; There were 23 222 Unigenes annotated into KEGG pathways，including 8 219 the differentially expressed genes.The signal pathways that differentially expressed genes clustered significantly were mRNA surveillance pathway and mTOR signaling pathway; There were 24 592 the differentially expressed genes in caprine testis and epididymis caput，in which 8 420 genes were up-regulated and 16 172 genes were down-regulated.The top three genes of all up-regulated genes in epididymis caput were beta-defensin 124、beta-defensin 109 and beta-defensin 108，whereas the top three genes of all down-regulated genes were gametocyte specific factor 1-like，Serine/arginine repetitive matrix 1 and fibronectin type III domain containing 8.The three of the highest expressed genes in epididymis caput were lipocalin 5，beta-defensin 124 and glutathione peroxidase 5.The transcriptomes in testis were more than those in epididymis caput; The family of bete-defensins，lipocalins and GPx5 may play important roles in sperm maturation，storage and fertilization.

The lactating bovine mammary tissue in vitro in the treatment medium was cultured in this study，FAA were substituted with different proportion of 0%(as control)，5 %，10%，15%，20%，40%，60%，80% and 100% of Met-Met or Arg-His-Ile(tripeptide Arg-His-Ile was substituted with His as of proportions).The mRNA expression levels of casein-α_S1(CSN1S1)，PepTⅡ，ammonia peptide enzyme(ANPEP) and the protein expression levels of casein-β(β-casein) PepTⅡand ANPEP were detected.The results show that：replacing FAA with Met-Met significantly increased the mRNA expression of CSN1S1，the protein expression of β-casein，and also both mRNA and protein expressions of PepTⅡ(P<0.05).However，the mRNA expression of ANPEP had no significant change(P>0.05).While，Arg-His-Ile substitution had no significant effect on either mRNA expression of CSN1S1 or protein expression，but both mRNA and protein expression of PepTⅡwere significantly increased.This study support the hypothesis that mammary tissue can make use of Met-Met as amino acid source at certain percentage and enhance the synthesis of casein.Moreover，peptide transporter Ⅱ(PepTⅡ) may be the main mechanism allowing the small peptides be transported into the mammary epithelial cells.

The test was to study the effects of dietary vitamins (vitamin E and beta-carotene) and zinc on semen quality，antioxidant indicators of Holstein bull in hot weather.Sixty healthy and purebred Holstein bulls (BW=1 010±80 kg) were randomly classified into 4 groups (n=15)：group Ⅰ，control group (basal diet); group II，basal diet +100 mg·kg^-1 DM Zn; group III，basal diet+vitamins (300 mg·kg^-1 DM vitamin E and 60 mg·kg^-1 DM beta-carotene) and group IV，basal diet +100 mg·kg^-1 DM Zn + vitamins (300 mg·kg^-1 DM vitamin E and 60 mg·kg^-1 DM beta-carotene).The trial duration was 120 days.The results showed that the serum concentration of testosterone increased significantly with the addition of vitamin (P<0.05) and zinc (P<0.01)，the concentration of testosterone in seminal highest (P<0.05) in group Ⅲ(vitamins)，followed by group ⅣandⅡ.Dietary zinc significantly increased serum (P<0.01) and seminal (P<0.05) concentrations of ceruloplasmin;there was no significant effect on serum concentration and seminal ceruloplasmin in group Ⅲ，when addition of the zinc and vitamin together could significantly improve serum (P<0.01) and seminal (P<0.01) concentrations of ceruloplasmin.Serum IL-6 (P<0.01), IL-17 (P<0.01) and TNF-α (P<0.05) concentrations as well as the seminal IL-6 (P<0.01) concentrations decreased significantly，which were caused by the supplemental vitamins and zinc.Dietary zinc and vitamins could increase the antioxidant capacity of sperm.

The objective of this study was to improve the utilization efficiency of forage resources in Tibetan rural areas and to meet the forage need of herbivores during winter and spring.The fermentation quality of mixed silages of oat and alfalfa were investigated firstly.The results showed that the pH of all silages were maintained at about 4.10，the content of lactic acid increased with the increase of alfalfa percentage in mixed silages.Although the crude protein content increased significantly（P<0.05）with increasing proportion of alfalfa，the ratios of Ammonia /total nitrogen (AN/TN) in all mixed silages were more than 90 g·kg^-1TN.In order to further improve the fermentation quality of mixed silage and inhibit degradation of crude protein during the ensiling process，mixed silage inclusion with 30% alfalfa was ensiled with 4% molasses，3.5% ethanol or the combination of molasses and ethanol，respectively.Molasses addition silages showed highest lactic acid content and the lowest pH value.Compared with the control，molasses addition significantly decreased acetic acid content and the value of AN/TN.Ethanol addition enhanced lactic acid production，decreased the propionic acid content and the pH and AN/TN，and significantly increased residual water souble carbohydrate(WSC) content.Compared with the molasses or ethanol alone addition silages，the combination of molasses and ethanol did not significantly improve fermentation quality of mixed silages.It was concluded that the addition of 4% molasses or 3.5% ethanol were effective and economical for improving the fermentation quality of oat silages inclusion with 30% alfalfa.

This experiment was conducted to explore the interaction between PPRV Hemagglutinin (H) protein and signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) by co-immunoprecipitation.In view of the truncated H protein still has normal binding capacity to cell receptor，the genes of tH，SLAM and its several deletion mutants which lacked transmembrane and intracellular fragments (m1)，a signal peptide fragment (m2) or C-terminal fragment (amino acids 29-136，m3) or N-terminal fragment (amino acids 137-240，m4)，were directionally cloned into eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3.1 and pEGFP-N1，respectively.The recombinant plasmids were co-transfected into CHO-K1 cells，and then the key amino acid regions of viral protein and SLAM protein interactions was identified initially by co-immunoprecipitation.The results showed that 1) The recombinant vectors were constructed successfully，and the proteins were expressed correctly in CHO cell; 2) tH was identified can interact with SLAM，m1，m2 and m3，and can not with m4 by co-immunop recipitation.These results indicated that the N-terminal segment (amino acids 29-136) of SLAM was essential to bind to PPRV H protein.This finding is agreed with that of Morbillivirus receptor SLAM.

In order to investigate the prevalence status of border disease，serum samples were collected from one sheep flock in east China and tested through RT-PCR method with the 5′-UTR generic primers of pestivirus.One sheep was detected as positive infection of border disease virus (BDV) at different sampling times.Positive serum sample was inoculated onto MDBK cells for viral isolation and identification.Then RT-PCR amplification of N^pro gene，electron microscopy detection of isolated virus，analysis of the complete genome sequences and phylogenetic analysis of the 5′-UTR and N^pro gene were performed.The results showed that no cytopathy effect (CPE) was observed until the eighth generation by serial passages.BDV was detected from cell cultures by RT-PCR using N^pro gene primers; and confirmed with sequence analysis as well as electron microscopy detection.The isolate was named as JSLS12-01.Amplification of complete genomic sequence was performed with six pairs of primers covering the near-full genome.The viral genome was about 12 227 nucleotides in size and had been submitted to the GenBank with registered number KC963426.Based on comparative sequence analysis of full genome and the deduced amino acids between this isolate and BDV reference strains，there were 72.3%-80.4% and 80.1%-89.7% identities，respectively.Phylogenetic analysis using partial 5′-UTR nucleotide sequence and N^pro sequence identified that the virus clustered within BDV 3 viruses，with the highest homology of 87.7% and 75.8%，respectively.Above all，we successfully isolated and identified one BDV 3 strain from sheep of the non-cytopathogenic biotype.

The study was conducted to understand the evolution of hemagglutinin of H9N2 subtype avian influenza viruses (AIV) isolated from Shandong province and evaluate their pathogenicity to mammals.We analyzed hemagglutinin amino acids sequences of 5 H9N2 AIV isolated from Shandong province，and assessed their pathogenicity to mammals by using BABL/c mice model.The results indicated that all 5 strains belonged to CK/Beijing lineage.Two strains of them possessed human-like receptor binding specificity (Leu²³⁴)，while other three possessed avian-like receptor binding specificity (Gln²³⁴).The HA cleavage site showed that all the strains were low pathogenic.Potential glycosylation sites varied among the viruses.Two strains could replicate in mice’s lung，caused interstitial pneumonia，and could be detected in bronchial epithelial cells by immunohistochemistry.Our study demonstrated that the HA gene and its coding protein had some difference during the evolution of H9N2 subtype AIV，and two of the researched strains could infect mammal.This study provided theoretical basis at molecular level for further studies on amino acids of H9N2 subtype AIV HA protein，which relate to cross-species transmission.

In order to identify different subtypies of avian leukosis virus (ALV) and analyze the sequence of gp85 gene，five ALV strains isolated from local chicken breeds in Shandong Province (Shouguang Chicken，Luhua Chicken，Bairi Chicken，Langya chicken，Luxi cock fighting) were amplified and sequenced.The prevailing subgroup of ALV and molecular characteristic of gp85 gene were identified.The sterile anticoagulant blood of Shouguang Chicken，Luhua Chicken，Bairi Chicken and the egg albumen from Langya chicken，Luxi cock fighting were inoculated onto CEF to culture nine to ten days.Proviral DNA was processed routinely.The gp85 and env genes were amplified by using primers subgroup J of ALV (ALV-J) gp85 (924 bp) and A-J group primers (encoding envelope protein containing env gene，2 400 bp).The specific products of PCR amplification were cloned，sequenced and analyzed.The study found that the five groups of local chickens from Shandong Province were infected with ALV-J during 2009 and 2011.The homology of the five ALV-J isolates was between 98.4% and 99.9%.Comparing with prototype strains HPRS-103，the homology was ranged from 97.8% to 98.3%.All of the five endogenous ALV (ALV-E) fragments were amplified，which has a great agreement with ev-1，ev-3，and ev-6 strains that cannot produce infectious virion.It is presumed that these fragments come from the chicken genome.Meanwhile，we also found that Langya and Luhua chicken were infected with subgroup A of ALV (ALV-A).This study showed that ALV-J existed in five groups of local chicken breeds in Shandong Province from 2009 to 2011.The co-infection of ALV-A and ALV-J was discovered in Langya chicken and Luhua chicken，while ALV-E fragments existed in all lines of five local chickens，which reveals that the purification work of ALV for local chicken breeds in Shandong Province will face more challenge.

The Silkie is a typical Chinese breed of chicken.In recent years，numbers of Silkies eliminated from farms in Liaocheng，were found to be infected with tumor diseases，showing hepatomegaly and splenomegaly.On Dec.2012，6 dead Silkies from a parent farm were found hepatomegaly and splenomegaly with tumor-like nodules by necropsy.By histological detection，PCR testing，virus isolation and identification，ultimately the Silkies were diagnosed myelocytoma and hemangioma，infected by avian leukemia virus subgroup J (ALV-J).To obtain virus genome sequences，four pairs of primers were designed.And finally 7 647 bp sequence，include gag gene (2 016 bp)，pol gene (2 622 bp) and env gene (1 689 bp) were obtained.There was a 205 bp deletion cross rTM (redundant TM) and DR (direct repeat) area，equivalent to 7 049-7 253 position of the prototype ALV-J strain HPRS-103.In the leader sequence of 5′UTR (untranslated region)，there was a 19 bp insertion sequence.The isolate was quite different with the British prototype strain HPRS-103，but was highly similar with stains isolated from commercial layers in recent years.Therefore，this isolate may come from commercial layer，which will bring great challenge to the control.

 The aim of this study was to investigate bacterial antibiotic resistance，virulence genes and PFGE patterns of 28 Escherichia coli strains isolated from 197 samples (including 195 milk samples，and 2 cloth towel water samples that were used for cleaning cow teats) from a Northern Chinese Holstein farm.Antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of the 28 E.coli strains to 35 antibiotics showed that gentamicin and spectinomycin could be used as common clinical veterinary antibiotics in this farm.However，special attention should be paid to the emergence of broad-spectrum medemycin resistance in this farm.Since E.coli strains isolated from cloth towel water samples also had strong resistance to antibiotics，the farm manager should take actions to prevent cloths towel transferring mastitis.For the 28 E.coli strains，the detectable rate of virulence gene Ecs3703 was 100%，which implied that they are Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (EHEC) rather than Enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC).And those E.coli strains which carry virulence genes Irp2 and/or CNF2 might be the main pathogen of dairy cattle mastitis.

To explore the expression of p38MAPK on H9N2-SIV induced acute lung injury(ALI) in mice，180 seven weeks old SPF BALB/c female mice were randomly divided into H9N2-SIV infected group(infected group)，H9N2-SIV infected +SB203580 group(SB group) and control group，and clinical observation，pathological histology observation of lung，and the determination of distribution and expression of phospho-p38MAPK in lung were conducted on the 2^nd，4^th，6^th,day and the 8^th day post infection(p.i.) respectively. We found that the mice of infection group and SB group showed clinically apparent symptoms，compared with control group，the expression of phospho-p38MAPK protein in infection group was stronger with significant difference(P<0.05) on the 2^nd day p.i.，it reached to the top with extremely significant difference(P<0.01) on the 6^th day p.i. SB203580 can inhibits phosphorylated p38MAPK in lung tissue，lung injury of SB group mice is less than that of infection group. It indicates that p38MAPK can be activated by H9N2-SIV and participate in the occurrence and development of ALI，SB203580 can lighten pathological injury of lung in ALI.

The aim of this study was to explore the immune state of nasal-associated lymphoid tissue（NALT）in chicken.Nasal tissues were taken from 21-day-old Hailan White chicks to investigate the localization and the relative quantities of different immune cells by immunohistochemistry method.The results showed that NALT in chicken was mainly located in the mucosa of nasolacrimal duct，posterior nasal apertures and conchae nasals.NALT in the mucosa of nasolacrimal duct was the most developed.CD3⁺ and CD4⁺ T lymphocytes mainly distributed at the bottom of lamina propria under epithelium in NALT，which were found predominantly at the middle and inferior part of lamina propria.The number of CD8⁺ lymphocytes was low，and they scattered in middle part of NALT.Bu-1⁺ lymphocytes constituted the main population in NALT，and they distributed around the peripheral NALT densely and widely.Bu-1⁺ cells occupied the middle and inferior part overwhelmingly.The main antibody producing cells were IgA⁺ or IgM⁺ cells，and they scattered in the middle part of NALT predominantly.Ma⁺ cells mainly distributed in the deep loose connective tissue.MHC-Ⅱ⁺ cells distributed densely throughout the NALT.The number of MHC-Ⅱ⁺ cells was highest among the immune cells in NALT.The results demonstrated that there were several kinds of immune cells in NALT of chicken.These immune cells played an important role in immune defence at the upper respiratory tract.

The present study evaluated whether Oyster Polysaccharides could attenuate immune challenge induced by LPS.A total of thirty Du grown and crossbred castrated piglets of 28±1 d were randomly allocated into five groups (namely Blank control，Immunological stress control and Oyster polysaccharide High，Medium and Low dose group) with six replicates per group according to the principle of similar weight.Piglets fed basal diet supplemented with 0 (Control) or 0.5%，0.8%,1.2% OPS (OPS High，Medium and Low dose group) for 30 days.The piglets were injected intraperitoneally with a dose of Escherichia coli LPS (100 μg·kg^－1 BW) except the Blank control which were injected with the same dose of normal saline.Plasma TNF-α，IL-1β and IL-6 concentrations were measured by ELISA.Piglets were killed for collect liver，spleen，kidney，lymph nodes and thymus，the PPARγ mRNA transcription of them were measured.The results showed that plasma IL-1β，IL-6 and TNF-α level in stress control was significant increased than the other groups （P＜0.05）.Plasma IL-6 and TNF-α level among Low-dose group，Medial-dose group and Blank control were not significantly different（P>0.05），but those were significant decreased compare with High-dose group（P＜0.05）.The OPS-supplemented piglets had highly significant decreased PPARγ mRNA transcription level in Liver，spleen，kidney，and thymus compared with piglets from Stress control（P<0.01），but the OPS-supplemented piglets had greater PPARγ mRNA transcription level in lymph nodes compared with piglets from Stress control.The Low-dose group，and Medial-dose group PPARγ mRNA expression level was closer blank control compare with High-dose group.These results indicate that dietary supplementation of OPS was able to alleviate the immunological stress caused by LPS，and the effect of remission is better between 0.5% to 0.8%.

To detect the expression pattern of YWHAG(Tyrosine 3-monooxygenase/tryptophan 5-monooxygenase activation protein，gamma polypeptide) gene in during porcine follicle development.The CDS(Coding sequence) of YWHAG gene was cloned from porcine follicular tissue.Semi-quantitative RT-PCR was used to analyze the tissue expression profiling of YWHAG genes，Furthermore the expression level of YWHAG in follicles with different diameter(L，M2，M1，S) from Duroc and Meishan were investigated by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR.The results showed that：the length of CDS of porcine YWHAG was 780 bp，and it’s similarity with that of human,mouse，and cattle was 97.72%，96.68% and 98.57%，respectively.YWHAG mRNA was expressed in all tested tissues(Muscle，fat，heart，liver，spleen，lung，kidney，stomach，small intestine，ovarian，uterine，uterine horn，tubal，pituitary，corpus luteum，brain，the hypothalamus)，and especially high in fat，intestine and brain.Both in Duroc and Meishan swine，the expression of YWHAG mRNA in M1 and L follicles were significantly higher than M2 and S follicles(P<0.05).Moreover，The expression in S and M2 follicles from Meishan were significantly higher than that from Duroc(P<0.01)，while no significant difference in M1 and L follicle.In conclusion，YWHAG gene may be involved in the apoptosis of porcine follicular development process，resulting in differences of ovulation rate in swine.

Based on literature analytic techniques of co-citation analysis and cluster analysis，networks of co-citations，institution co-occurrence，author co-occurrence，as well as year distribution of publications on global dairy cattle reproduction research are studied.Knowledge mapping analysis is conducted on 3 693 international scientific literatures downloaded from retrieval platforms of web of science(SCI，1945-2013) to globally understand the overall status and hot topics of dairy cattle reproduction research.

The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between MATP and alpaca coat color formation.Real-time quantitative PCR，western blotting and immunohistochemistry were applied for examining the mRNA and protein expression level of MATP in alpaca skin of different coat colors.The gene expression quantity of MATP in brown alpaca’s skin tissue was 3.047 times compared with white alpaca.The protein expression of MATP in brown alpaca skins was significantly higher than that in white alpaca skins（P<0.05）.The MATP was demonstrated to express in epidermis，outer root sheath and dermal papilla of hair follicular by immunohistochemistry.Our findings suggested that MATP was involved in the process of alpaca coat color formation.